The study was done to provide the theoretics for the further study of VOCs(Volatile organic compounds) on the selection of insect-defence species,mechanism of insect-defence,ecological control,and ecological restoration of forest. The current advance was reviewed of the species of VOCs in trees and its functions of VOCs on insects. Tree VOCs had dual roles in control of herbivore-insect: attracting the insects to locate and attack host trees,and providing defensive system for trees,and included isoprene,monoterpene and other reactive VOCs,et al., whose emissions were affected by biotic and abiotic factors. VOCs' functions on insects included the attraction and repellency of insects and its attraction to natural enemies. However,it is difficult to isolate and identify the specific VOCs to insects,which needs to discover the key elements regulating the emission of VOCs at the molecular level. Finally,the foreground of VOCs on ecological controls of tree pests suggested that it will be theoretical and practical for the new methods of defending and controlling insects,and selection of insect-defence trees by the' bridge' of VOCs.

200 hybrid corn combinations had been gained by the design of uncompleted diallel crossing NC II,aecording to 5 standard testing varieties(B73,M017,Dan340,Huangza04 and Ye478),which represented main hybrid dominant groups in the north of China,and 40 inbred lines of main corn varieties in Inner Mongolia.Based on plan· ted verifications,the yield combining abilit and yields of F1 had been analyzed,and the genetic relationship had been discussed in this study,either.Experiments show that internal population(DOM),A population(Reid)and population(non-Reid)are the main inbred lines in the Inner Mongolia；the higher GCA effect exist in M3401,Ba816,MZY, K12,and M9271,etc,11 inbred lines,which are better breeding materials.Lan Langpingsitou,M9271 Lanpingsitou and Reid Lan are the main modes of hetemsis.In the experiments to test heterosis of these 200 combinations.it is more possible to gain fine varieties or combinations from M3401×Huangza04,K12×M017,etc seven combinations,the SCA values and yields are higher.

In order to define the relationship among the agronomic characters and yield and nutrition qualitative of maize population, 12 maize populations was studied with the method of grey correlation degree analysis. The results showed that the most relative agronomic characters to maize yields were seed rate, grain numbers per row, kernel diameter, plant height, and 100-seed weight, etc; grain numbers of kernel, 100-seed weight, grain numbers per row, seed rate, and kernel row number were directly bound with content of crude protein, crude fat, crude starch, and lysine. The results of grey relativity among main agronomic characters showed that high seed rate and 100-seed weight should be paid more attention on the breeding selection of maize yields and nutritious qualities, and the selection of kernel row number, grain number per row and kernel diameter also need to be laid some stress on, ensuring appropriate plant height. This study provide scientific basis for the maize breeding selection on high yield and quality.

Cell is the fundamental unit of living organism,proteins with different functions distributed in cellular compartments,including plasmolemma,nucleus,cytoplasm and organelles like mitochondria,chloroplast,Golgi,and endoplasmic reticulum etc.Protein subcellular localization is one of the key questions for functional genomics.The techniques used for subcellular localization of plants protein include fusion reporter gene localization,immunohistochemical localization,2D combined with mass spectrometry,marker enzyme-assisted localization and bioinformatics prediction.The development and application of high-throughtput protein subcellular localization technology stimulated the establishment of protein subcellular localization database.In model plant Arabidopsis thaliana,the number of proteins with localization data is over 4000.

The chemical extraction was used to study the effect of organic acids on phosphorus release from different synthetic phosphate compounds.It was indicated that phosphorus release was significantly stimulated for all of 5 synthetic phosphate compounds tested,and positively correlated with the concentration of organic acid.The ability of organic acids in mobilizing phosphorus from synthetic phosphate followed the order:citricoxalictartaricmalic acid.The extent of phosphorus mobilized from synthetic phosphate compounds followed the order:Ca₂-P＞Ca₈-P＞FePO₄＞Ca₁₀-P＞AlPO₄.

The paper aimed that analyzing the fat composition and the differences of fatty acids composition and contentappear in different walnut varieties kernel by the method of gas chromatography(GC).The results showed that the fatcontents were about 66 % in all of the walnut kernel.12 kinds of fatty acids,including Tetradecanoic(C14∶0), Palmitic(C16∶0), Palmitoleic(C16∶1n7), Heptadecanoicn(C17∶0), Cis -10 -Heptadecenoic Heptadecanoicn(C17∶1n7),Stearic(C18∶0),Oleic(C18∶1n9c), Linoleic(C18∶2n6c), α-linolenic(C18∶3n3),Arachidic(C20∶0),Cis -11 -Eiscosenoic(C20∶1),Docosanoic(C22∶0)were detected in the six walnut varieties kernels.The carbon numbers of the fattyacids were mainly between 16 and 18.The fatty acids in walnut kernel mainly included Polyunsaturated fatty acid andMonounsaturatedfatty acid,less saturated fatty acid.The varieties of Qinglin and Yuanlin had the highest and the lowestLinoleic acid contents,reached to 42.19 g/100g and 36.12 g/100g,respectively.

Following the principles of dualistic classification,the pedicel posture introduced as the top grade classificatory standard in classification of Cymbidium hybridum. The ordinal grades were color of flower,the diameter of flower,the shape of labellum etc. The imported 28 Japanese cultivars were divided into two groups (vertical pedicel and pendent pedicel), five teams (red flower,orange flower,yellow flower,green flower,white flower), three types (large flower,medium flower,small flower), two forms (tapering labellum and smooth abellum). In numerical classification,41 characters of 17 cultivars were observed. The numerical values were used in clustering by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic average). In this taxonomical system,the diameter were seemed as the first grade guide. And the flower color was the second. The the Cultivars Classification could provide a reasonable guidance for the introduction and exploitation of Cymbidium hybridum.

Brassinosteroids ( BRs) are essentional homones that play important roles in the growth and development of plant. Extensive molecular genetic and biochemical studies of BR signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana have illustrated a BR signal transduction pathway from ligand percept ion on the cell surface to gene expression in the nucleus. But there are still gaps in the pathway and many signaling steps remain unclear.

Meiosis is crucial in sexual reproduction. It has been shown that poor homologous synapeis 1(phsl)ire-quired for homologous clmomosome pairing and for prevent synapsis between nonhomologous chromosomess. Promoter ofphsl was isolated by PCR from Arabidcpsas genome in order to study the copression of phsl,thereafter phsl and its promotor were cloned onto copression vector including green fluorescent protein and yellow fluorescent protein. At last, corerstructed vectors were transformed into agrobacterlum so that the vectors are to be transformed into Arabadcpsis.

The biological degrading lignocellulose mechanism's research receives the attention day by day,and the degeneration enzyme mechanism carries on the function the report to be many,however,lignocellulose natural structure is complex,its biodegradation process is a complex zymology process,needs many kinds of enzymes the coordination to do uses for to complete. After many year research,various countries research worker proposed that the screening method on the lignocellulose degrading bacteria,the domestic and foreign scientific research workers explored the Screening Method on many kinds of lignocellulose degrading bacteria and the screening culture medium,has provided the shortcut for the Screening on the lignocellulose degrading bacteria,sped up the Screening work step on the degrading bacteria. The research progress in the lignocellulose biological degrading was reviewed from the aspects such as the mechanisms of biological degrading and the screening method on the degrading bacteria. The research issues to be widened and deepened in the lignocellulose biological degrading were also put forward.

In order to facilitate the process of plant stomatal development and physiology study, we report a simplified method for observing stomata by using transparent tape to shave off mesophyll cells and obtain epidermis from leaf.Compared with other methods: by tearing or adhering, this method is simple, efficient and wide applied. It has a good application on soybeans, wheat, corn and other crops. It is suitable for studying different developmental stages, distribution,dynamics and morphological studies of stomata.

