To investigate the genetic evolution and molecular differences of Lentinula edodes germplasm resources and their hybrid progeny,it utilized whole-genome resequencing technology and analyzed genetic diversity and population structure based on single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)data.It involved eight main cultivated varieties,six hybrid new varieties,and two wild strains of L.edodes.The results revealed that the SNP numbers in the wild strains Y5 and Y6 were significantly higher than those in the cultivated varieties,with 158 659 and 149 422 SNPs,respectively,and they clustered in independent branches based on genetic distance.In contrast,the cultivated varieties and their hybrid progeny exhibited similar SNP numbers and genetic relationships,with SNP counts ranging from 97 295 to 105 627 and genetic distances ranging from 0.001 2 to 0.055 3,clustering within the same branch.The branches of the cultivated varieties and their hybrid progeny could be divided into six closely related groups.These included early-maturing varieties L18 and 868,early-maturing white-faced varieties RX11,QK212,and 0912,medium-maturing firm-textured varieties 808,LX1,and 168,hybrid progeny varieties JX15 and JX3 of 808,L18,and 868,hybrid progeny varieties JXB5 and JXB15 of JX15 and JX3,and hybrid progeny varieties E14 and E36 of 0912 and JXB5.Population structure and principal component analysis revealed that L.edodes germplasm resources could be divided into four subgroups.The first class included varieties RX11,QK212,and 0912,as well as their hybrid progeny E14 and E36.The second class consisted of main cultivated varieties LX1,168,and 808,along with their hybrid derivatives JX15 and JX3,which share extremely similar genetic information or background.The third class comprised L18 and 868,along with their multiple-generation,genetically improved,high-quality hybrid strains,JXB5 and JXB15,which exist in a transitional state between cultivated varieties and wild strains,with a propensity towards the cultivated varieties.The fourth class was represented by wild strains YX5 and YX6,which are distinctly different from the cultivated strains.This study clarified the genetic differences among L.edodes strains,laying the foundation for the selection of parents and the pairing of hybrid combinations in subsequent hybrid breeding.
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Waterlogging stress severely impacts soybean production.To investigate the effects of waterlogging stress on soybean growth and development and elucidate its response mechanisms,this study employed four soybean germplasms cultivated in the Huaibei region as experimental materials.Through simulated waterlogging treatment at the V2 stages,combined with yield analysis,physiological indices,and transcriptomic profiling,the study explores the waterlogging tolerance mechanisms in soybean.The results demonstrated that waterlogging stress significantly reduced dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake efficiency in the waterlogging-sensitive cultivar Xudou 18,resulting in a yield loss of 30.23%.In contrast,the waterlogging-tolerant cultivar Huaidou 13 exhibited stronger adaptability with only a 16.77% yield loss,attributed to stabilized root nitrogen absorption and maintained root dry matter accumulation.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in Huaidou 13 under waterlogging stress were significantly enriched in pathways that related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,photosynthetic systems,and antioxidant activity.Conversely,DEGs in Xudou 18 were predominantly associated with hormone transduction,photosynthesis,and peroxisome-related pathways.A total of 148 genotype-specific DEGs were identified between cultivars with contrasting waterlogging tolerance,primarily enriched in photosynthesis,secondary metabolite biosynthesis,and fatty acid metabolism.Identified transcription factors included members of the AP2/ERF-ERF,C3H,ARR-B,NAC,and WRKY families.In summary,transcription factors or genes in secondary metabolic pathways that may be related to waterlogging tolerance were screened.
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In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of flour-quality regulation at the transcriptional level,wheat mutant varieties A94 and A261 were obtained by 60Co-γ irradiation mutagenesis of Shimai 15,and the developing seeds at days 7,14,21 and 28 after flowering were subjected to transcriptome sequencing,and water absorption,dough development time,stable time,softening degree and farinogram index of the three varieties were measured.The results showed that farinogram parameters of two mutant varieties were better than those of Shimai 15.Twenty-four samples were sequenced,and after the data were filtered and annotated,a total of 26 714 genes were identified.With respect to Shimai 15,there were 1 042,258,301 and 366 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)at four time points in A94,respectively,and there were 2 178,248,117 and 959 DEGs in A261,respectively.KEGG enrichment showed that DEGs were mainly involved in pathways of starch and sucrose metabolism,protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum.GO enrichment showed that DEGs were mainly involved in glycogen biosynthesis processes,amyloplast and other biological processes.By analyzing the differential genes in these pathways and biological processes,it was hypothesized that the reasons for the improved flour quality in the mutant varieties include the up-regulation of genes related to sucrose and starch synthesis and metabolism in the early stages of filling,the degradation of misfolded proteins in the middle and late stages,and the differential expression of genes regulating protein and starch accumulation.
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The study aimed to explore the genetic mechanism of fruit shape in oriental melon.The parents,M125(Elongate)and M30(Near round),were used to build the six generation populations,and the genetic patterns of fruit longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter,and shape index were studied using the method of main gene+multiple gene generation analysis.The results showed that significant positive correlation between fruit longitudinal diameter and shape index,and the correlation values were high in 2021-2023.In three years,the genetic models of fruit longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter,and shape index were MX2-ADI-ADI,two pairs of additive-dominant-epistatic master genes+additive-dominant-epistatic polygenes.In the first-order genetic parameters,the additive effect values of the two main genes controlling the fruit longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter,and shape index were equal and positive in the three years(da=db>0),and it had a synergistic effect.The absolute value of the dominant effect of the first pair of major genes controlling fruit longitudinal diameter in 2021 and 2023 was significantly higher than that of the second pair of major genes,while the dominant effect of the second major gene was slightly higher than that of the first pair of major gene in 2022.The additive effects of the two pairs of major genes controlling fruit transverse diameter showed little variation across different years and were all negative,indicating that the dominant effects of the major genes had a negative impact on fruit diameter.The absolute value of the dominant effect of the first pair of major genes controlling fruit shape index was greater than that of the second pair of major genes,indicating that the first pair of major genes played a leading role in the dominant effects.The second-order genetic parameters showed that in the F2,from 2021 to 2023,the heritability of main genes for fruit longitudinal diameter was 81.51%,72.16%,80.77%,respectively.The heritability of major genes for transverse diameter was 77.88%,69.94%,65.90%,respectively.The heritability of main genes for fruit shape index was 80.41%,70.81%,82.49%,respectively.The inheritance of the three fruit shape traits in Oriental melon is quantitative traits,and the heritability of major genes in F2 generation was high.Therefore,the three fruit shape traits were selected in early generations during the oriental melon breeding.
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Wheat,as one of the world's major food crops,its growth and development,yield,and quality are often constrained by abiotic stresses. To cope with these abiotic stresses,wheat has evolved a series of response mechanisms,including signal perception,signal transduction,and gene expression regulation,to maintain cellular homeostasis and protect the functions of biological macromolecules. Drought stress causes the accumulation of osmotic-adjustment substances and antioxidants in wheat,a decline in the photosynthetic rate,and alterations in morphological structure. Its molecular mechanisms mainly involve pathways such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling,hormone signaling,and gene expression regulation. Saline-alkali stress inhibits seed germination and seedling growth,leading to photosynthetic impairments,osmotic-regulation imbalances,ion-balance disorders,and membrane-lipid oxidation. Under such circumstances,wheat can enhance salt tolerance by activating the salt overly sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway,calcium-ion signaling,hormone signaling,and gene-expression regulation. Extreme temperature stress inhibits photosynthesis,triggers membrane-lipid oxidation,and promotes the accumulation of osmotic-adjustment substances. Its regulatory mechanisms mainly involve hormone signaling,transcriptional activation,and epigenetic regulation. This study reviews the response mechanisms of wheat to drought,saline-alkali,and extreme temperature stresses and looks ahead to future research directions:focusing on the cross-interaction mechanisms of multiple stresses and mining genes responsive to combined stresses; effectively integrating stress-resistant traits into high-yield and high-quality genetic backgrounds to achieve the coordinated improvement of ideal plant types and stress resistance; promoting the in-depth integration of modern biotechnology with conventional breeding methods to enhance breeding efficiency. It aims to provide comprehensive theoretical support and technical references for the genetic improvement of wheat's resistance to abiotic stresses.
