The large-scale production of soybean hybrids and the utilization of hybrid vigor are key to germplasm resource innovation and variety improvement.By mining and utilizing soybean male sterility genes,more advantageous soybean varieties can be cultivated,thereby improving soybean yield and quality.This study selected the male sterile mutant population that appeared in the hybrid offspring of Baoquanling green soybean(female parent)and Heinong 44(male parent)as the experimental material.Flower buds were selected from soybean fertile and sterile plants,the anthers and pollen cytology were observed,and a high-throughput sequencing platform was used to perform transcriptome sequencing on the flower and anther tissues of soybean fertile and sterile plants.Annotated,screened and analyzed the sequencing results.The results indicated that abnormal development of the tapetum layer and high pollen sterility in sterile plants were important causes of male infertility.The pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway(ko00040:Pentose and glucuronate interconversion)was a key pathway affecting soybean fertility,and the genes encoding pectin methylesterase(PEM)and pectin lyase(PL)were downregulated in expression.The differentially expressed gene protein interaction network indicated that the pectin lyase gene was a key gene affecting the interconversion pathway between pentose and glucuronic acid.The determination of pectin lyase content showed that the pectin lyase content in sterile plant anthers was significantly reduced.The qRT-PCR detection results were consistent with the RNA-Seq sequencing results.It is speculated that the downregulation of these genes may cause a decrease in pectin lyase activity,thereby affecting the development of the tapetum and leading to male infertility.
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In order to clarify the function of the protein phosphatase 2C gene GmPP2C72 in salt stress response and its salt-tolerance molecular mechanism,bioinformatics analysis of GmPP2C72 protein was conducted, GmPP2C72 gene was cloned to construct the overexpression vector,and then was transferred into Lotus japonicus using the cotyledon node genetic transformation method mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.Finally,the phenotype,physiological indicators and the expression levels of salt tolerance related genes of transgenic plants were analyzed under salt stress condition.The results showed that GmPP2C72 gene contained an open reading frame of 1 206 bp,encoding 401 amino acids,and the encoded protein belonged to the member of the class A subfamily of PP2C family.GmPP2C72 gene did not exhibit tissue expression specificity,it was expressed in various tissues of soybean,and the expression of this gene was induced by salt stress.The overexpression vector of GmPP2C72 gene was successfully constructed.GmPP2C72 gene was successfully transferred into Lotus japonicus,and three transgenic lines with GmPP2C72 gene were successfully obtained.Compared with wild type,the three transgenic lines maintained better growth state,with significantly higher contents of chlorophyll and proline and lower relative plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde content in leaves of Lotus japonicus under salt stress.In addition,the expression levels of four key salt tolerance related genes,LjLEA, LjCOR,LjRD29B,and LjP5CS were significantly higher compared with wild type.Overall,the overexpression of GmPP2C72 gene enhances the salt tolerance of Lotus japonicus by reducing the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation and the permeability of the plasma membrane,increasing the contents of chlorophyll and proline in the leaves,and enhancing the expression levels of salt tolerance related genes.
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The abscisic acid(ABA)receptor protein PYL,as the initial component of ABA signaling transduction,actively participated in ABA-mediated signaling transduction in plants and played a crucial role in regulating plant resistance to stress.In our previous study,based on transcriptome data,the gene Cla97C07G133100.1,which was negatively responsive to salt stress in watermelon,was screened out and named ClPYL8.To further explore the biological function of the watermelon ABA receptor ClPYL8,using watermelon TN07011 as the experimental material,the structure and function of ClPYL8 were analyzed using bioinformatics,subcellular localization,and RT-qPCR methods.The results showed that the open reading frame of ClPYL8 gene was 702 bp,encoding 233 amino acids.Protein conserved domain prediction revealed that ClPYL8 contained the PYR/PYL/RCAR-like conserved domain,belonging to the SPRBCC superfamily.The promoter cis-acting element analysis indicated that the ClPYL8 promoter contained various elements responsive to stress,auxin,and light.The seamless cloning technique was used to construct the EGFP fusion expression vector,which was then transformed into tobacco.The results showed that ClPYL8 was localized in the nucleus and cell membrane.Tissue-specific(RT-qPCR)analysis revealed that the gene exhibited the highest expression level in seeds and the lowest in fruits and female flowers;under salt stress,the expression of ClPYL8 showed a downregulation trend;under drought stress,the gene expression first decreased and then increased;under low-temperature stress,the gene expression first increased and then decreased.In conclusion,ClPYL8 actively responded to abiotic stress and might regulate watermelon's stress response through the ABA signaling pathway,suggesting a potential negative regulatory role in salt stress and positive regulatory roles in drought and low-temperature stress.
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Jasmonates play a crucial role in regulating fruit ripening and quality formation.The JAZ proteins are key repressors of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.To investigate the function of PavJAZ1 in sweet cherry fruit ripening and quality regulation,the PavJAZ1 gene was identified and cloned from the sweet cherry genome.Bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore its physicochemical properties,protein structure,conserved domains,and cis-acting elements in the promoter region.The gene expression pattern of PavJAZ1 in fruits was analyzed by Quantitative Real-time PCR.The subcellular localization of the PavJAZ1 protein was observed,and the interaction between PavJAZ1 and PavMYC2 was verified using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC).The results of gene identification and cloning showed that the open reading frame of the PavJAZ1 gene was 837 bp in length,encoding 278 amino acids.The molecular weight of the PavJAZ1 was 30.09 ku,the theoretical isoelectric point was 9.21,the instability index was 54.14,and the grand average of hydropathicity was -0.564,indicating that it was an alkaline hydrophilic and unstable properties.Protein structure analysis revealed that PavJAZ1 was mainly composed of random coils and α-helices,containing two conserved domains,the Tify domain and the Jas domain.It also exhibited high homology with proteins from other species,among which it showed the highest homology with that of peach,a plant that also belonged to the genus Prunus of the Rosaceae family.Subcellular localization analysis showed that the PavJAZ1 protein was localized in the nucleus.The expression level of PavJAZ1 increased significantly in the early stages of fruit development and then gradually decreased.This result suggested that PavJAZ1 may play different roles at different developmental stages.In addition,the BiFC results showed that PavJAZ1 interacted with PavMYC2,confirming that PavJAZ1 participates in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway.