The Bacillus subalis,isolated from the mud and water of shrimp ponds,was studied on purification of stim2 ulant aquaculture wastewater. The results indicated that when the B. subalis was applied in stimulant aquaculture wastew2 ater,the removing rate of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen reached above 99 % after four days,pH value obviously de2 creased,but dissolved oxygen content and S2 - content was changed indistinctively. Therefore,B. subtilis can improve wa2 ter quality obviously on a certain extent.

In different concentrations of sodium carbonate,alum,salt or sucrose,the viscosity curve of waxy rice starch was measured by Brabender viacometer to study the effects of these factors on starch paste properties.The result showed that adding sodium carbonate,alum,salt or sucrose could increase the temperature of gelatinization and the hot paste stability,and decrease the retro-gradation of waxy rice starch.Sodium carbonate,alum and salt,except sucrose,had significant influences on the paste properties.

The developmental zero,effective accumulative temperature(EAT),and fecundity for three species,namely,Aphis craccivora,Acyrthosiphon pisum and Megoura japonica,were studied.The results showed that the developmental zero of A.craccivora,A.pisum and M.japonica were(6.05±1.44)℃,(5.69±1.72)℃,and(4.02±2.22) ℃.The EAT of the three species were(106.63±9.19),(113.01±2.98),and(131.45±29.84)℃ day-degree respectively.The range of fit temperature for three species is 19-23℃.Under 19℃ all of three species can lay more number of nymphae than that at other temperatures and A.pisum has the highest fecundity among the three species,69.5 nymphae on average laid by a female in her whole life.

The content of unsaturated fatty acid in ruminant products such as meat and milk is related to the biohydrogenation in rumen,and rumen microbe play a major role in the process of biohydrogenation.In the following sections we would provide background on the common unsaturated fatty acid in ruminant diet,the main microbe refer to the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid,the metabolic pathway of unsaturated fatty acid and its effect on the rumen microbe.It maybe provide a useful tool to improve the content of unsaturated fatty acid in ruminant meat and milk.

Collecting 22 different stareas from 8 different sources throughout the country,detecting the general indicators,starch content and gelatinization degree of starch,and then studying on the slow-release of starea in vitro,detecting the melamine and cyanuric acid in starea.The results showed that:the general indexes,starch content,gelatinization degree of the stareas from different sources in China were widely varying.We can assess the quality of starea by the release of NH3-N in 30 minutes in vitro.There were no melamin in stareas,the content of cyanuric acid which may be related with the content of cyanuric acid in urea was higher.Thus,the quality of the starea in China is a mixed bag,some of the products can not be slow releasing,we need to build the quality evaluation system for starea and regulate the market of starea.There were no risk of melamine in use of starea,but we should pay more attention to the content of cyanuric acid in starea.

With putting forward the Integrated Pest Management(IPM),the application of the entomogenous fungi in preventing the pest of agriculture and forestry is becoming more and more extensively,and Beauveria bassiana as a microbial insecticide has been taken more attention on research and application in the world.This text reviewed the research of cultivation of B.bassiana from the nutrition sources,temperature and humidity conditions etc.

Taking ecology as direction, wheat ecological division as base, wheat adaptability and ecological characteristic as basis, wheat ecological classification system is suggested to consist of wheat climatic synusium, geographic ecotype, cultivation ecotype and variety type, to correspond with wheat ecological division. And the common wheat is divided into five climatic ecological groups and twenty geographic ecotypes, that is:I. North temperate zone spring wheat climatic ecological type, which includes three spring wheat climatic ecotypes to be located in northeast plain, Inner Mongolia prairie and northwestern Ningxia and Gansu;Ⅱ. Yellow一Huai Hai River warm temperate zone winter wheat ecological group, which includes six winter wheat ecotypes as follows : Hai River plain, Loess plateau, Jiaodong-Liaodong seacoast, North China plain, middle reaches of Yellow River and Huaibei plain;Ⅲ. South subtropic spring wheat climatic ecological group, which includes seven spring wheat ecotypes as middle and lower reaches plain of Yangtze River, Qin-Ba hilly area, Southern hilly area, Sichuan basin, Yunnan plateau, Guizhou plateau and South China plain;Ⅳ.Xinjiang inland winter spring wheat chlimatic ecological group, which comprises Xinjiang both spring wheat and winter wheat ecotypes;Ⅴ. Qinghai and Tibet plateau wheat climatic ecological group, which includes both ecotypes of Qinghai plateau and Tibet plateau.

Anthocyanins contents,gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics and reflectance spectroscopy of leaves under different light intensity were investigated in purple basil leaves.The results indicated that the leaves became thick under the high light and became thin under the weak light.Compared with the purple basil grown under the weak light,the chlorophyll and anthocyanins content per leaf area were significant increased under the high light.In addition,the plant grown under the high light,the light compensation point(LCP) and light saturation point(LSP)were significantly raised;the apparent quantum yield(AQY),net photosynthetic rate(Pn),maximal photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) and photosystem II capability index(PI)sharply increased;the efficiency of open centers of photosystem II(Fv′/Fm′),photochemical quenching(qP)and actual photosystem II efficiency(ΦPSII) gradually enhanced,while non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) decreased;the photochemical reflectance index(PRI) of leaves were slightly down regulated.On these bases,we concluded that light intensity to regulate photosynthetic capacity by way of influencing leaves thickness,specific leaf area,pigment content,photosystem II activity;The enhanced of photosynthetic capacity and anthocyanins contents is beneficial to relieve strong light stress in purple basil leaves.

Contents of neutral aroma constituents and alkaloids were compared in 5 types of tobacco(fluecured，burley，Oriental，Maryland and sun-cured)from Sichuan. Results showed that:The content of total and reducing sugar(28. 36%，24. 52%)were the highest and total nitrogen lower in flue-cured，the contents of the total and?reducing sugar in Oriental which had the least content of total nitrogen(1. 79%)were less than the flue-cured and?the sun/air-cured tobacco with higher nitrogen and less sugar. The content of nitrogen-nicotine ratio and sugar-nitrogen ratio in flue-cured tobacco was the most suitable and the ratio of potassium to chlorine of all different types of?tobacco was greater than 4，meeting the characteristics of high-quality tobacco leaf. Classification contents of neutral?aroma in Wanyuanwuyan were more higher than other kinds of sun-cured tobacco. Except sun-cured tobacco，the?contents of products degraded by carotene and neophytadiene(63. 29，731. 92 μg/g)in flue-cured were more higher?than other types of tobacco while the products of aromatic amino acid metabolism，the products degraded by cembrane and the products of browning reaction were highest in Oriental. The contents of all kinds of aroma component?in Maryland were closer to the burley but at a high level of solanone. The analysis can provide theoretical foundation?for the prescription design of Tobacco Blend Grouping of Chinese Type Cigarette. Chemical components and neutral?aroma components had abroad variations and the proportion of the groups with chemical components were also dissimilar in different types of tobacco which causing the major factors of the aroma style and smoking quality.

The gene P5CS (1905 bp) was amplified via PCR using pBI P5CS-F129A plasmid as template and cloned into pBST vector. The Bam HⅠ/ SalⅠfragment from the recombinant plasmid pBST/P5CS was ligated directively between CaMV35S promotor and NOS terminater of the expression vector pCHF3 without GUS gene. The plant expression vector pCHF3/ P5CS was transfered into Agrobacterium tumefaciems strain LBA4404 by freeze-thaw method,and the expression binary plasmid was further identified by PCR. The results showed that pCHF3/P5CS vector was constructed successfully.

