Cloning the wheat grain superoxide dismutase(SOD)gene and developing competitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers related to SOD activity are of great significance for breeding wheat varieties with high SOD activity.According to the gene ID,specific primers were designed to clone the gDNA sequence of TaSOD-B1 gene.The single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)loci were obtained by comparing the wheat genome genetic variation and Ensembl Plants database,and the KASP markers closely related to the SOD activity of wheat were developed.The practicability of the markers was verified by the correlation analysis between SOD activity and genotypes of 287 winter wheat varieties(lines).The TaSOD-B1 gene fragment of Chinese spring variety was amplified by six pairs of specific primers,and the TaSOD-B1 gene on chromosome 5B was obtained by splicing.The full length of the gene was 6 491 bp,including an open reading frame(ORF)of 1 650 bp,which encoded a total of 549 amino acids.The predicted molecular weight was 60.80 ku,the gene was composed of 12 exons and 11 introns.The intron conformed to the typical GT-AG structure.The KASP marker was developed based on the 44th base of the first exon of the TaSOD-B1 gene,and was verified by sequencing.The results showed that the genotype of the allelic variation type TaSOD-B1a was AA,which was associated with high SOD activity,and was labeled with the fluorescent gene FAM(shown as blue).The genotype of TaSOD-B1b was GG,which was associated with low SOD activity and was marked with the fluorescent gene HEX(shown as red).The detection of 287 winter wheat varieties(lines)at home and abroad showed that the SOD activity of different genotypes was significantly different.Based on the TaSOD-B1 sequence,a set of KASP markers related to SOD activity was successfully developed and could be used for genetic improvement of SOD activity.
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Plant sodium-hydrogen antiporter(NHX,Na+/H+ antiporter)plays a crucial role in plant sodium and potassium ion balance and cellular pH regulation.In order to investigate the relationship between salt tolerance and ScNHXs,it was conducted to identify and analyze the ScNHXs by bioinformatics process,and to examine the expression pattern of ScNHXs under salt stress by RT-qPCR,which can provide the reference information for the investigation of the potential functions of ScNHXs as well as the mining of salt tolerance genes in rye.A total of 10 rye NHX gene family members(ScNHX1—ScNHX10)were identified,and the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they could be divided into two subfamilies,Vac and Endo,containing four and six genes,respectively.Physicochemical property analysis of the encoded proteins showed that most of the molecular weight ranged from 27.92 to 59.72 ku,the number of amino acids from 253 to 546 aa,and the isoelectric point between 5.17 and 8.81,with most of proteins being classified as acidic proteins.Signal peptide prediction indicated the absence of signal peptides in the members,and transmembrane structure analysis revealed that all members possessed transmembrane structures.The subcellular localization prediction indicated that ScNHXs were located in the plasma membrane and vesicles.Spatial structure prediction showed that their secondary structures mainly consisted of α-helices and irregular convolutions.Gene structure and motif analyses revealed that the number of exons of the ScNHXs varied from 13 to 24,and all of them possessed a conserved Na+/H+ exchange structural domain.In addition,cis-acting element analysis revealed that numerous elements related to hormone response and abiotic stresses were found in the promoter region of ScNHXs.Analysis of rye transcriptome data revealed significant differences in the expression patterns of ScNHXs in different tissues of rye.RT-qPCR analysis showed that ScNHXs responded differently to different concentrations of NaCl stress,and were able to persistently respond to salt stress over a long period of time.In summary,ScNHXs may be involved in the biological regulation during salt stress in rye.