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The Kip-related protein(KRP)gene family acts as a key regulator of the cell cycle,modulating cell division and endoreduplication by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK)activity,and participates in plant abiotic stress responses.To investigate the structural characteristics and environmental stress response profile of PbKRP2 in Pyrus betulifolia,the gene was cloned using reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR).Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to elucidate its sequence features,predicted protein interactions,and phylogenetic relationships.Quantitative Real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)was employed to assess the tissue-specific expression characteristics of PbKRP2 and its expression patterns under various stress conditions.Results showed that PbKRP2 was 585 bp in length,contained 4 exons and 3 introns,and encoded a 194-amino acid protein.The predicted protein had 25 potential phosphorylation sites,a O-glycosylation site,and a conserved C-terminal cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor(CDI)domain.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PbKRP2 was closely related to PyKRP2 in Prunus yedoensis var.nudiflora,PpKRP2 in Prunus persica,and MdKRP2 in Malus domestica.Protein interaction network screening identified potential interactions between PbKRP2 and 10 proteins.Analysis of the static structure of potential interacting proteins suggested that PbKRP2 formed spatial interaction conformations with its target proteins PbCDKB1;1 and PbCYCD7;1,respectively.The promoter region of PbKRP2 contained multiple cis-acting regulatory elements responsive to environmental factors and hormonal signals.qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PbKRP2 transcript levels were significantly higher in stems and leaves compared to roots,petals,and fruits.Furthermore,PbKRP2 transcription levels were consistently upregulated under low-temperature stress and abscisic acid(ABA)treatment,but significantly downregulated under dehydration and salt stress.In summary,these findings provide a candidate gene for stress-resistant breeding of pear and genetic improvement of fruit trees by elucidating the sequence characteristics of PbKRP2 and its differential response patterns to abiotic stresses.
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Evaluating the pedicel length trait of cucumber germplasm resources and exploring the related variation sites can help improve the breeding efficiency of cucumber quality.This study first evaluates the fruit pedicle length traits of 229 cucumber germplasm resources on the day of flowering and during the commercial fruiting period.Then,using the identified medium to long pedicle self-cross lines 9D6 and 6457 as parents,and short pedicle self-cross lines MT and 6429 as parents,F2 populations were constructed.QTL-seq was used to locate the QTLs controlling cucumber pedicel length traits,and Real-time Quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was employed to analyze the expression patterns of candidate genes and validate variant sites.The results showed that the pedicel length on the day of flowering and during the commercial melon period was positively correlated with the germplasm resources,and the variation of the pedicel length on the day of flowering and during the commercial melon period was 0.4—6.2 cm,0.4—5.3 cm,respectively.Genetic analysis showed that the broad genetic forces of cucumber pedicel length were 69.4%,94.4%,respectively,showing typical quantitative trait inheritance characteristics.Six and five QTL loci related to pedicel length on the day of flowering were detected in two sets of F2 population,respectively.Two QTL intervals 0.840—7.350 Mb on chromosome 5 and 17.735—31.087 Mb on chromosome 6 were co-localized in the two sets of populations.CsPG1(CsaV3_5G010970)and CsROS1 (CsaV3_6G040410)were predicted within the QTL interval of co-location.A non-synonymous SNP311 C/T was found at the conserved domain of CsPG1 coding sequence(CDS)in the medium-long fruit pedicel parental lines 9D6 and 6457.In addition,there was a 9-bp base insertion in the CsPG1 promoter of 9D6,which contained TATA-box,which may be related to its significantly higher expression than other parents on the day of flowering.A 3-bp deletion was found at the CDS of CsROS1 in the short fruit pedicel parental lines 6429,resulting in the loss of one serine residue in the encoded protein.A synonymous SNP3282 T/C was detected at the CDS in the long fruit pedicel parental lines 9D6 and 6457,causing the preferred codon UAU to change to the non-preferred codon UAC.CsPG1 and CsROS1 were considered to be key candidate genes for cucumber fruit pedicel length.
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Research on the expression pattern and function of FaesANT gene in long-homostyle(LH)common buckwheat and uncovering its roles involved in floral organ development will help to provide gene resources for the molecular breeding and germplasm innovation of buckwheat.The full-length FaesANT gene was isolated from long-homostyle common buckwheat by combining PacBio SMRT(Single Molecule Real-Time)sequencing and RACE technique.FaesANT expression levels in different tissues and floral buds at sequential developmental stages of long-homostyle common buckwheat were separately detected by using paraffin sections and qRT-PCR.Moreover,the FaesANT gene function involved in floral development was investigated by using virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)in long-homostyle common buckwheat.The results were as follows,FaesANT cDNA(1 982 bp)comprised a 1 632 bp ORF encoding a 543 amino acid transcription factor.Phylogenetic tree analysis grouped the FaesANT into the eudicots ANT lineage.FaesANT expression levels were mainly detected in stamen,pistil and young fruit of long-homostyle common buckwheat and showed no significant differences among them.However,only weak transcripts were detected in the stems,leaves and tepals.During floral bud differentiation,obvious expression of FaesANT gene was detected when pistil and stamen primordia formation,and FaesANT expression level reached peak during filament elongation stage of stamen.Then,FaesANT expression decreased gradually with the floral bud development and dropped to the lowest level after flowering.TRV2-FaesANT-treated long-homostyle plants with strong phenotypic changes produced flowers with style-and filament-length decreased,and stamen number reduced.In addition,some TRV2-FaesANT-treated long-homostyle plants displayed part stamens with anther homeotically converted into tepaloid structure.Moreover,FaesANT expression decreased significantly in the flowers of FaesANT-silenced long-homostyle plants with strong phenotypic changes.It suggested that FaesANT was mainly involved in regulating filament and style length,and determining stamen number of common buckwheat based on the gene expression pattern and phenotypes of VIGS-treated long-homostyle common buckwheat flowers.