Anthracnose is one of the major leaf diseases of many plants in the world， which pathogen is destructive to a vast variety of plants important to forestry． In the biological characteristics， life cycle and phylogeny， genefor pathogen were reviewed in order to further research the pathogen and make effective control strategy of the diseases in this study．

在盐碱地上栽植果树，是改良利用盐渍土的综合措施之一。建国以来，我国在盐碱地上兴建了许多大型果园，并且创造了高产典型，丰富了栽培果树的技术措施。如葡萄、枣、梨、苹果和桃等，只要土壤含氯化钠不超过0.13%，都能良好的生长。这就为改良利用盐碱地发展果树生产开辟了途径。近年来，对于在盐碱地栽培果树的研究，在国内外已引起重视。关于土壤盐分与植物生长的关系，土壤盐分对植物影响的生理机制，以及各种植物的耐盐力等，科技工作者从多方面开展研究工作，发表了许多研究报告和论著，这对今后利用盐碱地发展果树非常重要。本文就国内外一些关于果树耐盐力、耐盐生理，以及土壤盐分对果树植物的危害等方面研究成果加以介绍，以供参考。

The technology for functional milk products is a major difficult issue in the milk products industry.The objective in this study is to study the effects of different heat treatments on the IgG and lactoferrin in the milk,which are major functional proteins in the milk. According the common heat methods in the milk products industry,we totally choose 12 heat treatments(the interaction of temperature and time). The results in this experiment indicated that the homogenization in the milk products processing could improve the activity of IgG and lactoferrin in the milk. The heat treatments(the interaction of temperature and time) could significantly affect the activity of IgG and lactoferrin in the milk. Taking the consideration of IgG and lactoferrin together,the heat treatment(70℃ to 75℃,15 s) could be used in the large-scale production of them in the milk products industry.

The paper is one part of study of fauna in china with Fulgoroidea. Fulgoroidea in Hainan Province is exclusively evaluated and Summarized.

This experiment was designed to study the nutritional composition and gossypol content of cottonseed meal(CSM) and cottonseed protein(CSP) produced from different areas in China. 5 of CSM and 5 kinds of CSP were collected from different areas in China,and then their nutrient composition and gossypol content were determined.The result showed that: the percentage of crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), acid detergent fiber(ADF)in CSM were 39. 28%,0. 28%,21. 60%,respectively. the percentage of CP,EE,ADF in CSP were 51. 96%,0. 75%,13. 29%,respectively. In all the nutritional composition,the content of EE and calcium(Ca) were the two highest,while the content of CP was the lowest. And the free gossypol(FG) content of CSM and CSP were 1021. 14mg /kg and 687. 75 mg /kg,respectively. These results indicated that: the content of CP was stable while the content of EE and Ca had a large variation in the CSM and CSP from different areas; the FG content of CSM was higher.

Rheological properties of water-soluble soybean polysaccharides was studied in this paper.The viscosity of SSPS of different conditions was main researched.Meanwhile,we have contrasted the rheological properties with other common stabilizers.The results showed that the viscosity of SSPS decreased with increasing temperature,salts amount and decreasing concentration;increased with increasing sugar amount and pH.With the contrast of other stabilizers,the viscosity of SSPS was the relatively low.The acid beverages with SSPS have a slight and refreshing flavour.

Primary productivity by photosynthesis is the support and basic drive for the beginning and evolution of ecosystem productivity. Photosynthesis usually changed with variation of environmental conditions. In this study, we used leaf level gas exchange method (by Licor-6400) to study the diurnal changes of photosynthesis in rice, soybean and maize at different developmental stage, and we found that: There was noon depression of photosynthesis for all C₃ plants at all developmental stages. Such depression was owing to stomatal and non-stomatal effects separately, or combined. The stomatal effects were caused by the high temperature, which resulted feedback inhibition effects owing to the increase of transpiration. The responses of C₃ crops (rice, soybean) to light were different in the morning and afternoon. The light use efficiency was higher in the morning and apparent quantum yield owing the photosynthetic feedback inhibition, contrasting to that in the afternoon. The stomatal or non-stomatal effects and feedback inhibition effect were the main reasons to "hysteresis". While, there was no apparent noon depression C₄ crop (maize), as well as "hysteresis", showing great acclimation of C₄ crop to high temperature.

Domestic pigs are raised for the human consumption of fresh m eat and processed meat products, including of demands of meat quantity and meat q uality. With the development of pig industry in our country, people began to pay attention to pig meat quality. The paper introduces the study progress on pig meat quality.

The root of plant is an important organ conferring material and energy exchange between plant and outside environment, and study root exudates have very important significance to clear the interaction between plants and environ??ment. In this paper, root exudates related contents in recent years were summerized, which including components, producing approach, affecting factors of root exudates and their effects on plant growth and plant rhizosphere micro??ecology.Finally, methods and directions of root exudates study in the future were expected.

In order to develop the techniques of lisianthus bolting promotion in summer nursery,autumn and winter flowering cultivation(Eustoma grandiflorum(Raf.) Shinn.),effects of low temperature vernalization treatment of seeds and nursery night temperature after vernalization treatment on bolting were studied.Low temperature vernalization treatment on imbibed seeds of lisianthus promoted germination and bolting,the effect of 7-10℃ 35 d dark treatment for bolting was notable.After the low temperature vernalization treatment of imbibed seeds,normal seedlings bolting were more likely to occur during the nursery of day 30-35℃ and night 20-23℃ temperature management.But the nursery of 23-26℃ or above can cause devernalization.These results show that cultivation techniques of low temperature vernalization treatment on seeds and control of nursery night high temperature can effectively prevent rosette,and promote bolting in summer nursery,autumn and winter flowering cultivation of lisianthus.

The content of total sugar and total phenols were determined to be 75.20 and 32.80 mg/g,15.75 and 0.57 mg/g respectively in leaves and kernels of tung tree.On that basis,high-quality total RNA of leaves and kernels were respectively extracted by modified TRIzol method and modified CTAB-LiCl method,and the effects of the above methods,Guanidinium idothiocyanate method and NOGEN RNAprep pure kit method were compared.The results showed that not only the OD260/OD280 value of 1.9-2.0 of the kernel of RNA isolated by modified TRIzol method stabilized,but also the bands of 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA were clear and complete,and higher yields was even more important.The total RNA of kernels isolated by modified CTAB-LiCl method were degradation in some degrees,and small molecule in the RNA extracted by Guanidinium idothiocyanate method could not be removed fully.Moreover the total RNA of kernels with DNA and degradation in some degrees could be obtained via NOGEN RNAprep pure kit method.In above four methods,only modified CTAB-LiCl method could extract the higher quality total RNA of leaves of tung tree.For these reasons,modified TRIzol method and modified CTAB-LiCl method could be regarded as preferred method for the RNA isolated respectively from leaves and kernels of tung tree.

The effects of different concentrations of Cd²⁺ on seedling growth, chlorophyll contents and ultrastructures in maize were investigated using water culture method.The results indicated that the growth, chlorophyll contents and ultrastructures were not obviously affected at low concentration of Cd²⁺ ( 10^-6 mol/L).At 10^-5 mol/L Cd²⁺, the growth and chlorophyll contents decreased, swollen chloroplasts and irregular thylakoid were found in some leaves cells.In root cells, cell membrane systems were damaged significantly.At higher concentration of Cd²⁺ ( 10^-4 mol/L), the seedling growth was inhibited significantly.Some cellular organelles were damaged seriously, and even led to cell disintegration in root cells.The mechanism of Cd²⁺ toxicity was briefly discussed．

Virus induced gene silencing(VIGS)offers a rapid and high-throughput technical platform for gene function analysis using Barley stripe mosaic virus(BSMV)-based vectors in wheat.In this paper,we report optimization of BSMV induced gene silencing in NIL TcLr24 in order to carry out VIGS in wheat.

The paper summarized briefly the formative history for the conception of heterotic group and their heterotic pattern in maize(Zea may L), and analyzed the import factors leading to the successful development of maize heterotic group and heterotic pattern. The some research programs and relevant problems were included in discussion.

Attenuation rate of ozone atmosphere in storage store at 0.5,5,10,15,20 VC was determined.The result showed that attenuation rate of ozone apparently became lower as the temperature decreased.