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To investigate the role of the BnMLP2 gene in drought tolerance in ramie,the BnMLP2 gene encoding a metallothionein-like protein in ramie was obtained by analyzing ramie transcriptome data using Zhongzhu-1 as the material.The BnMLP2 gene was screened and cloned from the ramie transcriptome data,and bioinformatics analyses were conducted,including sequence alignment,domain prediction,and subcellular localization prediction.Fluorescent Quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression profile of the BnMLP2 gene in different tissues of ramie and to explore its expression changes under drought stress.The BnMLP2 gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana to construct transgenic plants.Under drought stress conditions,phenotypic,physiological,and biochemical differences between transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis were compared,along with the expression of stress-related genes.The results showed that the open reading frame of the BnMLP2 gene in ramie was 243 bp in length,encoding 80 amino acids.BnMLP2 had the closest amino acid sequence homology to metallothionein(MT)or metallothionein-like protein (MLP) from Malus domestica,both belonging to the metallothionein family; it contained the PFAM01439 domain and belonged to class Ⅱ metallothionein,with a predicted subcellular localization in the cytoplasm.The BnMLP2 gene was expressed in all tissues of ramie,and its expression was significantly induced by drought,especially in stems.Under drought stress,transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing BnMLP2 exhibited stronger drought tolerance compared to wild-type plants,as evidenced by significantly increased root length and fresh weight,enhanced antioxidant enzyme and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (γ-GCL) activities,and accumulation of more proline (Pro),glutathione(GSH),glutathione disulfide (GSSG),and phytochelatins (PCs) to regulate intracellular ion homeostasis.The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)in transgenic lines were significantly lower than in wild-type plants,at 55% and 80% of wild-type levels,respectively.In addition, the content of sodium and potassium ions in transgenic Arabidopsis under drought conditions was 4.4 times and 1.4 times higher than that of the wild type, respectively. Overexpression of BnMLP2 induced increased expression of three stress-related genes,AtMT1a,AtNCED3,and AtWRKY40,with maximum expression levels of 1.5,1.9,and 2.8 times those in wild-type plants,respectively.These results suggest that the BnMLP2 gene enhances the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress.
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In order to explore the role of NBS-LRR gene RPM1 in the resistance to Verticillium wilt in Solanum,it took the wild Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.as material,and cloned the homologous sequence of RPM1 gene on the basis of its transcriptional sequencing.The physicochemical properties and molecular structure of the sequence encoded protein were analyzed,the evolutionary relationship tree was constructed,and subcellular localization was performed in tobacco.At the same time,the relative expression level of RPM1 gene in different parts of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.was detected,as well as the relative expression level at for time points(0,24,48 and 72 h)after inoculation with Verticillium dahliae(a pathogen of Verticillium wilt).The results showed that the total length of RPM1 gene(SsRPM1)was 2 772 bp,encoding 924 amino acids.SsRPM1 protein,with a total molecular weight of 105.99 ku,was an alkaline hydrophilic protein without transmembrane structure.SsRPM1 protein was mainly composed of α helix and random coil,including LRR,NBC and CC domains.Solanum dulcamara RPM1 protein had the closest relationship with it.Subcellular localization in tobacco found that the protein was located on the cell membrane.SsRPM1 gene was expressed in different organs(root,stem and leaf),among which the stem had the highest relative expression,followed by leaf and root.After inoculation with V.dahliae,in general,SsRPM1 gene expression in both control group and inoculation group showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.The relative expression level of SsRPM1 gene was the highest at 24 h after inoculation.Compared with the control group,the relative expression level of SsRPM1 gene in inoculation treatment was lower.It is suggested that SsRPM1 is a negative regulatory gene in response to Verticillium wilt stress.