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Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H),a key enzyme in the flavonoid synthesis pathway,plays a crucial role in plant stress resistance.To clarify the bioinformatic functions of the C4H gene family in three medicinal liquorice species (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.,Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.,and Glycyrrhiza glabra L.),investigate their expression characteristics under abiotic stress,as well as their relationship with the synthesis and accumulation of liquiritin,we used bioinformatics methods to analyze the C4H gene family members,and combined transcriptome data and RT-qPCR validation to understand their expression under abiotic stress and their relationship with liquiritin content.Results showed that a total of 11 C4H genes were identified in the whole genomes of the three medicinal liquorice species and were named GuC4H1—3,GiC4H1—3,and GgC4H1—5,respectively.These genes were distributed on 2 chromosomes in G.uralensis and G.inflata and on 3 chromosomes in G.glabra.Although the gene members differed in physicochemical properties such as the number of amino acids and isoelectric points,all of them were predicted to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and contain a C-terminal heme-binding domain (PFGVGRRSCPG).Expression pattern analysis indicated that the 11 C4H genes were expressed in different tissues of the three medicinal liquorice species,and abiotic stress significantly induced the upregulation of C4H gene expression in the underground parts.Among them,the expression of GgC4H5 was the highest under salt stress for 24 h,which was 1.68 times that of the control group (24 h);the expression of GuC4H3 was the highest under drought stress for 2 h,which was 3.03 times that of the control group (2 h).In addition,moderate abiotic stress significantly increased the liquiritin content in the underground parts of the three liquorice species.Under NaCl stress for 2 h,the increase in liquiritin content in G.inflata was the most significant,which was 2.92 times that of the control group (2 h);under PEG stress for 24 h,the increase in liquiritin content in G.glabra was the most significant,which was 2.31 times that of the control group (24 h).GgC4H5 showed a similar expression trend to liquiritin content under salt stress,while GuC4H2,GuC4H3,GiC4H2,and GiC4H3 showed a similar expression trend to liquiritin content under drought stress.Therefore,these genes are likely to be the key genes involved in the response to abiotic stress and liquiritin synthesis in the underground parts of the three medicinal liquorice species.
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SAUR genes play an important regulatory role in plant growth and development.The plant hormones ABA and GA3 play key roles in the plant growth-stress response.To investigate whether the rice OsSAUR23 gene is regulated by ABA and GA3,it analyzed the cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of the OsSAUR23 gene.Using transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing OsSAUR23 and wild-type Arabidopsis as experimental materials,the plants were treated with exogenous hormones.By measuring agronomic traits,physiological indicators,and the expression of genes related to acid growth and the ABA pathway,the study elucidated the mechanism by which the rice OsSAUR23 gene responds to ABA and GA3.The results indicated that the promoter region of the OsSAUR23 gene contained cis-acting elements for ABA and GA3,and that the expression of the OsSAUR23 gene in rice significantly increased under ABA and GA3 treatment.Regarding agronomic traits,as ABA concentration increased,the germination rate,root length,plant height,and fresh weight of transgenic Arabidopsis were inhibited with increasing ABA concentrations,but plant height and fresh weight remained significantly higher than those of WT.GA3 treatment induced a bidirectional regulatory pattern in transgenic Arabidopsis,low concentrations promoted germination rate and root length,while high concentrations suppressed them.Plant height and fresh weight of transgenic lines were consistently higher than WT under GA3 treatment.Physiologically,SOD activity in transgenic Arabidopsis increased significantly with ABA concentration,while POD activity,CAT activity,and MDA content showed no significant difference compared to WT.Soluble protein content was significantly higher in transgenic lines.Under GA3 treatment,SOD and POD activities increased,CAT activity initially rose and then declined,MDA content first decreased and then increased,and soluble protein content remained elevated compared to WT.Furthermore,both ABA and GA3 treatments promoted a decrease in pH in the roots and other tissues of the overexpression lines,although this effect was inhibited under high hormone concentrations.qRT-PCR results demonstrated that overexpression of OsSAUR23 significantly downregulated the expression of AtPP2C.D family genes (AtAPD5,AtAPD6,and AtAPD9),which lifted the inhibition of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity,promoted proton efflux,and ultimately led to acidification in root zones and other regions.Meanwhile,overexpression of OsSAUR23 also caused differential changes in the expression of AtPP2C.A members,suggesting its potential role in modulating ABA signaling transduction.OsSAUR23 positively regulates plant growth in response to ABA and GA3.