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bHLH(Basic helix-loop-helix)gene family is one of the largest plant transcription factor families,binds to cis-acting elements on target gene promoters and plays crucial roles in various physiological processes including growth development,secondary metabolism regulation,signal transduction,and stress response.As one of the world's most important cash crops,cotton is severely affected by stresses such as Verticillium and Fusarium wilt,low temperature,high temperature,salinity,drought,and heavy metal exposure,which significantly impact yield and fiber quality.Meanwhile,with the continuous decline in cotton cultivation benefits,the high-value utilization of by-products such as cottonseeds and cotton secondary metabolites plays a crucial role in improving the comprehensive utilization value of cotton.In this paper,the functions of cotton bHLH transcription factors in cotton fiber development,biotic stress response,abiotic stress response,plant architecture,anther,glandular development,and somatic embryogenesis were summarized.Furthermore,it discusses the application prospects of in-depth analysis of the biological functions of bHLH transcription factors in enhancing the utilization value of cotton by-products,such as cottonseed oil,cottonseed protein,gossypol,anthocyanins,cottonseed vitamins,and nectar,in order to provide theoretical reference for further clarifying the functions of bHLH transcription factors in cotton growth and development,as well as improving the comprehensive utilization value of cotton by-products.
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A field experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024 to investigate the response of silage yield in different types of summer maize varieties to various planting patterns.Two varieties,Cangyu 338(CY338,a low-density tolerant variety)and Nongda 372(ND372,a density-tolerant variety),were selected as experimental materials.Four planting patterns were established,including conventional mode(CT),1∶1∶2 mode(1∶1∶2),double plant mode(DP),and 40+80 mode(40+80).Results showed that the dry weight(dry yield)of maize plants and whole ears increased gradually,while the fresh weight(fresh yield)declined during the maize growth period.Significant differences in dry and fresh weight,as well as yield,were observed among the different planting patterns.The dry and fresh weight showed as follows:CT>40+80>1∶1∶2>DP,however,higher plant yield was achieved under DP and 1∶1∶2 patterns.The highest whole ear yield was obtained under CT in 2023 and DP in 2024,followed by the 1∶1∶2 pattern.Additionally,there were significant annual variations in whole ear yield.Dry and fresh weight per plant and whole ear of CY338 were higher than those of ND372,whereas the yield exhibited the opposite trend.A similar changing trend was observed across different years.The response of dry and fresh weight per plant and whole ear to planting patterns indicated that CT resulted in the highest values,while DP yielded the lowest.Except for the dry and fresh weight per plant of ND372 in 2023 under other planting patterns,the 40+80 pattern generally produced higher dry and fresh weights compared to the 1∶1∶2 pattern.In contrast to dry and fresh weight,variety yield exhibited significant variations.The lowest yield for both plant and whole ear was observed under the 40+80 pattern.However,plant yield under the DP and 1∶1∶2 patterns exceeded that of other patterns.Notably,the DP pattern achieved the highest yield,except for ND372 in 2023,which experienced higher precipitation during the experiment.For CY338 in 2024,a year with less precipitation,the DP pattern yielded the highest whole ear production,followed by the 1∶1∶2 pattern,while other varieties showed the highest yield under the CT pattern.In conclusion,planting patterns significantly influence plant and ear characteristics.Corn varieties with high-density tolerance can achieve increased plant and whole ear silage yields.The DP pattern is particularly effective for enhancing plant silage yield(with the 1∶1∶2 pattern being suitable for density-tolerant varieties in rainy years),while the CT pattern is more effective for whole ear silage yield(with the DP pattern being advantageous for low-density-tolerant varieties in the years with less rainfall).
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It is of great significance to study the effects of brackish water sprinkler irrigation on the growth and yield of summer maize to alleviate the shortage of fresh water resources,promote the utilization of unconventional water resources and guarantee the production of summer maize.Field trial was conducted for two consecutive years in the central plain area of the Heilonggang Basin,Hebei Province.It aimed to investigate the effects of three sprinkler irrigation treatments(fresh water,2 g/L brackish water,and 3 g/L brackish water)on root distribution,photosynthetic performance,and grain yield in summer maize.Results showed that the average dry root weight density of 0-60 cm soil layer in the whole growth period of 2 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation was reduced by 7%-9% than fresh water irrigation but with no significant difference,and the average root dry weight density of 3 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation was significantly reduced by 19%-26%.Compared with fresh water irrigation,the 2,3 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation both had adverse effects on the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves,especially the 3 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and light use efficiency were significantly reduced by 29%-37%,40%-49% and 29%-35%,respectively,which seriously affected the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves.In 2020,the leaf area index of 2 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation was reduced by 15% compared with that of fresh water sprinkler irrigation but with no significant difference,and the leaf area index of 3 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation was significantly reduced by 28%.In 2021,there was no significant difference in leaf area index between different treatments during the whole growing period.There was no significant difference in plant height between different treatments during the whole growth period of two years.2 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation had no significant effect on yield of summer maize in both years,and the yield of 3 g/L brackish water sprinkler irrigation was significantly reduced by 9% in 2020.No significant differences were observed in ear count,kernel number per ear,or 100-grain weight across the irrigation treatments.In summary,the salinity of brackish water sprinkler irrigation less than 2 g/L can guarantee the growth and yield of summer maize in this area.
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It is important for agricultural production to study the spatial and temporal distribution of winter wheat drought in Hebei Province.Based on the meteorological observation data of 119 national meteorological stations in Hebei Province during the growing period of winter wheat from 1991 to 2021,based on the national standard of"Meteorological Drought Grade"(GB/T 20481-2017),we calculated the meteorological drought composite index(MCI)and analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of winter wheat drought in Hebei Province in recent 30 years.The results showed that:the frequency of drought decreased gradually with the drought grade from light drought to extreme drought.The average frequency of light drought occurrence in different growth stages of winter wheat in Hebei Province ranges from 22.1% to 22.5%.The average frequency of medium drought occurrence ranges from 11.7% to 14.5%.The average frequency of heavy drought occurrence ranges from 3.6% to 5.5%.The average frequency of extreme drought occurrence ranges from 0.4% to 1.0%.During the whole growth period,the areas with relatively high frequency of occurrence of medium drought and above were mainly distributed in most parts of Hengshui,west and south of Cangzhou,east of Xingtai,and east of Handan,and the frequency of occurrence was more than 20.25%.From 1991 to 2021,the drought intensity and range of winter wheat in Hebei Province showed a significant decreasing trend in the middle and later stages of growth.
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It aims to evaluate the storage tolerance of 20 popular wheat varieties from the Huang-Huai wheat region under natural aging conditions and classify them,thereby providing a theoretical basis for the breeding and selection of storage-tolerant wheat varieties.The experiment involved natural aging treatments of 12 and 24 months,with seeds harvested 3 months prior serving as the control.Measurements included seed vigor,seed coat characteristics(color and cell membrane integrity),and physiological and biochemical indicators(soluble sugar,gluten protein,starch content,antioxidant enzyme activity,and malondialdehyde content).The results indicated that as aging time increased,seed vigor of all varieties significantly declined.Germination rate and germination potential decreased by 2.17-10.79 percentage points and 2.80-23.39 percentage points,respectively,after 12 months,and further declined by 15.95-25.88 percentage points and 14.93-41.44 percentage points after 24 months.The hue,saturation,and intensity of seed coat color decreased,while electrical conductivity increased,indicating gradual damage to the seed coat cell membrane.Among the physiological and biochemical indicators,except for malondialdehyde,soluble sugar,protein,starch content,and antioxidant enzyme activity all showed a declining trend,with greater declines observed after 24 months compared to 12 months.Total starch content exhibited the most significant decrease,declining by 6.43-32.13 percentage points and 21.02-44.95 percentage points after 12 and 24 months,respectively.Based on indicators such as germination rate,seed coat color,electrical conductivity,soluble sugar,and antioxidant enzyme activity,the 20 wheat varieties were classified into storage-tolerant,moderately storage-tolerant,and non-storage-tolerant types.Among them,Annong 0711,Luohan 19,and Xinmai 26 demonstrated strong storage tolerance.The findings provide parental materials,evaluation criteria,and theoretical references for the breeding of storage-tolerant wheat varieties.