The interest of animal nutritionists in resistant starch (RS) is increasing and it has led to an extensive investigation of the contribution of resistant starch to the non-digestible carbohydrate component of the diet and its functions. Factors influenced the content of RS include: the type of plant, lipid, protein, processing condition etc. Colonic fermentation, bacterial growth, fecal bulking, transit time and the energy value of foods are all affected by the presence of resistant starch. This article will be focused on these functions and factors and provide some evidence on the reasonable utilization of resistant starch in the diet of animals.

Drought affects plant growth seriously, this paper introduces the plant drought resistance mechanism andresearch development in the shape structure of roots; the water content of leaf tissue, the changing of chlorophyll contentand carotenoid; osmotic potential and the activit ies of osmotic regulate material, as praline( Pro) , superoxide dismutase(SOD) , abscisisic acid( ABA) and glycinebetaine; the advents and affects of regulatory proteins and function proteins;and drought resistance genetic engineering under drought stress.

In order to investigate the relationships among leaves at different posit ions, photosynthetic rate of flag leaf and grain yield, thirty-three wheat varieties( lines) which have differences among leaf characteristics, harvest index and yield were studied as materials.The results indicated that the correlat ions between the top-three leaf area and single plant biomass, economic yield were significantly positive.However, there were no significant correlat ion between the area of other leaves located on the base position single plant biomass, economic yield. A posit ive association was found between photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and biomass,economic yield, but correlation was not signif icant. However, the product of photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and leaf area was significant ly and posit ively correlated with biomass and economic yield. In addition, there was a signif icantly positive correlation between biomass and economic yield.

The feasibility of non destructive quantitative determination of sugar and acid in intact apple by near infrared spectrometer(NIRS)was investigated.Through examination of the second derivatives of the spectra,we found that 914nm,950nm,897nm,and 912nm are the first characteristic wavelengths of sucrose,glucose,fructose and malic acid,respectively.Compared with the calibration data by high performance liquid chromatography,the results obtained at these wavelengths bear the multi correlative coefficients of 0.997,0.992,0.992,0.996 correspondingly,and the standard errors for the test samples are 0.085,0.057,0178,and 0.021,respectively.This indicates that NIRS is sufficiently precise and reliable for practical use in the quantitation of sugars and acids in intact apples.

In this research，the partial cDNA of Heterodera glycines Ichinohe troponin C(Hg-tnc)gene and FMRFamide-like peptides(Hg-flp)were cloned and construct virus induced gene silencing(VlGS)vectors. The target?genes Hg-flp and Hg-tnc can be obtained from H. glycines by RT-PCR and then ligated to tobacco rattle virus(TRV)?vector pYY13. Then the constructed vectors were transformed into DH5α and identified by PCR and sequencing. Sequence analysis indicates that the sequences of H. glycines Hg-tnc and Hg-tnc were approximately 1 000 bp and 700?bp in length and we successfully constructed recombinant vectors pYY13-Hg-flp and pYY13-Hg-tnc. This work laid?the foundations for soybean resistance breeding and the function reseach on Hg-flp and Hg-tnc.

As one of the cytoskeletons, microfilament is important in many cell functions. In recent years, evidences show that microfilament is regulated by the signal transdution. There are a extracelluar matrix (ECM)-plasma membrane (PM)-cytoskeleton (CTK) continuum in animal cell. The intracelluar or extracelluar signals may be transmitted bidirectionally, that is from the ECM to the CTK and vice versa. Recent evidences also show that plant cell may have a cell wall (CW)-plasmalemma (PM)-cytoskeleton (CTK) continuum. This continuum is similar to and funtionally parallels that of animal systems. We also described the main signaling pathways that regulate the microfilament cytoskeleton.

In order to improve the economic efficiency of nitrogen and reduce agricultural pollution,a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilizations on soil nitrate N distribution and accumulation,yields and fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency under winter wheat summer maize cropping system in the Ziya River Basin.The results showed that the distribution and accumulation of the soil inorganic nitrogen was mainly nitrate N after wheat-maize rotation cycle.The soil nitrate content increased With the increasing nitrogen fertilization.The nitrate N in 0-40 cm depth of soil of conventional fertilization was significantly higher than the optimal fertilization and control treatments at corn harvesting.Compared with conventional fertilization,the residual nitrate N in 0-1.2 m depth of optimized fertilization,optimized fertilizer+organic fertilizer,optimized fertilization+straw,slow controlled fertilizer+organic fertilizer decreased 43.55%,26.53%,40.82% and 42.89%,28.96%,38.28%,32.52% respectively.The yields of winter wheat summer maize increased slightly.The optimized fertilizations significantly increased fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat and summer corn,which increases 18.94%-51.20% in winter wheat season,and 13.77%-43.68% in summer corn season.Compared with conventional fertilization,optimized fertilization and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer measures improved economic and environmental benefits significantly.The nitrogen fertilization measures were recommended.

Stress susceptibility index (1-Yd/Yp)/(1-∑Yd/∑Yp) used to determine drought resistance on the field is the alter form of drought resistance coefficient(Yd/Yp).The correlative coefficient above both is r=-1.Therefore，the former doesn't improve the defect of the latter.Using thirty winter wheat varieties as trial materials，after two years experim ents，the concept of drought resistance index in crops was put for ward，its expressing equation is:the yield in dryland x drought resistance coefficient/average yiell in dryland，it makes the drought resistance coefficient (physical index) correlate well with the yield in dryland (agronomy index) and is suited for breeder.

Flowering time in plant changes seasonally in response to daylength, the molecular mechanism about the seasonal change of flowering time is revealed by isolation of genes related to photoperiod response in Arabidopsis and rice. Measurement of daylength in plant is controlled by the expression of CONSTANS(CO). COcan integrate the light signal into circadian clock and regulates the expression of FLOWERING FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) which induced floral. Here we review the significant advances about plant photoperiodic response controlling flowering time.

The research progress of distant hybridization in the field of plants breeding in recent years was reviewed comprehensively. The characteristics and mechanisms of post, ertilization barriers were analyzed on the view of embryo abortion and hybrid sterility. Meanwhile,the effective methods to overcome these barriers were mainly reviewed,including embryo rescue ( Ovary ovule and embryo culture) to prohibit its abortion to restore its fertility and other methods such as chemical treating and back}rossing. At last,doubling chromosomes,the future research emphasis in this field was suggested as revealing the molecular mechanism of embryo abortion in distant hybridization by using the proteomics combined with molecular physiological methods.

Fruits after havest are st ill alive, so they would have many physiological and biochemical changes. This article summarized the changes including respiratory, ethylene, aroma, relative enzyme, softening and fruit inclusion, and at the end, point out the field for further research

The test of Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay is very simple in theory.But to successfully carry out gel shift experiments,it needs to optimize the parameters.Through a combination of T7 RNA polymerase and T7 Promoter for testing proper buffer was selected.The experimental results showed 5 × binding-Buffer 1 was more suitable for the test;TBE running2buffer was better than TAE and TGE buffer;0.× TBE buffer was the best concentration amang there electrophoresis buffer.

This paper summarizes research situation and progress of genotypes, microspores development, media types, carbon source, hormone, additives, pretreatment and culture conditions on anther culture of tomato all of the world.

Wheat ecological division system was suggested to consist of wheat climatic ecological region, geographic ecological region, cultivation ecological region and variety distribution region.And the common wheat area was divided into 5 climatic ecological regions and 20 geographic regions in China, that is Ⅰ"North temperate zone spring wheat.climatic ecological region,which covers three spring .wheat geographic ecological regions including Northeast, North and Northwest of China.ⅡYellow,Huai and Hai River warm temperate zone winter wheat climatic ecological region, which covers six of winter wheat geographic ecological regions as follows:northern late maturing area, Loess Plateau, Jiaodong-Liaodong seacoast, North China Plain,middle reaches of Yellow River and Huaibei Plain.Ⅲ South subtropics (tropics)fall or winter sowing spring wheat climatic ecological region, which covers six fall sowing spring wheat geographic ecological regions as middle and lower reaches plain of Yangtze River, Qin-Ba hilly area, Southern hilly area, Sichuan basin, Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau, and one winter sowing spring wheat geographic ecological region in South China.Ⅳ Xinjiang inland winter/spring wheat climatic ecological region, which covers two geographic ecological regions :North Xinjiang spring winter wheat and South Xinjiang winter spring wheat.Ⅴ Qinghai and Tibet Plateau spring winter wheat climatic ecological region,in which two geographic regions as Qinghai spring Wheat and Tibet winter spring wheat were included.