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To investigate the physiological regulatory role of salicylic acid(SA)in alleviating saline-alkali stress in kidney bean seedlings and to provide a basis for stress-resistant cultivation of kidney beans in typical saline-alkali areas of Shanxi Province,kidney beans were used as the test material.A composite saline-alkali stress system with a ratio of NaCl,Na2SO4,NaHCO3,and Na2CO3 of 1∶9∶9∶1 was used to simulate saline-alkali stress.Five concentration gradients of 0(CK),20,40,60,and 80 mmol/L were set to screen for the optimal concentration of salt-alkali stress treatment.Subsequently,based on the selected concentration,three SA concentrations(20,40,and 60 μmol/L)were applied simultaneously to study the mitigating effect of SA on kidney bean seedlings under saline-alkali stress.The results indicated that under 40 mmol/L salt-alkali stress,the growth of red kidney beans was significantly inhibited but did not reach lethal or severe stress levels,making it the optimal salt-alkali stress concentration.Stress at this concentration induced oxidative damage in early seedlings,inhibited nutrient absorption and translocation,increased the activities of arginine decarboxylase(ADC)and ornithine decarboxylase(ODC),and led to excessive accumulation of putrescine(Put).Under 40 mmol/L saline-alkali stress,exogenous application of 40 μmol/L SA reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content in leaves and roots by 37.63% and 39.76%,respectively;hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)content by 38.71% and 21.13%,respectively;and superoxide anion(O2-)content by 40.00% and 52.17%,respectively.Root activity increased by 56.14%.The Na content in both leaves and roots significantly decreased,while the contents of K,Cu,Ca,and Fe significantly increased.Furthermore,exogenous application of 40 μmol/L SA reduced the activities of ADC and ODC,increased the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase(SAMDC),and promoted the conversion of Put to spermidine(Spd)and spermine(Spm),thereby enhancing the plant's antioxidant capacity and ion homeostasis regulation.In conclusion,exogenous salicylic acid can effectively alleviate the physiological damage caused by composite saline-alkali stress in kidney bean seedlings by activating the antioxidant system,optimizing polyamine metabolism,and promoting the absorption and distribution of mineral elements.
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In order to investigate the effects of different concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)on the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of cherry tomatoes,cherry tomatoes were used as experimental materials.Foliar spraying of GABA solutions with different concentrations(0,5,10,20,and 40 mmol/L,denoted as CK,G5,G10,G20,and G40,respectively)was initiated at 15 days after the anthesis of the 3rd inflorescence.It aimed to explore the impacts of exogenous GABA application on the nutritional quality,endogenous GABA content,and antioxidant activity-related indicators of cherry tomatoes.The results showed that exogenous GABA treatment could significantly improve the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity of cherry tomatoes.With the increase in treatment concentration,the contents of soluble sugar,total phenols,and total flavonoids,as well as the sugar-acid ratio,increased continuously.Nutritional quality indicators such as vitamin C content,soluble sugar content,and sugar-acid ratio all reached their maximum values under the G40 treatment.The contents of total phenols and total flavonoids in the G40 treatment were significantly higher than those in other treatments except G20,increasing by 24.26% and 91.75% compared with CK,respectively.The lycopene content of cherry tomatoes under the G40 treatment was the highest,which was significantly 85.96% higher than that of CK.The endogenous GABA content first increased and then decreased with the elevation of treatment concentration,reaching the maximum value under the G20 treatment,which was significantly 101.85% higher than that of the control.However,there was no significant difference in endogenous GABA content between the G20 and G40 treatments.Both DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP antioxidant capacity were synchronously enhanced,and both reached their maximum values under the G40 treatment,which were significantly higher than those of CK.Correlation analysis indicated that the antioxidant capacity of cherry tomatoes was extremely significantly positively correlated with total phenols,total flavonoids,and lycopene.In conclusion,exogenous GABA(G40 treatment)can serve as a green and efficient strategy to enhance the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of cherry tomato fruits.
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In order to analyze the effects of graphene oxide(GO),a novel nanomaterial,on plant growth,development,and fruit quality,Micro-Tom tomato was used as the model plant.Parameters measured included seed germination rate,seedling height,stem diameter,photosynthetic efficiency,fruit yield,antioxidant enzyme activities,and the accumulation of internal fruit components such as soluble solids content,lycopene,and vitamin C under varying GO concentration levels.The safety implications of GO application in agriculture and forestry were also evaluated.The results indicated that GO concentrations of 50,100,200 mg/L significantly enhanced seed germination rate,promoted germination,and increased radicle length,with the most pronounced effect observed at 200 mg/L GO.Concentrations of 50,100 mg/L GO exhibited significant positive effects:effectively increasing plant biomass,improving photosynthetic efficiency,enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities within the plants(contributing to the maintenance of redox homeostasis),and simultaneously elevating single-fruit fresh weight and overall yield.Notably,50 mg/L GO significantly increased fruit vitamin C content,directly demonstrating its potential to enhance the nutritional value of tomato fruits.Meanwhile,no detectable accumulation of GO was found in any tissues of the treated tomato plants.This finding provides critical evidence for assessing the biosafety of GO,preliminarily indicating that its plant growth promotion occurred without significant concomitant accumulation.Therefore,an appropriate concentration of GO,particularly 50 mg/L,can function as an efficient and relatively safe plant growth promoter,achieving synergistic improvements in tomato yield and fruit quality.
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In order to reveal the response characteristics of potato growth,development,and photosynthetic traits to different water gradients during the critical growth period in semi-arid regions,this study conducted simulated experiments involving waterlogging (soil moisture maintained at 85% field capacity)and drought stress (drought initiated when soil moisture reached 65% field capacity)to investigate various growth traits and photosynthetic parameters of potatoes.The results showed that the plant height and biomass accumulation of potatoes under waterlogging were not different from those under normal irrigation.The plant height growth and biomass accumulation of potato under drought stress were significantly decreased.Meanwhile,the photosynthetic characteristics of potato leaves were significantly decreased under drought stress,including a 43% reduction in net photosynthetic rate and a 55% reduction in stomatal conductance.There was no significant difference in photosynthetic characteristics(except for stomatal conductance)between waterlogging treatment and normal irrigation treatment.Drought stress and waterlogging treatment decreased the photosynthetic capacity and light energy utilization of potato leaves to different degrees.Among them,under waterlogging conditions,the growth and development of potato leaves were more easily inhibited when exposed to strong light,and the activity of potato leaves was reduced.The growth and development of potato leaves were more easily inhibited when exposed to weak light under drought conditions,but the activity of potato leaves was not reduced.Comprehensive analysis showed that potato was more susceptible to drought stress in tuber expansion stage in semi-arid region,followed by longer waterlogging duration affecting potato growth and development.