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Drought during the grain filling period can seriously affect the later growth and development of foxtail millet plants,as well as the morphogenesis,yield,and quality of grains.To analyze the effects of drought during the grain filling period on the later growth and development of foxtail millet,as well as the morphogenesis of grains,and to provide a theoretical research basis for the molecular mechanism of foxtail millet starch regulation in response to drought stress,it investigated the effects of different degrees of drought during the grain filling period on the agronomic and grain quality traits of foxtail millet using Jingu 21 as the material.Simultaneously,Real-time Quantitative PCR was used to analyze the response of key genes SiAGPase1(Glucose pyrophosphorylase)and SiSSS1(Starch synthase)to drought during starch synthesis.The results showed that drought had significant effects on fresh weight per plant,fresh weight per root,fresh weight per panicle,panicle weight,grain weight per spike,grain weight per thousand grains,main stem diameter,subpanicle internode length,chlorophyll content,seed setting rate,spike code density and other agronomic characters.The more severe the stress,the greater the degree of reduction.The analysis of grain composition showed that drought can reduce the content of fat,crude protein,peak viscosity and final viscosity.The more severe the stress,the greater the reduction degree.Gene expression analysis showed that the expression levels of SiAGPase1 and SiSSS1 changed sharply during the grain filling period under drought stress.The results revealed that SiAGPase1 and SiSSS1 played an active role in regulating the balance between starch decomposition and starch accumulation in grains under drought stress in order to adapt to plant response to drought stress.
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Bindao 8(BD8),Bindao 10(BD10)and Bindao 18(BD18)are a series of new rice varieties with high yield and resistance,which were newly bred by Institute of Coastal Agriculture,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,all showing the characteristics of bent ear large grain leaf under the rice.Under high-yield cultivation conditions,the yield exceeds 12.5 t/ha.This study used BD8,BD10 and BD18 as materials,compares them with their parents Jinyuan 89(JY89)and Kenyu 60(KY60),and the control variety Yanfeng 47(YF47),analyzes the yield composition,dry matter accumulation,and photosynthetic characteristics,and the mechanism underlying its high-yield.The results showed that the average yield of the Bindao varieties was 12.61-13.06 t/ha,which was 15.51% higher than that of YF47;the above-ground dry matter accumulation was 19.74-20.56 t/ha,which was significantly higher than the control by 16.45%;the yield reservoir capacity was increased by 14.5%-15.2% compared to the parents and the control;the thousand-grain weight was 28-30 g,which was 16.57% higher than that of YF47.After heading,the leaf area index of the Bindao varieties showed a trend of steady increase and slow decline,the photosynthetic potential was 356.83-378.58 (m2·d)/m2,which was 50.17% higher than that of YF47;the total chlorophyll content during the wax ripening period was high by 49.42%,and the net assimilation rate was 2.62-2.78 g/(m2·d),ensuring the material production during the later growth period.The apparent transfer rate of non-structural carbohydrates in the stem sheath was 39.26%-43.24%,and the efficient output during the early and mid-grain filling period could fill the reservoir capacity,with a grain setting rate exceeding 93%.In summary,the Bindao varieties achieve ultra-high yields through the synergistic effects of "large reservoir capacity+strong source supply smooth transportation",providing theoretical support for high-yield breeding of Japonica rice in North China.
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To provide scientific evidence for assessing the ecological risks of carboxylated multi-walled carbon ranotubes(MWCNTs-COOH)and their combined pollution with lead(Pb)and Cadmium(Cd),the present study employed a hydroponic culture system to investigate the effects of individual MWCNTs-COOH(2.5,5.0 and 10.0 mg/L)and their combination with 5 μmol/L Cd+20 μmol/L Pb(Cd+Pb)on several indicators of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice seedlings,and the findings provide a scientific basis assessment for the ecological risks of the combined pollution of MWCNTs-COOH and Cd+Pb.The results showed that,2.5 mg/L MWCNTs-COOH increased chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate(Pn),and enhanced the contents of soluble sugar,starch,free amino acid and soluble protein,as well as the activities of nitrate reductase(NR),glutamine synthase(GS)and glutamate synthase(GOGAT),but significantly decreased the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH).Whereas,10.0 mg/L MWCNTs-COOH evidently suppressed the growth of rice root and stem.Meanwhile,such treatment significantly reduced chlorophyll content and Pn,decreased soluble sugar and starch content,but induced NR activity accompanied by the decline in GS,GOGAT and GDH activities.After joint treatments,compared with the Cd+Pb group,the 2.5 mg/L MWCNTs-COOH combined group showed no significant changes in root and shoot length,net photosynthetic rate,as well as the contents of chlorophyll,soluble sugar,starch,and also the activities of GS and GOGAT.However,significant increases were observed in NR and GDH enzyme activities.In contrast,the 10.0 mg/L MWCNTs-COOH combined group exhibited evident decreases in all the mentioned parameters in comparison to the Cd+Pb group,except for NR activity which showed an obvious increase.The above results indicated that low concentration of MWCNTs-COOH promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice leaves,whereas high concentration of MWCNTs-COOH inhibited carbon and nitrogen metabolism.Furthermore,low concentration of MWCNTs-COOH combined with Cd+Pb showed a synergistic effect,which facilitated nitrogen metabolism of rice,but posed no apparent impact on carbon metabolism.However,high concentration of MWCNTs-COOH combined with Cd+Pb exhibited an antagonistic effect,which restrained rice growth,reduced the generation of photosynthates,and thus markedly inhibited carbon and nitrogen metabolism.In addition,MWCNTs-COOH either alone or in combination with Cd+Pb caused the increase in free amino acid and soluble protein contents,which was helpful for rice seedlings to resist adverse stress.
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This study was carried out to understand the effect of different light quality treatment on the growth,photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings in artificial light plant factory.The trial was conducted at a light intensity of 200 μmol/(m2·s),with blue LED light(B)as control.Green light(G),red light(R),far red light(Fr),or ultraviolet light(UV)with consistent light intensity was added on the basis of blue light to clarify the growth,photosynthetic and antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings under different light quality combinations.The results showed that compared with control,the height of tomato seedlings under B+Fr treatment was significantly improved,increased by 34.54%.B+R treatment significantly increased the stem diameter and dry and fresh weight of tomato seedlings by 39.27%,25.58% and 22.20%,respectively compared with B.The intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance(Gs)of tomato seedlings under B+G treatment were higher than other treatments.Besides,B+R treated seedlings had the highest effective photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ,the actual photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ and the photochemical quenching coefficient,increased by 4.30%,0.97% and 1.87%,respectively compared with the control.Furthermore,B+G,B+R treatment significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes activity,and significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide in tomato seedlings.Thereinto,MDA content of B+R treated seedlings was 50.64% lower than B treatment,while SOD,POD and APX activities were 15.44%,25.00% and 21.65% higher than B treatment,respectively.Taken together,B+R treatment was not only conducive to the cultivation of strong tomato seedlings,but also helped improving PSⅡ activity of leaves,thus enhancing photosynthetic performance.Meanwhile,B+R light treatment could also maintain a high level of antioxidant enzyme activity in tomato plants and improved the antioxidant capacity of tomato plants.
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In order to investigate the effects of salt stress on the growth,development and quality of facility cucumbers,salt treatment was carried out on Zhongnong 126 cucumber in the multi-storey glass greenhouse of Vegetable Research Center of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences from 2023 to 2024.Four treatments of 0(control),25,50 and 100 mmol/L NaCl were added into the nutrient solution to analyze the effects of different concentrations of NaCl treatment on growth and development,photosynthetic characteristics,antioxidant enzyme activity,fruit quality and yield of cucumber.The results showed that with the increase of NaCl concentration,cucumber plant height decreased,stem diameter had no significant difference,and leaf area decreased.Leaf photosynthetic pigment content,Net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), transpiration rate(Tr), maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching coefficient(qP)decreased gradually. Intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci)gradually increased; Non-photochemical quenching coefficient(NPQ) increased first and then decreased, and was highest under T2 treatment. The activities of Superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT)increased and then decreased.Except SOD,the activities of POD and CAT were the highest at 25 mmol/L NaCl concentration,which were 38.73% and 95.18% higher than CK,respectively.The content of H2O2 increased gradually.With the increase of NaCl concentration,the melon length shortened and the melon head pointed,and the fruit deformity rate increased.The vitamin C content increased first and then decreased, and it performed best under T1 treatment, which was significantly better than the control group. There was no significant difference in soluble solid content among different treatments.Salt treatment significantly reduced the yield of cucumber by 38.89%-81.35% compared with control.Based on the comprehensive evaluation of yield and quality,it is suggested that Zhongnong 126 cucumber should be treated with 25 mmol/L NaCl,which can significantly improve fruit quality.Subsequent research will focus on optimizing cultivation techniques,improving plant salt tolerance while ensuring quality,achieving yield improvement,and providing technical support for high-quality cucumber production.