In this paper, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen application on nodule growth,nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybean( Glycnie max L.).The results showed that nitrogen application affected nodule forming, growth and nitrogen fixation capacity significantly, nodule dryweight and nodule number showed atrend of increasing first and then declining,while nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin concentration showed the trend of continuosly declining.Proper N application improved nodule growth,however N deficiency or excessive N use restrained nodule growth.There was an order of N100> N200> N50> N25> N0 for nodule dry weight and nodule number.At different growth stages,nodule dryweight showed a trend of increasing first and then declining from seedling stage to podding stage,and for nodule number was flowering stage> seedling stage.N application significantly decreased nitrogenase activity and leghemoglobin concentration with N rates increasing,showed an order of N0> N25> N50> N100> N200, suggested that N application decreased the efficiency of nitrogen fixation.The difference analysis showed that there was a signifi2 cant difference between N application(N25, N50, N100 and N200) and no N(N0) treatment.Therefore,from the view of the balance between N fertilization and nitrogen fixation,proper N application not only makes the best of nitrogen fixation function which economizing N fertilizer application but also obtaining higher output of soybean.

cDNA -AFLP is a new technique of fingerprinting of mRNA,and its high reproducibility,accuracy and reliability,so that it comprehensively analyse organism transcriptome,this technique is widely applied in gene expression research about analyzing differential expression,genetic marker analysis and identifying genes.With development and apply of this technique ,many achievement were obtain in research.The paper summarizes the principle,technical features,prospect and appropriate present situation of the technique.

A 1330 bp cDNA fragment of K⁺ channel gene MIRK (Melon Inward Rectifying K⁺ Channel) was isolated from leaves of muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Naud.). The nucleotide sequence and its deduced amino acid sequence analysis displayed that the cDNA fragment was located in the 5'-terminal of MIRK gene and contained six transmembrane segments S1-S6 and a GYGD (Gly-Tyr-Gly-Asp) motif. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MIRK was belonged to the KAT1 sub-family and most close to the SIRK of Vitis vinifera. The results of semi-quantitive RT-PCR displayed that MIRK was preferentially expressed in leaves and fruits, and also expressed in female flowers and shoots, but nearly not expressed in roots, indicating that MIRK might play a key role in the muskmelon development.

In this study, an effective method for quantitative analysis of jasmonic acid ( JA) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC2MS)was reported.The tobacco leaves were used asmaterials in this study. Samples were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate.Then the extracts were further purified with C18 cartridges.The methyl esters of each frac2 tion were performedwith diazomethane and then measured byGC2MS. The results showed that the authenticMeJA and in2 ternal standard could be measured using GC2MS after extraction and purification were performed. Sequential elution from the C18 cartridges were analyzed with GC2MS and the results showed that JA was eluted in 40% and 60% methanol. In response to mechanical wounding, JA accumulation in tobacco leaves exhibited a rapid and transient increase, and subse2 quently declined to the levels of unwounded leaves.The results indicated that JA content was measured accurately using this method, and the repeatability was good.

Two types of starch granule A and B type starch granule were separated in wheat grain in this study.The starch composition contents and pasting properties in starch granules were studied and compared. The resultshowed that amylose content of A type starch granule was significantly higher than that of B type starch granule，andamylopectin content of A type starch granule was significantly lower than that of B type starch granule. Thus the ratioof amylose to amylopectin of A type starch granule was high compared with B type starch granule. RVA parametersincluding peak viscosity though viscosity breakdown peak time and pasting temperature of B type starch granulewere significantly higher than those of A type starch granules. These may be due to B type starch granules were well-set compared with A type starch granules.

This study investigated the effects of soaking time,pregermination temperature and growth temperature and moisture on the yield and quality of several vegetable sprouts.It showed that the optimum soaking time for Adzuki bean is 24 h,and the temperature is 20-25℃.The combination of 28℃ and 70%-90% moisture is the best condition for producing Mung bean sprouts.For Adzuki bean,soaking for 30h and pregerminating at 20℃,and growing at 28℃ along with 90% relative moisture are the best conditions.Pine willow seeds require 18 h for soaking and 30℃ for pregermination,and 28℃ in combination with 70% relative moisture will facilitate the sprout growth.However,the optimum conditions for Sunflower seeds are soaking for 18h,pregerminating at 25℃,growing the sprouts at 25℃ and 90% moisture.Under optimized conditions,the dry weight of Sunflower sprout is the highest while its crude fiber content is the lowest;however,both Mung bean and Adzuki bean sprouts contain significantly higher sugar content compared to others,whereas the Vc content in Mung bean sprout is the highest.The whole N content in Pine willow sprout is highest,while Adzuki bean sprout contains highest whole P and K content among all species tested.

In order to check the quality of total RNA isolated by NaAc/ethanol precipitation,total RNA of radicle,young leaves,young stems,immature seeds from wheat and flowers from different plant genus were extracted and checked.The results showed that total RNA obtained had good integrity and high purity.And the expression profiles of four frequently used house-keeping genes(GAPDH,Actin,Rubisco,Ubiqutin)were analyzed by normalization with Tubulin gene.The results of the amplification showed that the transcripts of the selected house-keeping genes were different at different time points of wheat leaves inoculated by leaf rust pathogens,moreover,the copy numbers of each house-keeping gene were inconsistent in wheat leaves.PCR amplification shows that NaAc/ethanol precipitation can meet with demands of down stream experiment of common molecular biology and is an ideal method of plant total RNA extraction.

Bacillus subtilis used as probiotic was widely applied to the aquiculture to purify the water with the needs of healthy breeding. In this paper twelve Bacillus subtilis strains were isolated from activate sludge of breeding shrimp pond,breeding fish pond and polluted river. H4and H5with high amylase activity were screened from the isolated strains by amylum degradation experiment and the activities of amylase were 38. 66,37. 10 U/ mL,respectively. The mean of ul2 traviolet continuous induced mutation was used on H4and H5. The results showed that the extracellular amylase activities of first mutant strains H4Ⅰ and H5Ⅰ were 41. 36 and 41. 32 U/ mL,which were 107 % and 111 %of initial strains. While the extracellular amylase activities of second mutant strains H4Ⅱ a,H5Ⅱ a and H5Ⅱ b were increased to 147 %,136 % and 135 % of initial strains,and the activities of amylase were 56. 95,50. 47 and 50. 02 U/ mL,respectively. The results indicate that ultraviolet continuous induced mutation would be in favor of the amylase producing of mutant strain.

Bearing branch is the basic fruiting units of Chinese jujube.Understanding the biological characteristics and growth of bearing branch is important to improve quality and yield of jujube fruits.Therefore,the concept,the biological characteristics,the sorts and the growthing of bearing branch were summarized.And the relation of bearing branch and fruiting was also reviewed.At last,the main problems which need to study furtherly were also outlined.

The chlorophyll content and corticoid content of Chinese Spring(CS)-Synthetic 6x substitutions and parents cultivars Chinese Spring (recipient) and Synthetic 6x ( cbnor) under the drought conditions and control treatments indifferent developing stages were measured. The results indicated that the chlorophyll content of SA,5B chromo substi-tution lines and the corticoid content of SB chromosome substitution line were significantly higher than Chinese Spring at0. OS or 0. 0l level from booting to grain filling stage under normal condition,while the chlorophyll content of 3A,4Dchromosome substitution lines and the corticoid content of 2A and 4D chromosome substitution lines were significantlyhigher than Chinese Spring at 0. OS or 0. 0l level under drought stress. It was concluded that the genes of controllingchlorophyll and corticoid content were probably located on SA,5B and SB chromosomes respectively under normal condi-tion,and that of controlling chlorophyll content and corticoid content were probably located on 3A,4D and 2A,4D chro-mosomes of Synthetic 6x respectively under drought stress.