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The mechanism of the effect of phosphorus application rate on the growth,yield formation and phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate of high-yield maize in Xinjiang under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilizer integration was clarified,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the high and stable yield of maize in Xinjiang and the green sustainability of fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase.The experiment was carried out in the maize high-yield demonstration base of Qitai Farm in Xinjiang from 2023 to 2024.Under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilizer integration,six phosphorus application levels were set up:no phosphorus fertilizer(P0),pure phosphorus 60 kg/ha (P60),90 kg/ha(P90),120 kg/ha (P120),150 kg/ha (P150)and 180 kg/ha(P180,CK).The changes of leaf area index(LAI),photosynthetic potential(LAD),dry matter accumulation,harvest index(HI),ear traits,yield and yield components of maize with water and fertilizer integration of dense planting drip irrigation were analyzed,and the effect of phosphorus application rate on yield and phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate of maize with dense planting drip irrigation in Xinjiang was clarified.The results showed that under the condition of drip fertigation and phosphorus application,the maize yield increased first and then tended to be stable with the increase of phosphorus application in the two years,and the yield was the highest(18.79—20.94 t/ha)at P120 treatment.The amount of phosphorus application significantly affected the 1000-grain weight and grain number per ear of maize.The amount of phosphorus application mainly affected the length of maize ear bald tip.Compared with P150 and P180 treatments,the difference of ear bald tip length was not significant.During the critical growth period of corn,LAI showed a trend of first increasing and then stabilizing with increasing phosphorus fertilizer application rates.The LAI of maize under P120 treatment at silking stage was 7.56—7.81,which was not significantly different from P150 and P180 treatments,but was significantly reduced by 21.54% under P0 compared with P120.In addition,the dry matter accumulation before and after anthesis of maize treated with P120 was not significantly different from that of P150 and P180 treatments,which was 37.91% and 93.88% higher than that of P0,respectively.In summary,drip fertigation and phosphorus application significantly affected LAI,LAD,pre-anthesis and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and HI,shortened bald tip length,increased grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight,and then increased maize yield and phosphorus utilization efficiency,and realized the synergistic improvement of maize yield and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency.
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To explore the accumulation characteristics of soil phosphorus and its distribution pattern in the profile after long-term application of different organic fertilizers,a long-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the distribution and migration patterns of phosphorus in the soil profile under continuous application of different amounts of livestock and poultry manure organic fertilizers and sludge compost.The results showed that after 11 consecutive years of application of high amounts(60 t/ha per year)of pig manure,chicken manure and sludge,the phosphorus they brought in could obviously migrate to the 30—60 cm soil layer.The application of medium and high amounts(45,60 t/ha per year)of pig manure,chicken manure organic fertilizers and sludge compost could make the available phosphorus migrate to the 60—90 cm soil layer.After 11 years of application of different types of organic fertilizers,the phosphorus activation coefficient of the plough layer soil showed a significant upward trend,and the difference between high and low application rates reached a significant level.The order of soil phosphorus activation coefficient under different organic fertilizer treatments was:pig manure organic fertilizer treatment>chicken manure organic fertilizer treatment>sludge compost treatment.The content of available phosphorus in the plough layer soil after the application of chicken manure,pig manure organic fertilizer and sludge compost conformed to the linear plus plateau regression model with the phosphorus input.Under the condition of equal phosphorus input of organic fertilizer,the contribution of pig manure and chicken manure organic fertilizer to the available phosphorus in the plough layer soil was significantly higher than that of sludge compost.When the phosphorus input was greater than 7.14 t/ha,the contribution of pig manure organic fertilizer to the available phosphorus in the plough layer soil was significantly higher than that of chicken manure.The total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents in the soil profile were significantly positively correlated with the organic carbon content.In the 0—90 cm profile,soil organic carbon and phosphorus might co-migrate.
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To investigate the phosphate-solubilizing effects of different combinations of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(PSB)and their impact on maize growth and phosphorus uptake,a pot experiment was conducted using three bacterial strains with distinct taxonomic classifications and phosphate-solubilizing capacities:Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis P4-5,Arthrobacter oryzae P5-41,and Bacillus aryabhattai P3-50.A non-inoculated treatment served as the blank control(CK),and the experimental treatments included:single inoculation with P4-5(Pf),single inoculation with P5-41(Ao),single inoculation with P3-50(Ba),dual inoculation with P4-5 and P5-41(Pf×Ao),dual inoculation with P4-5 and P3-50(Pf×Ba),dual inoculation with P5-41 and P3-50(Ao×Ba),and combined inoculation with P4-5,P5-41,and P3-50(Pf×Ao×Ba).The effects of these inoculation treatments on maize root morphology,shoot growth,phosphorus uptake,and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)secretion capacity by the bacterial strains were analyzed.The results indicated that,compared to the CK,all PSB inoculations significantly increased maize stem diameter,leaf SPAD value,shoot biomass,and phosphorus uptake.Furthermore,they also significantly enhanced rhizosphere alkaline phosphatase activity(except for single inoculation with Pf and Ba,respectively)and reduced soil available phosphorus content(except for single inoculation with Ba).Among these treatments,the combined inoculation of Pf×Ao×Ba exhibited the best overall performance.This treatment secreted high concentrations of IAA,optimized maize root morphology(increasing root length,volume,surface area,and number of root tips),and significantly increased rhizosphere alkaline phosphatase activity,thereby promoting the mineralization of soil organic phosphorus and consequently enhancing maize growth and phosphorus uptake.In conclusion,the combined inoculation of Pf×Ao×Ba significantly promoted maize growth and improved phosphorus nutrition through a dual mechanism:optimizing root morphology by increasing root length,volume,surface area,and root tip number through IAA secretion,and effectively mineralizing soil organic phosphorus by enhancing alkaline phosphatase activity.