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This study aims to identify potential proteins that interact with the coat protein(CP)of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV)from a cDNA library,to explore the infection mechanism of ToCV and the role of CP in the infection process.The research highlights the significant impact of Tomato chlorosis virus disease on tomato yield and quality during summer and late-autumn production.The Moneymaker tomato variety infected with ToCV was used as the experimental material.Using Gateway technology,a nuclear yeast cDNA library was constructed from ToCV-infected tomatoes,and a yeast two-hybrid bait vector,pGBKT7-CP(CP-BD),was developed.CP was employed as the bait protein to screen the nuclear yeast cDNA library,identifying hundreds of potential interacting proteins involved in various physiological processes.Further verification was performed using one-on-one yeast two-hybrid assays and NCBI BLAST analysis to confirm the proteins interacting with ToCV CP.The constructed nuclear yeast cDNA library had a primary capacity of 1.60×107,with a 100% recombination rate and an average insert size exceeding 1 000 bp.The secondary library also achieved a capacity of 1.60×107,with a 100% recombination rate and an average insert size greater than 1 000 bp,meeting the quality standards for subsequent yeast hybridization experiments.Proteins interacting with ToCV CP,identified through library screening,were categorized into cellular processes,biological regulation,and intracellular material transport.Notably,many of these proteins were associated with processes such as viral replication and transport,host cell infection,and the regulation of host cell metabolism and the cell cycle.Additionally,the identified proteins included those with functions such as protein binding,nucleic acid binding,and hydrolase activity.Among these,ribonucleases were the most abundant,playing a critical role in the viral infection process.Ultimately,30 proteins,including HSPs,DnaJ,and TCPs,were confirmed to interact with ToCV CP.These findings provide a strong foundation for further research into the infection mechanism of ToCV and the functional role of CP in the infection process.
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To systematically study genes related to fruit hardness,genome resequencing BSA method was used to locate the fruit hardness association interval,and predict candidate genes based on their corresponding reference genome collinearity segments and gene annotation information,to lay the foundation for the next step of gene localization and cloning.The fruit hardness separation of F2 offspring from stable genetic soft flesh inbred line C18 and hard flesh inbred line LE4 crosses followed a normal distribution.30 soft fleshed and 30 hard fleshed individual plants were selected from the F2 population to construct extreme mixed pools,and whole genome resequencing with 30×and 10×coverage on the mixed pools and parents was conducted.A total of 1 891 040 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and 376 603 insertion deletion markers(InDels)were obtained from the hybrid pools and parents,which were used for genome-wide mapping of fruit hardness traits.The peak of BSA localization was distributed within a total of 2.71 Mb between 72 610 411 and 75 329 951 bp on eggplant chromosome 6.Based on pathway enrichment and gene function annotation,candidate genes Smechr0601726.1 and Smechr0601735.1 were obtained.In summary,through genome resequencing BSA analysis,eggplant fruit hardness may be regulated by two important candidate genes.Smechr0601726.1 encodes a polygalacturonase gene,which is directly related to fruit hardness;Smechr0601735.1 is closely related to the metabolism of ascorbic acid and arabic acid,encoding ascorbate peroxidase,and is associated with fruit development and hardness formation,which can delay fruit softening.
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Anthocyanin synthase(ANS)is a key enzyme in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in plants,catalyzing the conversion of colorless leucoanthocyanidins into colorful anthocyanins such as red,orange,and blue.To investigate the molecular mechanism of ANS gene in leaf coloration regulation in chicory(Cichorium intybus),bioinformatics analysis of ANS was first conducted.Then,the red heading C.intybus(Indiou)and green forage variety(Puna)were selected as the materials to clone the C.intybus ANS (CiANS)gene.Differences in amino acid sequences and protein structures of CiANS between the two materials were analyzed.Finally,tissue-specific expression of the ANS gene and subcellular localization of CiANS were characterized,and prokaryotic expression of the CiANS was performed.The results showed that CiANS shared the closest phylogenetic relationship with ANS from lettuce(Lactuca sativa)and endive(C.endivia).Motif analysis revealed that the protein motifs of CiANS were relatively conserved across different plant species.Cloning results indicated that the full-length ANS gene in both chicory varieties was 1 068 bp,encoding 355 amino acids with 9 divergent residues,though no significant differences were observed in predicted tertiary structures.qRT-PCR results demonstrated that CiANS was expressed in all tissues,with the highest expression level in leaves,and its expression in red heading Indiou was significantly higher than in green Puna.Subcellular localization revealed that CiANS protein was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.After prokaryotic expression,the induced CiANS protein exhibited a molecular weight of 45 ku,consistent with the predicted size.In conclusion,the observed leaf color variation in C.intybus is likely associated with differential expression levels of the CiANS gene.This study provides theoretical insights for elucidating the molecular regulatory network of Cichorium intybus leaf coloration and genetic improvement of anthocyanin metabolism.