Glucosinolates composition and contents were evaluated in radish seedlings of 20 genotypes including three groups- autumn-white radish, spring-white radish and cherry radish. The total glucosinolate content varied with the groups. The autumn-white varieties had the highest total glueosinolate content, followed by spring-white varieties and cherry radishes. Nine types of glucosinolates were identified in the radish seedlings. And the aromatic glucosino- lates were reported in radish for the first time. The main glucosinolate in autumn-white radish and spring-white rad- ish was 4-methylthio-3-butenyl-glucosinolates which made up 45% -77% of the total amount. In cherry radish,the indol-3-mehtyl glucosinolate was the predominant glucosinolate which made up 42% -72% of the total amount. 4- methyhhio-3-butenyl-glucosinolates,the main glueosinolate in white radish seedlings,is benefit for human＇s health as a detoxification in the hepatoma cell line.

RAPD was used to analyze the genome DNA of cultivate variety wheat Jing 411. The results are steady and clear. In this paper we preliminarily discuss the factor of stability and reliability which effect the results of RAPD reaction.

Songpu common carp is a breeding variety.In order to maintain the genetic diversity of the variety for a long time,the genetic structure of the fish was studies with 29 polymorphic microsattelite loci.The study showed that in the 194 sampled individuals,166 alleles were detected,the average number of effective allele is 5.724 1,average PIC is 0.584 9,and average expected heterozygosity is 0.572 2,which indicated that the new variety has a relative high genetic diversity.Hardy-weinberg equilibrium analysis showed that the population was in disequilibrium mode,which indicated that artificial selection had a great effect on the population.Bottleneck analysis illustrated that the population has experienced bottleneck effect recently.The effective population size was 69.8 with linkage disequilibrium method.The study illustrated that the variety has rich genetic diversity,but the population structure was disequilibrium and bottleneck effect has happened.Therefore,it′s necessary to take measures for reservation of the genetic diversity of the new variety.

In order to develop an efficient protein extraction method suitable for SDS - PAGE analysis,five protocols for protein extraction in apple leaf,trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation (TCA),modified Tris - HCl extraction,phenol extraction methanol/ ammonium acetate precipitation,DTT/ acetone and Tris - HCl extraction were compared.The extracts were separated by SDS - PAGE method followed by silver staining. The results showed that the modified Tris-HCl extraction presented the highest resolution of 3. 243μg/μL and the maximum bands of 41 strips with the 5μL sample volumes basing on the increased amount of PVPP and the extracting solution as well as prolonged 30 min of protein precipitation with cold acetone.Dynamic changes of proteins in leaves from different nodes in apple seedlings (Jonathan ×Golden Delicious)were analyzed with the improved Tris - HCl extraction method,six protein bands were detected with the molecular weight 71.9,60.5,52.6,41.1,35.3,18.5 kDa respectively and the bands were clear with a light background.So the improved Tris - HCl extraction was the most appropriate method for apple leaf SDS - PAGE analysis。

Optimal solid??state fermentat ion conditions were studied according to the sporulation quantity of Tricho??dermaviride isolate Tv04??2 by simple factor and orthogonal experiments.The most optimal medium was formulated as following: 250 mL erlenmeyer flask contained 20 g of equal quality of maize powder and wheat bran mixture, 0. 1 g FeSO₄,7 mL water and 4 mL inoculum.The fermentat ion process was at a fluctuant temperature of 25, 20 and 28 for 2 days,respectively. Under this optimal medium and fermentation process, the spore concentrat ion of 4×10⁹cfu/ g can be ob??tained, and which accelerated the production and applicat ion of Trichoderma viride strain with high antagonistic activity ofginseng root diseases.

为了促进母牛发情，做到早配种，多改良，全怀胎，我们1974年在牛改良配种站从集中起来的母牛改良群中，选出在整个配种期不发情的母牛13头，注射妊娠母马的血液，进行催情试验，效果良好，除一头没有发情，一头在注射孕马血后畜主牵回。

A review of the mainly research methods and advances in soybean quality breeding in China and abroad was made.And the stratagem for soybean quality breeding in China were discussed as well.

Phylogenetic trees of cellulose synthase(CesA)gene from 89 sequences of CesA in 15 species including plants and lichen and alga published on the Genebank were generated by MEGA3.1.Based on the information of model plant CesA′s gene regulated the biosynthesis of primary or secondary wall,the function of some unknown genes could be speculated from the trees.The study also found that the CesA genes of Bambusa oldhamii shared the high identity and close phylogenetic relationships with that of maize and barley.The changes of Cys,Ala,Gly and Ser content were greater than that of others in the variable region of CesA′s primary structure.The exchanges between Cys and Ala or Ser or Val in the same site were found in the variable region.

Lettuces of red, purple and green leaves were planted with hydroponics, and the spectral absorbance and nutritional quality of the lettuces were studied. The results showed the curves of the photosynthetic pigments absorbing spectrum for three leaf-color lettuce cultivars were the same. Spectral absorbance of the three kinds of lettuces were higher at 330一380 nm,380一500 nm and 640一690 nm,among which the absorbance at 330一380 nm was the highest. Spectral absorbance of green leaves lettuce at high absorbed spectrums were remarkably lower than that of red and purple lettuce. And the red lettuce had a spectral absorbance peak at 380 nm. All kinds of photosynthetic pigments of red lettuce and purple lettuce were significantly higher than green lettuce. However there was no significant difference on biomass yield. The differences of the concentrations of phenol, flavonoid,rouble surgar,ascorbic acid between three kinds of lettuces were unremarkable,but the concentrations of anthocyanin differed great1y , as the sequence of red lettuce>purple lettuce>green lettuce.

In order to obtain stable high yield of alkaline protease strains,producing alkaline protease strain was treated by tablet mutagenesis method for mutagenic treatment.The results showed that by using milk tablet and Folin measuring enzyme activities,alkaline protease strains were produced from chicken dung upon sample.The strain by nitrosoguanidine(the NTG mutagenesis)and use of rifampicin resistant strains screened two variants,whose protease activity was 34 times and 65 times of the starting strain.Consequently,mutagen nitrosoguanidine could produce high yield of alkaline protease strains.

hrpgene is one of important pathogenitygenes in phytopathogenic bacteria,usually in cluster. The size,g+ C contents and BlastP of the constitutedgenes of 14 completed sequenced phytopathogenic bacterias in this article compare. It find that these size ofgene clusters among 18-24 kb,made up by 22-28genes. Theg+ C con-tents is lower in the Pseudomonas and Erwiniagenus,but higher in the Xanthomonas and Ralstoniagenus. Moreo-ver,everygenus has its own unique hrpgene cluster,such as in the Pseudomonas are hrpZ1,hrpA1,hrpVgenes. In the Erwiniagenus are hrpT,hrpV,hrpAgenes. In the Ralstoniagenus are hrpZ,hrpX,hrpY,hrpVgenes. In the Xan-thomonas are hrpE,hrpD6,hpaA. Among thesegenes,hrpA1,hrpA,hrpY,hrpE respectively belong to Pseudomonas spp,Erwinia spp,Ralstonia spp and Xanthomonas spp,encode type Ⅲ pilus,thesegenes maybe act as important function in pathogens recognize host progross.