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Malus sieversii M.Roem.exhibits exceptionally high genetic diversity,and the red-fresh apple is considered a variety within this species.It investigated the antioxidant activity of red-fresh apple fruits during ripening and postharvest storage,as well as the changing trends in antioxidant enzyme activities,aiming to provide a reference for the exploitation and utilization of M.sieversii and the selection and breeding of functional apples.Using Huashuo as a control,the contents of total phenols,total flavonoids,and free radical scavenging capacity in four red-fresh apple varieties were studied,along with the activity trends of related antioxidant enzymes during storage.The results showed that the total phenol and total flavonoid contents in the four red-fresh apple resource fruits ranged from 1.42-3.12 mg/g and 19.36-64.81 μg/g,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the control Huashuo,with Ke showing extremely significant differences.The free radical scavenging capacity was higher than that of the control group,but the difference was not statistically significant.A significant positive correlation was observed between total phenols and total flavonoids,as well as between total phenols and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(ABTS),and between total flavonoids and ABTS.Throughout the storage period,the activities of polyphenol oxidase,superoxide dismutase,and catalase in Ke were higher than those in the other varieties.Ke can be used as a functional apple parent material for breeding offspring with high antioxidant capacity,thereby facilitating the development and utilization of germplasm resources in M.sieversii.
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The purpose is to analysis the fruit quality and fruit cracking characteristics of Xinjiang self-bred grape varieties under the application of plant growth regulator.The table grapes Xinyu and Xinya bred by research institute of grapes and melons of Xinjiang uygur autonomous region were selected as experimental materials,and 5 mg/L GA3+5 mg/L 6-BA were sprayed at the veraison period,setting the veraison period and spraying once(T1),twice(T2),three times(T3)every 14 days.The optimal spraying scheme was screened out by measuring the basic indexes of grape fruit quality and fruit cracking rate.The contents of grape skin cell wall components(pectin,protopectin,cellulose,hemicellulose)and the activities of PG,PEP,PL,CE were determined by ELISA kit,and the relative expression of PG,PEP,PL,CE genes were detected by Real-time Quantitative PCR.At the T3 treatment,the content of fructose and glucose components increased significantly,the content of tartaric acid and malic acid decreased significantly,the solid-acid ratio increased significantly,and the fruit cracking rate decreased by 40.7,24.0 percentage points respectively.Compared with the control group from the late verasion to the harvest period,the activities of PG,PEP,PL and CE metabolism-related enzymes and the expression levels of corresponding related genes decreased,and the content of pectin,protopectin,cellulose and hemicellulose cell wall components increased,thus affecting the fruit cracking rate.In conclusion,the fruit quality was improved by spraying of GA3+6-BA three times after veraison period,at the stage of 100% colored berries,inhibited the enzyme activities PG,PME,PL by reducing PG,PL gene expression,then enhanced the production of protopectin,at the stage of 100% colored berries and the harvest period,inhibited the enzyme activities CE by reducing CE gene expression,then enhanced the production of hemicellulose.While the content of protopectin and hemicellulose increase stabilized the cell wall structure,enhanced the mechanical properties of peel and reduced the fruit cracking rate.
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In order to investigate the differences of phenolic substances in wine grape berries and wines at different harvesting periods,three maturity levels (23,25 and 27 °Brix) were set as harvesting periods for Beimei wine grape berries in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains in Ningxia,and the basic physical and chemical indexes and phenolic substance contents of berries and wines were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing.Physicochemical indexes and phenolic content were measured,and transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed on the fruit at 23 and 25 °Brix.The results showed that the 100-grape weight and titratable acid content of Beimei fruits decreased with the prolongation of the harvesting period,while the total soluble sugar,tannin,anthocyanin,total phenol content and sugar-acid ratio showed an increasing trend,with significant differences in different periods.The alcoholic content,total phenol and tannin content of wines also increased with the prolongation of harvest period,and the titratable acid,volatile acid and anthocyanin content varied with different periods.Acid,volatile acid and anthocyanin content did not change much;the phenolic acid and flavonol content of grape berries and wine showed an overall increasing trend with the prolongation of the harvest period,and the flavanol content fluctuated and changed,which was the main phenolics,reaching the maximum value at T2 and W2.Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1 316 DEGs,including 598 upregulated and 718 downregulated genes.KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in four pathways associated with phenolic compound biosynthesis,which are flavonoid biosynthesis,phenylalanine metabolism,phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis,among which PAL and CHS were the main differentially expressed genes.In summary,as the harvest period extends,the quality of grape fruit and wine improves,the content of phenolic compounds increases,and the expression of PAL and CHS was up-regulated,providing a theoretical basis and foundation for the selection of raw materials for brewing different types of wine and the mining of genes related to phenolic synthesis.
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By studying the quality and antioxidant capacity of strawberries irrigated with hydrogen-rich water(H)and ordinary water(CK),the influence of hydrogen-rich water on improving strawberry quality and prolonging strawberry preservation period was revealed,which provided a reasonable basis for effectively reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and improving strawberry taste quality and food safety.Taking Jijiu and Yuzhu strawberries as materials,the roots of strawberries were irrigated with hydrogen-rich water and ordinary water respectively.The contents of soluble solids,titratable acid,fructose,glucose,sucrose,vitamin C and the activities of protective enzymes superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)were measured,the morphological characteristics of roots and leaves,chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of leaves were measured respectively.The results showed that the contents of soluble solids,titratable acid,sucrose and vitamin C in strawberry fruit treated with hydrogen-rich water were significantly higher than those treated with ordinary water,and random forest analysis showed that titratable acid,sucrose and vitamin C were the main factors affecting the soluble solids of strawberry.The length,volume,surface area,diameter,root tip number,leaf length,width,leaf area,chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate of strawberry treated with hydrogen-rich water were significantly higher than those treated with ordinary water.The activities of CAT and SOD in strawberries stored at 25 ℃ were significantly higher than those at 4 ℃,and the activities of enzymes in strawberries treated with hydrogen-rich water were significantly higher than those in ordinary water treatment.With the extension of strawberry storage time,the activity of CAT first increased and then decreased,and reached the highest on the third day,while the activity of SOD did not change significantly with the extension of storage time.The above results showed that hydrogen-rich water can improve the taste and quality of strawberries,prolong the fresh-keeping period and shelf life of strawberries,and achieve the purpose of improving quality and increasing efficiency.
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To explore the physiological and biochemical characteristics of cut peony under NaCl stress,the flower branches of the cut peony variety Shirley Temple with the first level of flowering series as the test material were treated with different concentrations of NaCl(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%)by hydroponics method.The phenotype changes of the flower branches were observed,and the corresponding physiological and biochemical reactions were measured by DAB and NBT staining,so as to understand the salt tolerance potential of the cut peony Shirley.To explore the salt tolerance mechanism of cut flower peony.The results showed that there was no significant change in branch phenotype of peony Xiulan under 0.2% salt stress,the leaf became slightly yellowed and curled under 0.4% salt stress,and the leaf curled and wrinkled under 0.6% salt stress.Under salt stress,leaf water content and chlorophyll content decreased significantly with the increase of salt concentration.Electrolyte permeability and proline content were significantly increased.The accumulation of reactive oxygen species($\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ and H2O2)and the activity of various antioxidant enzymes were significantly up-regulated under high concentration salt stress.In summary,0.2% salt stress had little effect on Xiulan,but 0.4% and above salt concentration exceeded the tolerance range of Xiulan.The cut peony Xiulan can cope with salt stress mainly by increasing the content of osmoregulatory substances and antioxidant enzymes.