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Low temperature is the main factor affecting the distribution of Camellia in Northern China.In order to further expand the distribution range of Camellia and enhance the diversity of garden plants in Northern China.The yeast library was constructed by Gateway recombination technology using the leaves of C.japonica(Naidong)Daochengchunzao as materials.The total number of clones in the primary library was 1.44×107 cfu,the total number of clones in the secondary library was 1.12×107 cfu,the positive rate of recombination was 100%,the titer of yeast library was 1.00×108 cfu/mL,and the average insert fragment of yeast clone was more than 1 000 bp,which met the standard of library construction.The bait vector pGBKT7-CjCBF1 was constructed by double enzyme digestion and homologous recombination,which was non-toxicity and self-activation activity in yeast cells.The library screening was conducted by plasmid cotransfer method,and 46 candidate proteins interacting with CjCBF1 were obtained,whose functions involved plant growth and development,flowering and fruiting,and response to stress,etc.CjRAV1 was selected as a candidate protein.Primers were designed according to the transcriptome database of C.japonica(Naidong)and Camellia sinensis genome database.The CjRAV1 gene was cloned and the full length of the gene CDS was 1 023 bp.Bioinformatics results showed that the gene encoded 341 amino acids with a relative molecularity of 37.99 ku,a protein isoelectric point of 9.10,an instability index of 34.74 and a lipid index of 76.60.The amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction of the species with close homology to CjRAV1 were carried out.It was found that it was closely related to Camellia lanceoleosa,Diospyros lotus and Actinidia chinensis.In order to reduce the false positive probability of the library screening,the pGADT7-CjRAV1 vector was constructed and verified with pGBKT7-CjCBF1 by point-to-point.It was confirmed that there was an interaction between the two proteins,which laid a foundation for further study on the molecular mechanism of low temperature response of C.japonica(Naidong).
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In order to investigate the effects of different mulching measures on soil moisture and heat status and yield of winter wheat in northwest dry area,winter wheat Kangzhuang 974 was used as test material.From September 2022 to July 2023,three different coverage treatments including wheat straw strip covering three rows(M3),four rows(M4)and five rows(M5)and plastic film covering(PM)treatment were set up in the experimental base of Gansu Agricultural University,The open field(CK)was used as the control.The results showed that:compared with CK,the soil water storage of 0—200 cm during the whole growth period of winter wheat was significantly increased by mulch,the average increase of straw strip mulch was 13.22%,the increase range was M3>M4>M5,and the PM increased by 19.65%.The soil moisture increasing effect of mulch increased gradually with the progress of growth stage,and the maximum increase was 37.53—87.76 mm at maturity stage.It decreased with the deepening of soil layer,and the increase of 0—20 cm was the largest,ranging from 5.10—9.48 mm.Mulching significantly reduced the total water consumption and total water consumption intensity during the whole growth period,and the influence of mulching on water consumption and total water consumption intensity during the later growth period was most obvious.Compared with CK,wheat straw strip mulching significantly reduced the soil temperature of 0—25 cm during the whole growth period by 1.60—2.70 ℃,and M3 treatment had the largest decrease.The maximum decrease occurred at the grouting stage(3.67 ℃),and the maximum decrease between soil layers(3.01 ℃)occurred at 5 cm.Compared with CK,PM significantly increased the soil temperature from 0 to 25 cm during the whole growth period by 1.50 ℃,and the overwintering period and 5 cm had the largest increase,which were 2.20,1.79 ℃,respectively.The temperature of straw mulch increased at 7:00 at wintering stage,jointing stage and ripening stage,and the temperature increased and decreased at other times.PM temperature increased at all time except at 14:00 in grouting stage and ripening stage.Compared with CK, the yield and water use efficiency of M5 and PM were increased by 8.67%, 26.49% and 0.96, 2.94 kg/(ha·mm), panicle number was the most significant factor(CV=17.67%).Yield was significantly positively correlated with spike number(r=0.754**),WUE(r=0.891**)and soil temperature(r=0.723**),and significantly positively correlated with grain number per spike(r=0.522*).Banded mulching of wheat stalk can achieve both ecological and economic benefits,and M5 is more conducive to the formation of yield.