To seek out the V.dahliae proteins involved in the interaction of plant with V.dahliae, a yeast two-hybrid library of V.dahliae was constructed using SMART technique.Results showed that the titer of cDNA library was 5.2×10⁷ cfu/mL, the library contained 3.9×10⁷ cfu independent clones, the size distribution of insert fragments ranged from 0.5-2.0 kb, and the recombination rate was about 96%.These data demonstrated that the library could meet the requirements of standard cDNA library, which laid a foundation for screening the interaction proteins from V.dahliae.

This experiment dealt with the influence of CO₂ at the concentrations of 200,350,500,700 and 1000 mg/kg on photosynthetic and respiratory rates and RubisCO activity. The results showed that the CO₂ enrichment did increase the photosynthetic rate of upper leaves of cucumber, especially under intensive light conditions. The response of photosynthetic rate to the different CO₂ concentrations appeared low at the beginning, then higher and finally lower. The respiratory rates of these leaves increased rapidly with the enrichment of CO₂, until 6 min. Later all dropped to their lowest levels despite the CO₂ concentrations, from when there was no notable effect of CO₂ concentrations on the respiratory rates. The photosynthesis rate was positively correlated with the atmospheric and intercellular CO₂ concentrations. Generally the stomatal conductance was not a factor to inhibit photosynthetic at high CO₂ concentrations. The RuBP carboxylase activity was enhanced while RuBP oxygenase activity and also the ratio of the former to the latter decreased. Nevertheless,when the CO₂ concentrations were over 500mg/kg,the activity of RuBP carboxylase increased slightly.

According to the combining ability,heterosis,pedigree relations and morphological,physiological and genetic characteristics,as well as the practice of breeding,the maize germplasm of China were divided into five heterosis groups and nine sub groups,i.e.improved Reid,Lancaster (Mo17 and Zi 330 sub groups),Sipingtou,Ludahonggu and others (subgroups such as:germplasms from foreign hybrids;selected germplasms,Suwan germplasm and other low latitude germplasm).The limited availability of germplasm,the division and utilization of heterosis groups,and the improvement of germplasm were discussed.

With the decreasing of fruit water content,the fresh size and titratable acidity decrease and fruit hardness,soluble solid-acid ratio,soluble sugar content and color indexes increased.The effect of fruit water content on sucrose,glucose and fructose was different.Fruit water content has a significant correlation with soluble solid content (r=-0171)and soluble solid-acid ratio(r=-0161).

To isolate and characterize the lytic bacteriophage that might be used in prevention and treatment of porcine postweaning diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic E. coli K88 （ETEC-K88）. E. coli expressing the K88 adhesin on their surface is a common cause of diarrhea in newborn and weaned piglets. Mixtures of 3 strains of ETEC K88 were used as hosts for isolation of phages in sewage from 22 pig farms. The isolated phage was characterized at the microbiological and molecular levels. The optimal multiplicity of infection （MOI）, one-step growth curve, Thermo- and pH stability,lytic effective in vitro of the isolated bacteriophage were investigated. One phages that lysed ETEC K88 was isolated by double-layer agar plate method and named PK88-4. The phage produced large, clear plaques. The electron microscope showed the phage had necks and contractile tails and therefore belonged to the Myoviridae. The estimated genome size was about 60 kb and the restriction enzyme fragments suggested that it was dsDNA. The optimal MOI was 0. 01. The phage was stable at pH 5 - 10 and under 60℃, and could kill 100% host strain within 2 hours with MOI higher than 0. 001. The new isolated phage, named PK88-4, are potential candidates for prophy- laxis and therapy of porcine post-weaning diarrhea due to ETEC K88.

The response of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of oat to light intensity and CO₂concentra2 tion was studied using LI26400 in Inter Mongol China. Generally,photosynthetic rate increased with light intensity (PPFD),which could be expressed by Michaelis2Menten function. The maximum photosynthetic rate (P_max,i) was 18. 63 μ mol/ (m²· s) under natural CO₂concentration. The photosynthetic rate increased with CO₂concentration,which could be expressed by Michaelis2Menten function too. The maximum photosynthetic rate (P_max,c) was 110. 28μ mol/ (m²· s) under saturated light intensity (PPFD) while [CO₂] →∞. The response of stomatal conductance to light intensity could be ex2 pressed by Michaelis2Menten function too,because stomatal conductance increased with light intensity (PPFD),but the stomatal conductance will decrease with increase of CO₂concentration. The stomata limitation increased with light intensity (PPFD) and CO₂concentration,but when [CO₂] > 200μ mol/ mol,stomata limitation kept constant.

This paper studied the cultivation characteristics and mating reaction of the monokaryotic mycelia ofPholiota microspora and analyzed the effect of parthenocarpy to the yield in farm cultivation. Results showed that P.microspora belongs to bipolar factor system and the two factors were almost 1:1，monokaryotic mycelia characterizedby polymorphism;Parthenocarpy could be found in P. microspora but this could lower the biological efficiency. In thisexperiment the biological efficiency of fruit from monokaryotic mycelia which were normal in hyphal growth was 20%lower than that from dikaryotic mycelial. We suggested that parthenocarpy should be avoided in cultivation.

This article analyzed the existing problems and the present situation in the production and using of the fertilizer in China and analyzed the requirement for developing slow/controlled release fertilizers. By comparing with the developing state and the trend of slow/controlled release fertilizers abroad, the article discussed the developing state of slow/controlled release fertilizers in our country, and discussed the directions and the problems requiring to be breached in the area of slow/controlled release fertilizers.

The formation and development of embryo sac in the diploid and its autotetraploid of rice cultivar IR36 was examined using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy.Some particular types of embryo sacs,such as those with three-nucleare,six-nucleare and nine-nucleare,and degenerated ones,were found in diploid rice.These types of embryo sacs were not reported before.The mechanism for the formation of these specific embryo sacs is not clear and needs to be studied further.Our results provide some scientific references for better understanding the development of rice embryo sac.

Effects of the temperature,nutrition and storage on the vigor power of the watermelon pollen were studied through the pollen cultivation and microscope observation.The results were showed as follows:the germinating temperature of the watermelon pollen is 8-48℃,8℃ and dry environment was advantage to pollen storage for short times.The lower temperature and longer time of treatment was disadvantage to the germination of pollen.The germination of the big and nourishing bud is better.The study provides a reference for the productive practice and scientific research.

The source of dry flower raw materials is extensive.It is easy of store and transport and liked deeply by consumer.Creating in your own why and being ornamentation for a long time.So dry flower with broad development prospects.

Mutants play an important role in rice functional genome research．A T- DNA insertion line was ana- lyzed and identified in this study．The results showed that the T- DNA line was a homozygous insertion of OsFCA genes，and the heading- date of T- DNA insertion mutant was later than that of wild type．The RT- PCR results showed that the T- DNA insertion line was a loss- of- function mutant of OsFCA genes．In addition，the expression analysis found that Hd1 and Hd3a displayed higher expression levels in wild type in the short day condition than that of the mutant，especially in the dark time，indicating that OsFCA can positively regulate the expression of gene Hd1 and Hd3a under short- day condition．

Preparation and digestion of Megabase-size DNA with high quality is the basis for construction of genomic library with large DNA inserts such as yeast articial chromosome(YAC), bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC), binary BAC library(BIBAC), transformation-competent artificial chromosome(TAC), and for long-range physical mapping. This method of embedding the nuclei is optimized to prepare Megabase-size DNA of Leymus multacaulas genomes with high yield and purity. Generally, it includes isolation of purified nuclei by deferential centrifugation, embedment of the nuclei in 1ow-melting-point agarose pulgs, and digestion with proteinase K to release Megabase-size DNA.To purify the high molecular weight DNA with pulsed field gel electrophoresiscan avoid the contaninants of organellar and small molecular weight DNA.Selecting digested DNA fragments‘between 9-300 kb after partial digestion. It proves that the method is suitable for construction of genomic library of Leymus multicaulas.