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To address the challenges of water scarcity and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in strong gluten wheat production in the low plain areas of Hebei Province,the effects of water-saving and nitrogen-reduction cultivation modes on grain yield and quality of strong-gluten wheat were studied and evaluated,which provided reference for breeding and cultivation management of strong gluten wheat in this region.Field experiments were conducted in Cangzhou from 2016 to 2018,with the conventional treatment(CK:irrigation of 1 500 m3/ha,nitrogen application of 240 kg/ha)as the control,two experimental groups were established:water-saving(W1:750 m3/ha;W0:0 m3/ha)and nitrogen-reduction(N-:120 kg/ha;N0:0 kg/ha).The yield and quality responses of 13 strong gluten wheat varieties were analyzed.The results showed that in the water-saving experiment,treatments W1 and W0 significantly reduced yield by 20.8% and 38.0%,respectively,compared with CK,while W0 exhibited a significant yield reduction of 21.6% compared with W1.The three tested varieties showed strong drought resistance and water-saving characteristics.Treatment W1 significantly prolonged the dough stability time by 8.25 min, while treatment W0 led to a significant decrease in protein content by 1.0 percentage point and a notable reduction in flour water absorption by 2.25 percentage points.Under reduced nitrogen treatment (N-), yield decreased by 3.7% compared to CK, but nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency increased significantly by 9.8 percentage points.The treatment N0 showed a significant yield reduction of 15.8% and 12.6% compared to CK and N-, respectively. For dough quality, treatment N- increased the stability time by 0.6 min and the extensibility area by 0.35 cm2, while treatment N0 caused a significant decrease in protein content by 0.8 percentage points and a reduction in other quality indicators.Principal component analysis showed that the treatment W1 achieved the highest comprehensive quality score(W1>CK>W0),among nitrogen reduction treatments,the ranking was CK>N->N0.Cultivars Shiluan 02-1,Gaoyou 5218,Gaoyou 5766,and Gaoyou 2018 demonstrated stable quality performance across all treatments,and can be used as excellent breeding materials.The conclusions showed that in the low plain areas of Hebei,moderate water stress(W1)could improve certain quality traits despite causing yield reduction;halving nitrogen application(N-)maintained stable yield while significantly improving nitrogen fertilizer absorption and utilization efficiency without affecting quality.The responses of strong gluten wheat to water and nitrogen regulation were asynchronous between yield and quality,and among different quality characteristics.Therefore,both breeding programs and cultivation management should adopt multi-objective synergistic optimization strategies to achieve balanced improvement in both yield and quality.
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To investigate the partial substitution of earthworm manure for reduced fertilizer application in soybean cultivation,and to investigate the effects of different combinations of earthworm manure and fertilizer on soybean yield and quality,the suitable combination ratio of earthworm manure and fertilizer for soybean cultivation was selected through statistical analysis of soybean agronomic traits,yield traits,quality traits,and soil indicators.The results showed that compared with no fertilizer application,single application of earthworm manure,single application of chemical fertilizer,and different ratios of earthworm manure and chemical fertilizer can all promote the growth and nutrient absorption of soybeans.The promotional effect of T1 treatment was most significant.Compared with CK0(unfertilized),T1(80% fertilizer+25% earthworm manure)showed a significant increase in plant height,number of plant nodes,grain weight per plant,grain number per plant,hundred grains weight per plant,and pod number per plant.However,compared with CK1(100% fertilizer application),T1(80% fertilizer+25% earthworm manure)showed increases of 5.84%,3.23%,17.10%,13.48%,and 20.04% in plant height,number of plant nodes,grain weight per plant,ear number per plant,and pod number per plant,respectively.The yield of T1 and T4 treatments was significantly higher than that of CK0(unfertilized)treatment at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels.Compared with CK1(100% fertilizer),the yield increased by 9.89% and 22.67%,respectively.Compared with CK0(without fertilization),T1 and T4 treatments increased protein content by 2.59 and 3.31 percentage point,and total egg fat increased by 1.55 and 1.99 percentage point,respectively.Compared with CK1(100% fertilizer application),the protein content increased by 2.34,3.06 percentage point,and the total egg fat increased by 1.38,1.82 percentage point,respectively.The soil bulk density of T4(20% fertilizer+100% earthworm manure)was 0.90 g/cm3,which was the lowest value of the experimental treatment.The soil bulk density of T1 and T4 increased by 3.88% and 12.62% respectively compared to CK1(100% fertilizer).In summary,the combination of T1(80% fertilizer+25% earthworm manure)and T4(20% fertilizer+100% earthworm manure)has the most significant comprehensive improvement effect.Taking into account factors such as the cost of earthworm manure,it is recommended to choose a ratio of 180 kg/ha fertilizer(3∶1 for diammonium and urea)+5 625 kg/ha earthworm manure in soybean production.
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In order to optimize the fertilizer application amount and proportion of high-quality grapes,the effects of different nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),calcium(Ca)and magnesium(Mg)treatments on external quality index(including spike length,longitudinal diameter,transverse diameter,berry shape index,cluster weight and single grain weight),color indicators(including L*,a*,b*,C,color index),internal quality indicators(including total soluble solid content,fruit firmness,titratable acid content,vitamin C)of Sunshine rose grapes were studied by L16(45)incomplete orthogonal experimental design.The results of comprehensive fruit quality evaluation showed that T10 treatment had a strong effect on the improvement of transverse diameter,cluster weight,a* and color index,and the cluster weight of T10 treatment was 844.3 g,which was significantly increased by 10.5%(T15)-55.8%(T4)compared with other treatments except of T11 and T12 treatments.T1 treatment had a strong effect on the increase of longitudinal diameter,and its longitudinal diameter is the largest(31.27 mm).T16 treatment had a strong effect on improving titrable acid content,vitamin C and fruit firmness,among which T16 treatment had the highest fruit firmness(4.93 N).Based on the comprehensive quality of fruits,the optimal theoretical formulation of N,P,K,Ca and Mg was N3P3K4Ca1Mg1,and the optimal dosage of N,P2O5,K2O,CaO and MgO were 6.8,6.3,14.2,0,0 kg for producing 2 000 kg fruits,respectively.In production practice,the optimal fertilization scheme should be determined according to the soil fertility status.
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In order to clarify the synergistic effect of trehalose alcohol,phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and trace elements on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco,a field experiment was carried out with Yunyan 87 as the test material.The control(S1),trehalose alcohol(S2),trehalose alcohol+compound phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(S3),trehalose alcohol+compound phosphate-solubilizing bacteria+compound trace elements(S4)were set up to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on agronomic traits,conventional chemical components and aroma substances of flue-cured tobacco.The results showed that compared with S1,S3 and S4 could improve the effective leaf number and leaf width of flue-cured tobacco.S4 treatment was more helpful to coordinate the chemical composition of cured tobacco leaves.The contents of total sugar,total nitrogen and nicotine were increased by 12.18%,70.00% and 20.30%,respectively,and the contents of aroma substances such as carotenoids,phenylalanines and brown-reacting species.The results of comprehensive index analysis showed that the comprehensive indexes of S1-S4 treatments were 21.06,23.22,24.66 and 27.08,respectively,and the comprehensive indexes were ranked as S4>S3>S2>S1,indicating that the comprehensive performance of flue-cured tobacco under the treatment of trehalose alcohol combined with trace elements and microbial agents was the best,indicating that the synergistic effect between trehalose alcohol,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and compound trace elements was obvious,which could be used as the optimal formula of trace elements and microbial special fertilizer for tobacco leaves.
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Given the severe degradation of black soil in the semi-arid region of the western Songnen Plain and the inability to sow on time in some areas during spring, in order to clarify the mechanism of soil correlation during spring sowing and the growth and development of maize, clarify the adaptability rules for timely sowing of crops under different soil characteristics, strengthen the exploration and application of soil freeze-thaw cycles in the black soil area of Northeast China, and provide practical and effective theoretical basis and practical reference for timely spring sowing of crops in this climate zone. This experiment was based on the long-term positioning monitoring of soil quality at the Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Under the conditions of freeze-thaw alternation in the medium thick black soil ecological zone, different terrain and landform soil water and heat conditions were monitored during the spring sowing period, and crop sowing adaptability evaluation was studied. Field experiments were conducted with different spring sowing period treatments: SD1 (April 15), SD2 (April 20), SD3 (April 25), SD4 (April 30), SD5 (May 5), and SD6(May 10) to monitor soil water and heat characteristics and analyze the growth, development, and yield formation of spring maize under different spring sowing treatments.As the spring sowing period was postponed,the external temperature gradually increased,accompanied by rainfall.The air humidity and soil temperature and humidity in the plow layer gradually increased,the soil bulk density decreased,the proportion of water stable aggregates decreased,and the proportion of small particle size soil particles showed an upward trend.Under different soil water and thermal conditions, the plant height, basal internode stem diameter, and root length of maize treated with the sowing date of SD5 during the tassel emergence stage to grain filling stage were significantly superior to those treated with other sowing dates; meanwhile, the SPAD value and leaf nitrogen content of maize leaves at different growth stages also showed better performance.In terms of maize ear traits and yield performance,SD4 treatment showed better performance in ear row number,ear shaft thickness,and seed depth;at the same time,the maximum yield was 13 545.23 kg/ha,which was significantly increased by 12.58% to 56.21% compared to the other treatments.Based on the actual ecological and climatic conditions of farmland in the middle thick black soil area in the northwest of the Songnen Plain,as well as the background of soil water and heat characteristics,timely early sowing of spring corn could make reasonable use of external light and water resources,promote plant growth and development,optimize plant dry matter accumulation,and achieve early and rapid harvest,thus achieving high and stable yield.