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This study explored the effects of full-width uniform seeding on the canopy light energy utilization characteristics,dry matter accumulation and transport of winter wheat in saline-alkali land,and clarified the physiological mechanism of high yield and high efficiency,to provide theoretical and practical basis for the promotion of full-width uniform seeding of winter wheat in the Yellow River Delta.In the growing season of winter wheat from 2022 to 2024,Jingyou 368 wheat variety was used as the material,and two seeding patterns of full-width uniform seeding and conventional drill seeding were set up.The differences of yield,dry matter accumulation,dry matter transport,canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception amount and radiation use efficiency under different seeding patterns were analyzed,and the correlation analysis was carried out.The results showed that the yield and spike number of wheat under full width uniform seeding were higher than those under conventional drilling seeding.The full-width uniform seeding achieved extremely significant increases of 18.35% and 46.97% from 2022 to 2023,and 18.71% and 47.21% from 2023 to 2024,respectively.Under the full-width uniform seeding,the wheat stem & tillers number was higher than that under the conventional drilling seeding.From 2022 to 2023,full-width uniform seeding significantly increased the tiller number by 58.83%.From 2023 to 2024,full-width uniform seeding extremely significantly increased the tiller number by 57.30%.The dry matter accumulation of wheat at anthesis stage,dry matter accumulation at maturity stage and dry matter translocation of vegetative organs before anthesis under full-width uniform seeding were higher than those under conventional drilling seeding.From 2022 to 2023,full-width uniform seeding achieved extremely significant increases of 75.78%,41.70% and 109.69%,respectively,and from 2023 to 2024,full-width uniform seeding achieved extremely significant increases of 71.23%,40.81% and 98.07%,respectively.The leaf area index,canopy photosynthetic active radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of wheat under full-width uniform seeding were higher than those of conventional drilling seeding.The full-width uniform seeding in 2022—2023 achieved extremely significant increases of 58.36%,4.11% and 47.17%,respectively,and the full-width uniform seeding in 2023—2024 achieved extremely significant increases of 59.78%,4.11% and 44.00%,respectively.In summary,the full-width uniform seeding of wheat in saline-alkali land improves the canopy light energy utilization performance and tiller productivity by shaping a reasonable population structure and improving the seedbed environment,which is conducive to the formation of plant photosynthetic products and the increase of spike number per unit area,and ultimately achieves high yield of wheat.Therefore,full width uniform seeding is a better seeding pattern for stable and high yield of winter wheat in saline-alkali land of the Yellow River Delta.
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In order to study the effects of different fertilization treatments on the growth and development of aromatic rice,the present experiment was conducted with Qingxiangyou 19 xiang as the experimental material,and five fertilization treatments were designed,broadcasting compound fertilizer(T1),6 cm deep application of compound fertilizer(T2),broadcasting urea(T3),6 cm deep application of urea(T4),and no fertilizer applied treatment(T5),to explore the impacts of different fertilizer applications on the yield,quality,aroma,photosynthetic efficiency,and several other physiological properties of aromatic rice.The results of the experiment showed that the different fertilizer treatments had significant effects on the yield and quality of aromatic rice.The yields of aromatic rice were significantly higher in the deep-fertilization treatments(T2 and T4)than broadcasting-fertilization treatments(T1 and T3).In addition,the yield of aromatic rice was 19.61%,20.03%,39.57% and 32.28% higher than T5 treatment under T2 and T4 treatments in 2022 and 2023,respectively.In terms of net leaf photosynthetic rate,deep fertilization treatments significantly increased the net photosynthetic efficiency of aroma rice leaves by 25.69%,15.95%,17.83% and 11.28% under T2 and T4 treatments in 2022 and 2023,respectively,compared with T5 treatment.Moreover,2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP)content,2-AP synthesis-related precursor contents,and major enzyme activities were increased in aromatic rice under the deep fertilization treatments.Compared to the T5 treatment,the 2-AP content was significantly increased in the T2 treatments,reaching 161.31,180.17 μg/kg in 2022 and 2023,respectively.Furthermore,a significant increase in precursor content and major enzyme activities were also observed under deep fertilization treatments.The contents of proline,pyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid and 1-pyrrolidine were increased by 9.90%,10.08%,4.38% and 8.13%,8.26%,6.06% under T2 treatment in 2022 and 2023,respectively.The activities of pyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid synthetase and proline dehydrogenase activities were enhanced by 8.72%,27.79%,5.52% and 30.91% under the T2 treatment in 2022 and 2023,respectively.In conclusion,the deep fertilization treatment was able to significantly increase the yield,quality,net photosynthetic rate of leaves and promote the biosynthesis of 2-AP in aromatic rice.