According to phenomena that many deploid crops consist in nature, polyploid vegetable crops were researched by researchers come from China, Japan, Soviet Union, Sweden, German and so on. It had have a certain extentprogress. Researchers of all over the world researched inducing aberrance on Chinese cabbages in middle of 20th century,including physical radialization, chemical, cuvette asepsis seedling etc.At last all of them losted for their low fertility. Re??searchers of ICC ( Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences) had momentous progresson polyploid Chinese cabbages breeding by select ing common deploid Chinese cabbage varities that including 2n gameteand crossed with contrived induce polyploid varities. All of them were authenticated by appearance, microspore, stoma, cellobserving. Some polyploid Chinese cabbages varieties were bred and applicated for product ion. Application foreground ofpolyploid Chinese cabbage were analysed and some advices on breeding were given.

Sixty-seven strains of Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from diseased cotton seedlings sampled from 22 main counties of cotton production in Hebei province. They were divided into two anastomosis groups through hypha mating with standard strain. The frequency of AG-4 was 91. 04% of the tested strains,which indicated that AG-4 was the major anastomosis group of R. solani in Hebei province. While the frequency of AG-2 was 1. 50%.The other five strains belong to non-fusion strains,accounting for 7. 46% in frequency. 6 vegetative compatible groups of AG-4 strains were determined by their behaviors on MPDA (maltose peptone dextrose agar) II medium.Pathogenicity assays of the 67 strains were conducted on cotton seedlings under greenhouse condition. Results demonstrated that AG-4-A displayed the strongest pathogenicity,and AG-2 was the second,whereas AG-4-E and AG-4-F showed the mild pathogenicity and did not cause dead cotton seedling. The pathogenicity of different anastomosis groups and their vegetative compatibility groups as follows: AG-4-A > AG-2 > AG-4-B > AG-4-C > non-fusion > AG-4-D > AG-4-E > AG-4-F.

Fgr gene is a major effect gene that controls fragrance trait in rice.The aim of this study was to establish a tetra primer ARMS PCR method for the detection of Fgr.According the sequence of the fragrance rice material,were four primer designed for detection fragrance rice Fgr in 0.8% agarose electrophoresis.The result showed that the method was efficient in detection Fgr and provided the better method for MAS.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementing arginine on nutrient di- gestibility,plasma biochemical parameters and concentrations of free amino acids （AA） in Huanjiang mini-pigs. （Method）Ten Huanjiang mini-pigs with body weight （BW） of （18.9 ±2.4） kg were used and randomly assigned into 2 groups （5 replicates with one pig per group）,representing supplementation with 0.83% arginine （experi- ment group） or 1.73% alanine （isonitrogenous control group） in a basal diet for 7 days. Daily feed intake,initial and final empty stomach BW were recorded,respectively;fecal samples were collected from day 5 to 7 for determi- ning the digestibility of routine nutrient by TiO2 indicator;blood samples were collected into heparin-coated tubes at the end of the trial for analyzing biochemical parameters and concentrations of free AA, respectively. （Result） Re- suits showed that argiuine supplementation increased the average daily gain and ratio of gain to feed （ P 〉 0.05 ）, as well as the apparent digestibilities of dry matter（P 〈0.05） and crude protein（P 〉0.05）,compared with the con- trol group;the plasma concentrations of AMM and alanine in pigs fed arginine-supplemented diet decreased （ P 〈 0.05 ）,while of the total protein, aspartate, glutamate and threonine increased （ P 〈 0.05 ）, as well as the total AA, branched chain AA/Aromatic AA, essential AA/nonessential AA （ P 〉 0. 05 ）, in comparison with the control group. （Conclution）These findings suggested that dietary supplementing arginine could increase digestion and ab- sorption of some nutrients,improve contents of some essential AA, which resulted in the increased protein synthesis and healthy growth of Huanjiang mini-pigs.

In order to find the relation between root activity, root soluble sugars, and their drought resistance, 22 winter wheat varieties which mainly planted in the north of China were detected.The result displayed Chang 6878, chang 4378, Baomai 9, Henong 825 and Zhonghall 1 10 got a high drought index among the 22 varieties.In filling mediam negative correlation was discovered between root soluble sugars and drought index.So we speculated that drought resistance varieties under drought stress can synthesis the root soluble sugar then transport them to ear filling, for the purpose of replenish the drought caused by insufficient amount of photosynthetic products.

The review outlines the developmental history of chemical mutagenesis,and gives a detailed introduction to chemical mutagenesis characteristics,treatment methods and treatment effects in maize.It is also briefly introduced that mutants induced by chemical mutagens have some potential value in solving some basic biological problems and possible application in plant breeding.

With the help of remote sensing, geography information system, globe position system, the eco-logicaLimpacts of Bashang Eco-agriculture Project were monitored and evaluated.A qualitative description of the dynamics of the eco-environment was presented and the effects of Bashang Eco-agriculture Project on the cl-i mate, soiLwater, and other ecologicaLfactors were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that the Bashang, after harnessed by Eco-agriculture Project, its system function had been strengthened up, and its structure tends to reach rationalization, acquire the obvious ecology beneficiaLresult.

The changes of enzyme activities of peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT),the content of hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)and the disease occurrence were studied after the tobaccoLeaves were treated with salicylic acid(SA),then were inoculated with cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)the next day.The results showed that,after 21 d of inoculation with CMV,the disease indexes of tobacco plants treated with SA was lower than CK,and the activity of CAT decreased,while the activity of POD and the content of H₂O₂increased in the plants treated with SA.The results indicated that salicylicacid could induce the tobacco resistance to cumuber mosaic virus.

Spraying NaCl solution combined with honeybee pollination was used to overcome self-incompatibility in parent lines of Brassica pekinensis. NaCl solution at different concentrations was tested which revealed that 3% was the optimum concentration. Plants at flowering stage were treated with 3% NaCl solution at different hours of the day, and the most favorable result was achieved in those plants sprayed at 9: 30 am. Seed setting was observed in all the plants manually pollinated at different hours of the day following treatment of 3% NaCl solution. The pollination efficiency of the NaCl treated plants was better than that of the control. Under normal conditions, it took at least 4 days to ensure pollens on the bee body to lose vigor before the bees could be used for pollination. the amount of callose in surface cells of the stigma and the incompatibility after treatment with NaCl solution tended to change in the same direction.

In this study ,cross was made from Kanto 107 and Baihuomai.The F₁ was used for haploid plant production by maize pollen.50 DH lines were gained by culchicine treatment of those haploid plants.Endosperm from six DH lines was stained brown after I₂-KI staining.The same six DH lines were null waxy gene lines proved by SDS-PAGE.Both methods showed to be reliable and accurate in wheat detection.In this study,plant characters,such as plant height,spike number per plant,seed weight and seed hardness etc.was also analyzed.Waxy wheat is suitable for making noodles because its dough has high amylopectin,high peak viscosity and high swelling volume.Amylopectin has been widely used in light industries,medicines etc.Therefore,the production of waxy wheat is a new route to wheat quality study and application of amylopectin.

Heterosis would be a well known genetic phenomenon in the fields of biology, which has been successfully exploited on breeding of many plants and animals, but the genetic basis of heterosis might still remain uncertainly puzzles by far. In this paper, the mechanisms of heterosis were reviewed, some new opinions about genetic basis of heterosis were summed up on the base of the classical theories and hypothesis on the genetic mechanisms of heterosis. Discuss the relationship of the heterosis between heterosis group and molecular mark. Finally this paper has looked forward to the direction of heterosis.

The medium of regeneration plantlet from shoot tip of strawberry creeping stem supplemented with different hormones was worked out.The protocol of tissue culture and rapid propagation has been developed. The influences of hormone condition, genotypes on shoot regeneration from leaf disc of strawberry were examined.By further studying, the effects of genotypes and explants on shoot induction were also examined when basal medium was MS+ B₅ supplemented with 2.253 mg/L 6-BA and 1.752 mg/L IAA. An efficient and higher frequence method of direct shoot regeneration has been established. Meanwhile, a suitable receptor material of genetic transformation.