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To investigate nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation and microbial community characteristics in ditch sediments, this study assessed a typical rice-rape rotation system. Sediment samples were collected from the ditches (concrete ditches and non-concrete ditches) during the dry season to analyze physicochemical properties and bacterial communities, in comparison to field soils.The results showed that the concentrations of total nitrogen(245.40 mg/kg),available phosphorus(25.03 mg/kg),pH(7.22)and electrical conductivity(586.28 μS/cm)in the sediments of concrete ditches were significantly higher than those in non-concrete ditches and field.The bacterial community structure in the sediment of non-concrete ditches was highly similar to that in the paddy field soil,while the α-diversity of bacteria in the sediment of concrete ditches was significantly lower than that in non-concrete ditches and paddy field.The dominant bacterial groups defined at the phylum level were similar in the ditch sediments and the paddy field soil,but the relative abundance of Proteobacteria,Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes in the sediment of concrete ditches was significantly higher than that in non-concrete ditches and paddy field.At the genus level,the sediment of concrete ditches had a higher abundance of norank_f_steroidobacteraceae compared to non-concrete ditches and paddy field.The sediment of concrete ditches had a lower abundance of functional groups of chemoheterotrophy and nitrogen fixation,but with a higher abundance of human pathogens and animal parasites or symbionts.The bacterial community composition and structure were primarily influenced by pH and nitrate nitrogen.These findings indicated that the sediment of concrete ditches had higher nitrogen and phosphorus contents,significant differences in bacterial community structure and function with lower bacterial richness and evenness.The concrete ditch,potentially acting as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants and posing certain health risks,should be given greater emphasis in the management of agricultural non-point source pollution.
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Nitrous oxide(N2O)is a long-lived greenhouse gas that is closely related to current global warming.With the development of agriculture,farmland soil has become a significant source of N2O emissions,causing not only the loss of soil nitrogen but also serious environmental problems.The emission of N2O from farmland soil has become a hot topic in the field of agriculture and environment.In order to better understand the mechanism of N2O emission from farmland soil,the main biological pathways(biological nitrification,biological denitrification,denitrification by nitrifying bacteria,nitrate reduction to ammonium,fungal denitrification)and abiotic pathways of N2O emission from farmland soil were discussed in this paper.The effects of endogenous driving factors(soil pH,temperature,moisture,iron form and content,organic carbon content and composition,carbon-nitrogen ratio and bulk density)and exogenous regulatory factors(nitrogen source input,biochar input and atmospheric CO2 concentration)on farmland soil N2O emission were reviewed.The relative importance of each pathway of N2O emission and each influencing factor was clarified,in order to provide theoretical basis for the subsequent formulation of farmland soil N2O emission reduction program.In addition,it was found that abiotic pathways contribute significantly to N2O emissions under special conditions,such as flooding or when microbial activity is inhibited,and this pathway is regulated by soil pH value,metal ions(Fe,Mn)and organic matter.However,current studies mainly focus on biological pathways,and the reports on abiotic pathways and their influencing factors are scattered,lacking systematic understanding.Future studies need to pay more attention to abiotic pathways and their interactions with biological pathways in order to better understand the mechanism of soil N2O emission in farmland and provide scientific guidance for sustainable agricultural development.
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Wheat leaf rust and wheat powdery mildew are two important diseases in the world.Cultivating and planting disease resistant varieties is the most economical and effective method to control these two diseases.In order to test the distribution of wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr21,the molecular marker closely linked to Lr21 was used to detect 1 200 wheat varieties(lines),and 23 wheat varieties(lines)were detected to contain Lr21.The molecular markers related to other leaf rust resistance genes were used to detect 23 wheat materials,Lr20 gene was detected in Gaoyou 2018,Lr37 gene was detected in Aifeng 8,Jingdong 22,Zhongmai 175,Luyuan 205 and Tang Y958,and Lr46 gene was detected in Jinan 17.No wheat varietie(line)was detected to contain Lr9,Lr10,Lr19,Lr24 or Lr34.Resistance evaluation of 23 wheat varieties(lines)containing Lr21 was identified using the epidemic races of Puccinia triticina(Pt)and Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt),respectively.The results showed that seven wheat varieties(lines)were resistant to both Pt and Bgt,with a frequency of 30.43%,and six wheat varieties(lines)were susceptible to Pt and Bgt mildew at the same time,and the frequency was 26.09%.Taken together,Lr21 was detected in 1 200 wheat cultivars(lines),as well as the presence of other rust resistance genes,and further evaluated their resistance to Pt and Bgt,which will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of multi-resistant wheat.
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In order to better solve the problem of false positive in the detection of Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie and establish a stable,efficient and low cost detection system for millet seed of parasitic nematodes,using millet seed of nematodes Jigu 20 as experimental materials,the number of nematode eluted by medical cotton gauze,coarse nylon gauze and thin nylon gauze was compared.Three effect methods of DNA extraction,namely,cutting,freeze-thaw,enzymatic lysis were designed and compared in order to check their efficiency of DNA extraction from singlenematode.A total of 109 millet seed samples from different seed companies in 2018,2020 and 2021 were detected by the system.The final detection system was as follows:1.5 g seeds were wrapped in thin nylon gauze and soaked for 4 h,then the elution was mixed and counted under microscope for nematode quantification; the single nematode DNA was extracted by enzymatic lysis and characterized by PCR amplification with specific primers.The pathogenic nematodes were molecular-identified as Aphelenchoides besseyi.A total of 4 seed samples from 109 millet seed samples with 5 nematodes per 1.5 g were detected.The system with nematode quantification and qualification can be used for rapid detection of nematodes in large quantities of millet seed,providing technical support for the early diagnosis,monitoring,and prevention and control of millet nematode disease.
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To identify the types of tomato wilt pathogens,select tomato rootstock varieties resistant to wilt disease,and explore the effects of resistant rootstocks on enzyme activity and the number of cultivable microorganisms in the rhizosphere.The results showed that the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici race 3 was the pathogen responsible for tomato wilt in Dingxing area,which has a large tomato cultivation area in Hebei Province.Two high resistance rootstock varieties(TMS150,Jinpeng No.8)and two disease resistant rootstock varieties(Ouzhen 006,CFH-27)were screened using the root injury soaking method.Overall,disease resistant varieties increased the activities of superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,polyphenol oxidase,and catalase,which were positively correlated with the abundance of potential beneficial microorganisms(Bacteria,Actinomycetes,Biocontrol bacteria,Nitrifying bacteria,Ammonifying bacteria,Azotobacter,and Cellulose degrading bacteria)in the rhizosphere soil and negatively correlated with the number of Fungi.This result provided a theoretical basis for the breeding of vegetable rootstock varieties with disease resistance and disease control.
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Cotton boll blight is one of the major diseases in the cotton areas of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in China.Its incidence rate and harmfulness rank first among cotton boll blight.This study used 10 cotton varieties(lines)suitable for planting in Hebei Province with significant genotype differences as experimental materials to explore the occurrence of cotton boll blight in different regions of Hebei Province and its relationship with 15 phenotypic traits of cotton.The results of field experiments in 2023 and 2024 showed that there were differences in cotton boll blight among years,regions and varieties.The occurrence degree of cotton boll blight in 2024 was higher than that in 2023,and that in Hengshui area was lower than that in Handan and Shijiazhuang.Jimian 30 had the strongest resistance to cotton boll blight,and the incidence of cotton boll blight was 8.75%.The second was Line 322,and the incidence of cotton boll blight was 9.69%.The resistance of Ji 1316 to cotton boll blight was the worst,and the incidence of cotton boll blight was 13.48%,which was significantly higher than that of other varieties.The occurrence degree of cotton boll blight was significantly negatively correlated with the height of the first fruit branch,and significantly positively correlated with the number of cotton boll blight,fruit branch node,fruit branch length,first/second fruit branch angle,plant height,fruit branch number and boll number per plant of the first/second/third fruit branch,and significantly positively correlated with the angle of the third fruit branch.There was a very significant positive correlation with the flowering period and a significant positive correlation with the length of the whole growth period.Therefore,in the breeding process of cotton boll blight resistant varieties,the late flowering period,the high height of the first fruit branch and the short length of the fruit branch should be taken as important selection indicators.From the perspective of high-yield and high-quality cultivation,proper late sowing,whole-process chemical control,shaping the ideal plant type with high first fruit branch height,medium fruit branch length,and compact plant type,and improving the permeability of cotton fields can not only reduce the occurrence of cotton boll blight,but also be more conducive to mechanized harvesting.