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This study aims to explore the effects of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer on soil carbon and nitrogen contents in the 0—60 cm layer of fragrant pear orchards,as well as the yield and quality of Korla fragrant pears,and to propose the optimal rate of reduced nitrogen application and matching ratio of organic fertilizer.Using 10—12-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees as test materials,a 3-year continuous experiment was carried out.The experiment set up a conventional nitrogen application treatment(denoted as N,with 300 kg/ha of nitrogen applied),three reduced nitrogen application treatments(denoted as N1,N2,N3,which reduced nitrogen by 10%,20%,and 30% respectively compared with the conventional nitrogen application treatment),and two organic fertilizer treatments(denoted as OF1 and OF2,with 22 500,33 750 kg/ha of sheep manure applied respectively).These treatments were combined to form six integrated treatments:N1F1,N2F1,N3F1,N1F2,N2F2,and N3F2.The soil carbon and nitrogen contents,soil carbon-to-nitrogen ratio(C/N),as well as the yield and quality of Korla fragrant pears were determined.The result showed that N1F1,N1F2,N2F2,and N3F2 treatments significantly increased the contents of total soil carbon,soil organic carbon,soil inorganic carbon,soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC),soil nitrate nitrogen,and soil ammonium nitrogen in the orchard.They also increased the soil C/N ratio,the contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C in pear fruits,decreased the total acid content in fruits,and had no significant effect on pear yield.The N2F1 treatment significantly promoted the contents of soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen but had no significant effect on pear yield or quality.The N3F1 treatment significantly inhibited the contents of soil carbon fractions and pear yield and reduced the soluble sugar content in fruits.Correlation analysis showed that soil nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,organic carbon,inorganic carbon,total nitrogen,total carbon,SMBC,and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN)were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with pear quality;the soil C/N ratio was significantly or extremely significantly negatively correlated with pear yield and quality.Among these factors,soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and ammonium nitrogen had more prominent effects on pear yield and quality.Therefore,in subsequent fertilization management,improving the contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,and ammonium nitrogen and regulating the soil C/N ratio can better increase the yield and improve the fruit quality of Korla fragrant pears.In the management of 10—12-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees,reducing nitrogen application by 20%—30% on the basis of the conventional nitrogen application rate while applying organic fertilizer at 33 750 kg/ha is beneficial.This measure regulates soil carbon and nitrogen contents,improves pear quality,reduces chemical fertilizer input to alleviate soil pollution,and ensures the health of the soil environment.
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Clarify the effect of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation and yield of mung beans in Inner Mongolia central region,and to provide reference for the rational utilization of straw resources and scientific nitrogen application in mung bean cultivation.It used Kelyu 1 mung bean as the material and two factor split zone design was used.Two cultivation measures were set up:straw returning(ST)and no straw returning(NST)and four nitrogen fertilizer application levels were set up:0(N0),45(N45),90(N90),135(N135)kg/ha,for a total of eight treatments.To analyze the effects of different treatments at different stages on mung bean on chlorophyll content,dry matter weight of aboveground organs,main agronomic traits at maturity stage,yield and its components.The results showed that the chlorophyll content,dry matter weight of aboveground organs,main agronomic traits,yield and its constituent factors of mung beans treated differently at different stages were as follows:ST+N90>ST+N135>ST+N45>NST+N90>NST+N135>NST+N45>ST+N0>NST+N0.Compared with the NST+N0 treatment,ST+N90 treatment had the highest chlorophyll content at the podding stage,leaf dry matter weight at the flowering stage,stem dry matter weight at the maturity stage,pod dry matter weight at the podding stage,grain dry matter weight at the maturity stage,number of main stem branches,number of main stem nodes,pod length,pod width,number of pods per plant,number of seeds per pod,100-seed weight,and yield of mung beans,with increases of 24.33%,30.56%,26.83%,28.58%,43.85%,6.13%,7.03%,5.62%,16.35%,13.22%,4.45%,8.90% and 23.46%.The straw returning with 90 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer application treatment can increase the mung beans chlorophyll content,promote the accumulation of aboveground organs dry matter weight,and improve the yield.It is an ideal measure in mung bean cultivation.
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To investigate the effects of varying nitrogen(N)application rates on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the formation of yield and quality in sugar beet,a field experiment was conducted at the Science and Technology Park of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Five N application treatments were implemented with rates of 0(N0),60(N60),120(N120),180(N180),240 kg/ha (N240).Dynamic changes in the main photosynthetic physiological indices,along with key enzymes and products involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism of sugar beet,were analyzed under different treatments throughout its entire growth stage.The results showed that nitrogen application exerted significantly different effects on the photosynthetic characteristics,activities of key carbon and nitrogen metabolic enzymes and their metabolic products in sugar beet across different growth stages.In terms of photosynthetic characteristics,the SPAD values of all N-applied treatments on June 17 and July 2 were 10.06%—32.45%,4.19%—26.98% higher than those of N0,respectively.The N180 treatment showed the highest SPAD value and Fv/Fm on August 20,and exhibited relatively high SPAD values and Fv/Fm on September 20.Regarding the activities of key carbon and nitrogen metabolic enzymes,the N180 treatment exhibited the highest activities of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),sucrose synthase(SS),nitrate reductase(NR),and glutamine synthetase(GS)on July 17,which were 17.20%,20.37%,18.39%,31.30% higher than those of N0,respectively.In addition,the SPS activity on September 20 and SS activity on August 5 in the N180 treatment were also the highest,reaching 15.51,21.59 μg/(g·min),respectively.Regarding carbon and nitrogen metabolites,with the progression of the growth period,the soluble sugar content in taproots and the total nitrogen content in leaves both exhibited an overall increasing trend.The N180 treatment exhibited the highest total nitrogen content in both leaves and taproots on August 5,and the highest soluble sugar content in leaves on September 20.In terms of yield and quality,with the increase in nitrogen application rate,taproot yield showed an overall increasing trend,while sugar content exhibited an overall decreasing trend.Under the N180 treatment,the taproot yield reached 106.46 t/ha(31.00% higher than N0),the sugar content was 13.43%(0.63 percentage points lower than N0),and the sugar yield was the highest at 14.30 t/ha(25.11% higher than N0).Correlation analysis indicated that the activities of key enzymes(SPS,SS)of carbon metabolism were positively correlated with sugar yield,and carbon metabolites were negatively correlated with sugar yield overall.The activities of key enzymes(NR,GS)of nitrogen metabolism were positively correlated with sugar yield,and the total nitrogen content of taproots was positively correlated with sugar yield overall.In conclusion,a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha optimized the photosynthetic performance of sugar beet leaves,promoted the coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in leaves and taproots,balanced taproot yield and sugar content,and thus increased sugar yield.