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In order to clarify the types of pathogens causing potato common scab in double-cropping cultivation region of Hebei Province,we isolated different types of symptoms tubers which diseased with potato common scab.Morphological identification,PCR molecular identification,and detection of pathogenic genes textAB,necl,and tomA were performed on the isolated strains.The pathogenicity of the strains containing pathogenic genes was further validated using potato chip and radish seedling methods.Finally, the isolated strains were identified at the species level by 16S rDNA sequencing, and a corresponding phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that a total of 6 strains of Streptomyces were isolated from 19 diseased potatoes with different symptom.Through 16S rDNA sequence and amplification analysis,SJZ-1 and CL-1 were identified as S.scabies,SJZ-2 was identified as S.anthocyanicus,CL-2 was identified as S.albogriseolus,SFC was identified as S.thermocarboxydus,QY was identified as S.europaeiscabiei.Strain SJZ-1 and CL-1 contained three pathogenic genes:textAB,necl and tomA.Strain QY only contained the tomA gene.Strain SJZ-2,CL-2 and SFC did not contain any of these three pathogenic genes.The potato chip method showed that QY and SJZ-1 could colonize and produce necrotic spots on small potato chips,the radish seedling method showed that SJZ-1 and QY could inhibit the growth of radish seedlings,while SJZ-2,CL-2,and SFC had no significant pathogenicity in potato chip and radish seedling.This study have preliminary identified the types and composition of potato scab pathogen in double-cropping cultivation region of Hebei Province,and providing a theoretical basis for targeted prevention and potato common scab.
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The biological mechanism of Streptomyces TOR3209 volatile organic compounds(VOCs)promoting tobacco growth and development was studied.The growth-promoting properties of VOCs in the fermentation broth were identified by two separate plates,and the VOCs components were analyzed by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.VOCs of Streptomyces TOR3209 at different concentrations could promote the growth of tobacco,and the effect of adding 5 mL(6×107 CFU/mL)strain fermentation liquid was the most significant in the treatment group,which increased 238% compared with the control group.A total of 32 substances were extracted from the VOCs of Streptomyces TOR3209 fermentation broth,and the growth-promoting function of dinbutyl adipate was verified.The results showed that dinbutyl adipate of different mass concentrations could promote the growth of tobacco,and the growth promoting effect of 1 mol/mL was the most significant.Through transcriptome analysis,it was found that many genes such as laccase were up-regulated in the tobacco treated group compared with the control group.VOCs of Streptomyces TOR3209 had a significant growth promoting effect on tobacco,and dinbutyl adipate regulated several growth promoting genes in tobacco.This study clarified the mechanism of the VOCs of Streptomyces TOR3209 regulating tobacco growth and development,and provided a theoretical basis for the development of efficient and environmentally friendly microbial production promotion products and the application evaluation.
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Bacillus subtilis ZA1 exhibits notable antibacterial and growth-promoting activities. Helicases have been established as crucial protein complexes in nucleic acid metabolism, with members of the helicase superfamily performing key catalytic functions during genetic information transfer by specifically cleaving phosphodiester bonds in DNA/RNA molecules. To elucidate the potential roles of the helicase genes ypvA and yjcD in the antibacterial process of B.subtilis ZA1, we used B.subtilis ZA1 as the experimental material, cloned the ypvA and yjcD genes, analyzed their sequence characteristics through bioinformatics, and determined their subcellular localization. A preliminary investigation was conducted on the structural and functional properties of these two genes and their encoded proteins. The results showed that the cloned coding sequences (CDS) of ypvA and yjcD were 1 791, 1 767 bp in length, encoding 596, 588 amino acids, respectively. The predicted relative molecular masses of the encoded proteins were 68.804 01, 68.275 08 ku, with theoretical isoelectric points (pI) of 4.81, 8.25, respectively, and both exhibited weak hydrophilicity. The spatial structures of the ypvA and yjcD proteins consisted of a compact architecture primarily composed of α-helices, β-sheets, and extensive random coils. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that both proteins were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, lacking transmembrane domains and signal peptides, thus classifying them as non-secretory proteins. Analysis of conserved domains revealed that ypvA belonged to the DinG family of Rad3-related DNA helicases, while yjcD belongs to the UvrD superfamily I DNA/RNA helicases. Further phylogenetic analysis confirmed that both proteins are ATP-dependent helicases. In summary, cloning and sequence analysis of the ypvA and yjcD genes from B.subtilis ZA1 identified them as non-secretory ATP-dependent helicases.
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To explore the physicochemical properties,structure,and expression of the polyketide synthase PksN during polyketones biosynthesis in Bacillus velezensis DJ1 strain.It employed bioinformatics and molecular docking techniques to analyze the homologous sequences,physicochemical properties,protein structure,ligand-receptor binding sites,small molecule compounds,and protein-protein interaction networks of PksN.Additionally,Real-time Quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression of PksN at different time points during fermentation of Bacillus velezensis DJ1.The results showed that PksN belongs to the PksD family and shares 100% similarity with PksN gene of Bacillus.It contained 55 open reading frames(ORFs)and five conserved domains,including the KR domain.The protein consisted of 2 051 amino acids,with a molecular weight of 226.05 ku and an isoelectric point of 5.59.The molecular formula was C10028H15719N2753O3050S75.PksN was an unstable protein located in the cytoplasmic membrane,and its secondary structure was predominantly α-helix.The tertiary structure of PksN was also predicted.Molecular docking results revealed that PksN can utilize acetyl-CoA,propionyl-CoA,isovaleryl-CoA,malonyl-CoA,methylmalonyl-CoA,and ethylmalonyl-CoA as substrates for polyketide biosynthesis.The top ten interacting proteins are all associated with polyketide biosynthesis.Real-time Quantitative PCR results indicated that the expression of PksN in Bacillus velezensis DJ1 peaked at 48 hours of fermentation,identifying the optimal time point for the subsequent extraction of polyketides.
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In order to isolate Bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV)from positive fecal samples and further achieve the expression of BVDV-Erns protein.This study utilized laboratory-preserved positive fecal samples,detected pathogens through qPCR,isolated and cultured the virus in MDBK cells,amplified the 5'-UTR region by RT-PCR,and verified the virus culture status using immunofluorescence technology.Constructing a phylogenetic tree based on 5'-UTR sequences using MEGA 11.0 software;expressing the BVDV-Erns protein through the baculovirus system in insects,and detecting protein expression with a His-tag monoclonal antibody by Western Blot.The results indicated that the BVDV strain isolated from feces,after cultivation,showed fluorescence signals by immunofluorescence,and RT-PCR amplification yielded a 297 bp specific fragment,consistent with the theoretical fragment size;the homology of the 5'-UTR sequence with the BVDV-1 reference strain reached 99%.The SDS-PAGE results showed a distinct band at 44-58 ku, and Western Blot verification with His tag antibody presented a specific reactive band,indicating successful expression of the BVDV-Erns protein.The study successfully isolated a BVDV-1 strain from feces,named BVDV-KMZ,and its 5'-UTR genetic characteristics are highly consistent with the BVDV-1 type.Additionally,the BVDV-Erns protein was expressed using the baculovirus expression system,and protein expression was confirmed by Western Blot.This lays the foundation for further establishment of serological detection methods,vaccine development,and research into the functions of the BVDV-Erns protein.
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This study aimed to investigate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in BACE2 gene and growth traits of Niangya yak,and to provide potential molecular markers for improving the growth performance of yak.Based on the re-sequencing data,two SNP sites(g.47,411T>C and g.81,108T>C)were detected in the BACE2 gene of Niangya yak.The genetic polymorphism of the two SNPs and the correlation between the two SNPs and growth traits of yaks were analyzed.Genetic polymorphism analysis showed that g.47,411T>C and g.81,108T>C loci were low polymorphic loci.The correlation results showed that the body weight and chest circumference traits of TT yaks with g.47,411T>C were significantly higher than those of CC yaks,and the body length of TT yaks was significantly higher than that of TC and CC yaks.The body weight and chest circumference of TT yaks with g.81,108T>C locus were significantly higher than those of CC yaks.The body length of TT yaks was significantly higher than that of TC yaks,and the body length of TC yaks was significantly higher than that of CC yaks.In conclusion,the g.47,411T>C and g.81,108T>C loci of the BACE2 gene had significant effects on growth traits of Niangya yak.