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Discovery and mapping of disease-resistant genes in wheat varieties can provide resistance sources,genes and markers for the breeding of new wheat cultivars.KU3067/Apav BC1F5 population were used to evaluate for leaf rust resistance at seedling and adult plant stage in Baoding,Hebei Province,and leaf rust resistance gene(s)were mapped using molecular marker technology.At the seedling stage,KU3067 was highly susceptible to three leaf rust physiological races while Apav was highly resistant.The 148 BC1F5 lines showed a separation ratio of one pair of genes,indicating that there was a dominant gene in Apav.It was confirmed that the gene was the known leaf rust resistance gene Lr13 using molecular marker technology.Both parents showed high resistance at the adult stage,and the population showed continuous distribution,which was consistent with the characteristics of quantitative traits.Combined with the DArT-Seq data of the population,five leaf rust resistance QTLs were mapped in this population.Lr13,from Apav,was detected in two environments and explained 51.60% and 25.08% of the phenotypic variance,respectively.Lr67 from KU3067 was detected in two environments,explaining 4.98%—7.30% of the phenotypic variance,respectively.QLr.hebau-2AS,from Apav,explained 6.68% of the phenotypic variance.QLr.hebau-5DL.1 from Apav,and QLr.hebau-5DL.2 from KU3067 explained 23.74% and 8.41% of the phenotypic variance,respectively,the two gene might be novel.This study clarified the resistance performance characteristics of the KU3067/Apav population in the Baoding environment,mapped multiple genetic loci including Lr13,Lr67,and three potentially novel leaf rust resistance QTLs,and developed closely linked molecular markers.This provides valuable genetic resources and markers for wheat leaf rust resistance breeding in China.
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To elucidate the expression characteristics of the effector protein Pt6647 from Puccinia triticina and further reveal its role in host pathogenicity,the candidate effector protein Pt6647,which was previously identified as highly expressed during host-pathogen interaction,was selected for analysis.We performed gene cloning via PCR,sequence alignment using the NCBI database,signal peptide prediction and functional validation to assess its secretory activity,subcellular localization to determine its cellular distribution,and Quantitative Real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)to examine its expression profile during infection.The open reading frame(ORF)of Pt6647,765 bp in length,was successfully cloned.The gene was highly conserved across eight different physiological races of P.triticina,with only two amino acid variations observed.The Pt6647 protein consisted of 254 amino acids,with its N-terminal 1—18 amino acids confirmed as a functional signal peptide for secretion.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the full-length Pt6647 protein localized to the cell membrane,while the signal peptide-truncated variant(Pt6647Δsp)was distributed in the nucleus,cytoplasm,and cell membrane.Expression profiling demonstrated that the transcription of Pt6647 peaked at 36 hours post-inoculation(hpi).The effector Pt6647 was successfully cloned and characterized.Its specific subcellular localization and early infection expression peak suggest that Pt6647 plays a critical role in the initial stages of pathogen invasion.
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In order to clarify the species and composition of pod rot pathogenic fungi in Hebei,Shandong,and Henan Provinces,diseased peanut pods from the main production areas of these three provinces were used as materials.Pathogens were isolated and purified using the tissue isolation method,and their species were identified by morphological characterization combined with rDNA-ITS and TEF-1α gene sequence analyses.Seven representative strains (RF1-7) were selected to evaluate pathogenicity via mycelial inoculation on kernels and spore suspension inoculation on fresh pods,according to Koch's postulates.The results revealed that 307 strains of fungi were isolated and purified,with the genus Fusarium as the dominant genus,accounting for 63.52% of the total.Regional differences in pathogen composition were observed in the three provinces.In Hebei Province,Fusarium neocosmosporiellum predominated,while in Shandong Province,Fusarium oxysporum was the dominant species,and in Henan Province,Fusarium solani had the highest proportion,with isolation rates of 50.75%,57.15%,and 47.67% of the Fusarium species,respectively.All seven selected strains exhibited varying degrees of pathogenicity in both kernel and fresh pod inoculation assays,among which Fusarium neocosmosporiellum showed 100% disease incidence.Except for showing no significant difference compared to the disease incidence caused by Fusarium vanettenii,the incidence induced by Fusarium neocosmosporiellum was significantly higher than that caused by the other five tested isolates,and the infected kernels and pods displayed typical disease symptoms,indicating Fusarium neocosmosporiellum possesses stronger pathogenic potential.This study provides a first systematic characterization of the population distribution and pathogenicity differences among peanut pod rot pathogens in Hebei,Shandong and Henan.The findings could provide a theoretical basis for formulating region precise prevention and control strategies for peanut pod rot and are crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of the peanut industry in Northern China.