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It investigated the differences in the utilization of cottonseed protein and soybean meal as the sole protein source of diets by weaned piglets,respectively.Thirty healthy and similar weight ternary crossbred(Duroc×Yorkshire×Large white)weaned piglets at 28 days of age were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups(6 replicates per group,1 head per replicate),and single-pen feeding:with reference to the nutritional requirement standard of weaned piglets of NRC(2012),all the diets met the 10 essential amino acids(lysine,methionine,threonine,tryptophan, valine,isoleucine,leucine,arginine,histidine,phenylalanine),i.e.(1)20% SBM group:feeding corn+20% soybean meal based acid diet;(2)15% SBM group:feeding corn+15% soybean meal diet;(3)20% CSP group:feeding corn+20% cottonseed protein diet;(4)15% CSP group:feeding corn+15% cottonseed protein diet;(5)20% CSP+NE group:feeding corn+20% cottonseed protein.In addition to meeting the requirements of essential amino acids,the 20% SBM group was supplemented with non-essential amino acid content.The results showed that the 15% SBM group did not affect the growth performance,organ index and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets,significantly increased the fecal digestibility of multiple amino acids and significantly decreased the diarrhea index compared with the 20% SBM group.The 15% CSP group did not affect growth performance,organ index,diarrhea index,and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets,but significantly decreased fecal apparent digestibility of multiple amino acids and significantly increased 28 d serum Total protein (TP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Glucose (GLU) levels compared with the 15% SBM group.Compared with the 20% SBM group,the 20% CSP group did not affect piglet growth performance,organ indices,diarrhea indices,and intestinal morphology,but significantly decreased the digestibility of multiple amino acids.Compared with the 20% CSP group,the 20% CSP+NE group did not affect the growth performance,organ index,carcass composition,and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets,but significantly increased the total of nine nonessential amino acids and the apparent digestibility of a variety of feces,as well as the relative expression of jejunal B0AT1 mRNA.Compared with the 20% SBM group,the 20% CSP+NE group did not affect piglet organ index and intestinal morphology,but significantly increased piglet body mass and mass gained per day,28 d serum ALT and Cholesterol (CHOL)levels,and significantly reduced diarrhea index.Reducing 5% soybean meal in the diet and using cottonseed protein as the sole protein source did not adversely affect the growth performance,organ index and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets under the same level of essential amino acids,and improved feed intake and diarrhea,but there was a certain level of reduction in the digestibility of non-essential amino acids in the cottonseed protein group,and balancing non-essential amino acids compensated for this loss to some extent,and improved weight gain.Meanwhile,the results also suggested that the moderate consideration of non-essential amino acids in the diet can better meet the overall needs of growth and development of weaned piglets.
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A multi-epitope vaccine against porcine Escherichia coli infection was designed by means of immunoinformatics to block the adhesion and colonization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)strain to intestinal epithelial cells of piglets to prevent piglet diarrhea.The B cell epitopes,Th cell epitopes,and CTL cell epitopes of adhesin 987P and F18 of ETEC were predicted by immunoinformatics tools,and the dominant epitopes were screened.The dominant epitopes were linked to the multi-epitope vaccine by Linker according to three different epitopes,and their antigenicity,allergenicity,and tertiary structure were predicted.The results showed that seven dominant epitopes were selected.The antigenicity test showed that the antigenicity of fusion peptide Ⅰ,fusion peptide Ⅱ,and fusion peptide Ⅲ were 1.069 2,1.089 2,and 1.050 7,respectively.The results of the allergy test showed that the fusion peptides Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ had no allergen.Based on the three-dimensional modeling of the fusion peptides,the results showed that the structural epitopes were well exposed,easy to bind to antibodies,and met the requirements of epitope design in protein molecular conformation.In addition,according to different rules,we arranged three kinds of amino acid sequences,which were inversely translated into nucleotide sequences according to the codon preference of lactic acid bacteria and inserted into pET28a plasmids to obtain pET28a-9F1,pET28a-9F2,and pET28a-9F3 plasmids respectively.
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Intramuscular fat(IMF)is one of the important meat quality traits and an important indicator of chicken meat flavour.In order to investigate the mechanism of IMF formation at different developmental stages of Jingyuan chicken,the present study was carried out to screen candidate genes regulating IMF deposition in Jingyuan chicken by transcriptome sequencing using the pectoral muscles of 42(B1),126(B2),and 180(B3)day-old Jingyuan chicken(10 chickens at each stage).Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)was used to verify the reliability of the sequencing data.The results showed that 1 008 differentially expressed genes were identified in the B1vsB2 comparison group.1 396 differentially expressed genes were identified in the B1vsB3 comparison group. 696 differentially expressed genes were identified in the B2vsB3 comparison group.The GO function-enriched entries in the three comparison groups were mainly related to the positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase Ⅱ,cell adhesion,cell membrane and protoplasmic membrane,and binding of the same proteins.Meanwhile,PPAR signaling pathway,FOXO signaling pathway,insulin signaling pathway,MAPK signaling pathway,fatty acid degradation,and fatty acid metabolism were significantly enriched in KEGG pathway.Genes such as FABP1,FOXO1,FAS,and CPT1A,which were significantly enriched in these pathways,may be the key candidate genes to regulate IMF deposition in Jingyuan chicken.
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This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of grape residue on the growth performance,antioxidant indicator,and related gene expression in broilers under oxidative stress.One hundred and twenty healthy 30-day-old Liangfeng broiler roosters with similar body weights were randomly divided into five groups:a negative control group (NC group,fed a basal diet),a positive control group (Dex group,fed a basal diet),a Dex+1% grape pomace group,a Dex+2% grape pomace group,and a Dex+4% grape pomace group,with four replicates per group.At 7 weeks of age,the positive control group and experimental group were injected with Dex to induce an oxidative stress model,while the NC group received an equal dose of normal saline.For one week,injections were administered three times a week,every other day.The experiment lasted for 35 days.The results showed that winemaking grape pomace significantly increased the ADFI of Dex-induced oxidative stress broilers;significantly enhanced serum IgM activity of broilers;significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase; and significantly upregulated the relative mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion,wine grape residue can enhance broilers' immune capacity and antioxidant capacity,and effectively alleviate the stress response of broilers under Dex-induced oxidative stress.
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To understand the germplasm characteristics of Schizothorax prenanti and provide a theoretical basis for its germplasm identification,traditional morphological methods were employed to observe the morphological features,and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to study the characteristics of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the heart,muscle,eye lens,liver,and kidney tissues.The results showed that the main morphological characteristics of S.prenanti were as follows:elongated body with a slightly laterally compressed shape;inferior mouth with a transverse fissure and a blunt,rounded snout;a sharp keratinous edge on the anterior margin of the lower jaw,one pair of barbels on the snout and one pair at the corners of the mouth,with the latter located posterior to the former;dorsal fin formula D.ⅲ-8,with the undivided fin rays of the dorsal fin in sample fish being weak and having a smooth posterior margin or only a few serrations;pectoral fin formula P.i-18-20,pelvic fin formula V.i-9-10,and anal fin formula A.ⅲ-5,with a row of large scales on each side of the anal fin and anus;a two-chambered swim bladder,with the posterior chamber longer than the anterior one;a black peritoneum;a total of 4+40-45 vertebrae;three rows of pharyngeal teeth with a dental formula of 2·3·5/5·3·2.The expression of LDH and MDH isozymes in S.prenanti exhibited tissue specificity,with the expression patterns in different tissues closely related to their physiological functions.LDH expression in the liver was encoded by three genes,namely LDHA,LDHB,and LDHC,and the enzyme band encoded by LDHC tending towards the cathode.There were five LDH enzyme bands in the eye lens,with stable expression.Therefore,it is recommended to use LDH in the eye lens as a biochemical genetic marker for germplasm identification of S.prenanti.
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Bimonthly, Started in 1962
CN 13-1101/S
ISSN 1000-7091
CODEN: HHUOA6
Responsible Institution: Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Sponsored by: the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Association of Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Henan and Inner Mongolia.
Editor-in-chief: Qiang Zhang
Edited and Published by: Editorial Department of Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica
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