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Establishing a rapid and sensitive molecular detection technology for Pectobacterium parvum and P.versatile will lay a technical foundation for the rapid detection,early diagnosis,as well as the transmission routes and dynamics of potato stem rot.Through the sequence analysis of the specific locus gene 10748 of P.parvum and the specific locus gene 1602 of P.versatile,the Real-time PCR and LAMP primer design software were carried out by using Primer 3 and NEB website primer design software.After specificity validation,reaction condition optimization,and sensitivity validation,primers were screened and sample detection was performed.Quantitative Real-time PCR primers XX3-F/R and DY1-F/R were designed and screened for P.parvum and P.versatile.The sensitivity for detecting DNA in artificially inoculated plant samples reached 10,1 pg/μL,respectively.The sensitivity for detecting gDNA of pathogenic bacteria reached 0.1 pg/μL.Design LAMP primers for P.parvum and P.versatile,with detection sensitivity similar to Quantitative Real-time PCR detection technology.Quantitative Real-time PCR and LAMP detection techniques had been established for the detection of potato aerial stem rot pathogens,such as P.parvum and P.versatile,which can detect potato stems and tubers infected by P.parvum and P.versatile,as well as drosophila carrying bacteria.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and physicochemical index of PFN3 gene(Profilin 3)in Sangsang yak,and to detect the expression of RPL8 gene in various tissues by qPCR,so as to lay a theoretical foundation for exploring the biological function of PFN3 gene in Sangsang yak.Using cardiac tissue cDNA as template,we cloned the CDS region of PFN3 gene in yak and detected its expression in different tissues.Bioinformatics analysis is performed using a variety of software and online tools.The results showed that the PFN3 coding region of Sangsang yak was 414 bp in length,with 3 open reading frames encoding 137 amino acids.The analysis of PFN3 protein in yak showed that the aliphatic coefficient was 101.75,the theoretical isoelectric point was 9.04,and the instability index was 37.22,indicating that PFN3 protein was a stable hydrophobic protein.The protein had 4 potential phosphorylation sites and no signal peptide and transmembrane region.Glycine(Gly)accounted for 14.6% of the total amino acids.Subcellular localization showed that PFN3 protein accounted for 43.5%,30.4% and 26.1% in cytoplasm,nucleus and mitochondria,respectively.Homology comparison showed that Sangsang yak had the closest homology with wild yak,and was the most closely related to African warthog and Eurasian boar.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of interacting proteins showed that these proteins were mainly enriched in actin cytoskeleton regulation,Rap1 signaling pathway,focused adhesion,salmonella infection and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.qPCR results showed that PFN3 gene expression in Sangsang yak was the highest in rectal tissue,significantly higher than that in other tissues,and the lowest in heart.
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In previous research,cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase(POR)was identified as a critical host factor facilitating aflatoxin B1(AFB1)-induced hepatotoxicity through CRISPR/Cas9 library screening.To further elucidate the mechanistic role of POR in AFB1-mediated hepatocellular damage,we designed two single-guide RNAs(sgRNAs)targeting exon 5 of the human POR gene,based on its published sequence,using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology.These sgRNAs were cloned into the lentiCRISPRv2 vector,which was subsequently packaged into lentivirus and utilized to infect THLE-2 human hepatocytes.Monoclonal cell lines were isolated by limiting dilution,and knockout efficiency was assessed at both the mRNA and protein levels using off-target sequencing,reverse transcription quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),and Western Blot analysis.The findings indicated that V2-sgRNA-POR-1 successfully knocked down POR expression,resulting in a significant reduction at both the transcriptional and translational levels in the selected monoclonal cells.Further experiments involved treating THLE-2 wild-type cells with varying concentrations of AFB1(100,200,400,800 μmol/L)for durations of 24,48,and 72 hours.CCK-8 cell viability assays demonstrated that AFB1 toxicity to hepatocytes was significantly dependent on both concentration and exposure time,with an optimal exposure condition identified at 200 μmol/L for 48 hours[IC50(48 h)=(200.55±44.49)μmol/L].Under these conditions,POR knockout cell lines exhibited marked resistance to AFB1-induced cytotoxicity,with significantly higher cell viability than wild-type cells.These findings suggest that POR plays a critical role in facilitating AFB1-mediated hepatocyte toxicity,and that POR knockout substantially enhances cellular resistance to AFB1.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the activator (LiCl) and the inhibitor (MSAB) on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in C2C12 cells,as well as to explore how activation or inhibition of this pathway influences myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells.This study utilized C2C12 cells as a model,the cells were treated with different concentrations of LiCl (0,15,and 25 mmol/L) as well as IWR-1 and MSAB (0,15,and 25 μmol/L) to induce differentiation.The expression of proteins related to the classical Wnt signaling pathway and myogenic differentiation cells was detected using Western Blotting technology.The results indicated that a concentration of 15 mmol/L LiCl did not had a significant effect on the β-catenin protein within the Wnt signaling pathway.In contrast,a concentration of 25 mmol/L LiCl promoted the expression of β-catenin,Pax7,MyOG,and MyHC in C2C12 cells.IWR-1 had no significant effect on β-catenin protein,whereas MSAB at concentrations of 15 and 25 μmol/L exhibited an inhibitory effect on the expression of β-catenin protein.Notably,the inhibition with 15 μmol/L MSAB was particularly pronounced,leading to a marked reduction in the expression levels of β-catenin,Pax7,MyOG,and MyHC in C2C12 cells.In conclusion,25 mmol/L LiCl and 15 μmol/L MSAB can effectively activate and inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway within C2C12 cells,thereby influencing myogenic differentiation in these cells.
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Bimonthly, Started in 1962
CN 13-1101/S
ISSN 1000-7091
CODEN: HHUOA6
Responsible Institution: Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Sponsored by: the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Association of Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Henan and Inner Mongolia.
Editor-in-chief: Qiang Zhang
Edited and Published by: Editorial Department of Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica
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