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Explore the effects of amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer on chlorophyll content and proportion of celery,and the regulation of gene expression related to chlorophyll metabolism,which provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer foliar fertilizer in the production of high-quality pigment-rich celery.The celery variety Ningqin 1 was sprayed with different concentrations of amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer,the contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in leaf blades and petioles were determined and analyzed,and the relative expression levels of genes related to chlorophyll metabolism were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR).The effects of amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer on chlorophyll accumulation and relative expression levels of related genes were related to the treatment concentration and leaf location.Treatment with 500 μL/L amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer increased the contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in leaf blades and petioles,and decreased the ratio of chlorophyll a/b in petioles.The expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes(AgHEMA,AgHEMB,AgCHLM,AgPOR and AgCAO)was induced,and the expression levels of degradation related genes(AgPAO and AgPPH)were significantly down-regulated.Treatment with 1 000 μL/L amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer inhibited chlorophyll accumulation to a certain extent,increased chlorophyll a/b ratio in leaf blades,and significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes related to chlorophyll synthesis and chlorophyll degradation AgPPH.The suitable concentration of amino acid type water-soluble fertilizer foliar fertilizer can improve the chlorophyll content of celery at seeding stage by regulating the expression level of genes related to chlorophyll metabolism.
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In order to explore the diurnal variation characteristics and influencing factors of surface CO2 and N2O emission fluxes in tobacco fields in central Henan under the management mode of continuous green manure incorporation,and to determine the optimal collection time of the two gases,in 2021,based on a long-term experiment in Maozhuang Science and Education Park of Henan Agricultural University,a 24-hour continuous dynamic observation was carried out by static dark box-gas chromatography every 30 days after tobacco seedlings were transplanted.The daily emission fluxes of CO2 and N2O in tobacco fields under nitrogen phosphorus potassium treatment(NPK)and NPK+planting and turning over ryegrass treatment(NPKG)were measured.The results showed that the tobacco field soil in central Henan was the source of CO2 and N2O emissions,and the emission trend was similar to the trajectory of atmospheric temperature change,which was high in day and low in night,and the average emission flux of day and night reached a significant difference level.The CO2 emission flux showed an inconspicuous bimodal pattern at 30 and 60 days after transplanting,and a single peak state of high day and low night at 90 days after transplanting.The N2O flux showed a single peak state of high day and low night.The CO2 and N2O emission fluxes of NPKG treatment were significantly higher than those of NPK treatment.The CO2 emission fluxes of three typical days were 90 d>60 d>30 d,and the N2O emission fluxes were 60 d>90 d>30 d.During the observation days,water-filled porosity of soil(WFPS) and 10 cm soil temperature jointly affected the emission rates of CO2 and N2O,and the 10 cm soil temperature was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the daily emission fluxes of CO2 and N2O.The correction coefficients of daily CO2 and N2O emission fluxes at 9:00 and 21:00 were the closest to 1,and there was no significant difference compared with the daily average emission flux.There was a significant positive correlation between CO2 flux and N2O flux.Within a certain range,the N2O flux increased linearly with the increase of CO2 flux.In summary,continuous green manure returning increased the surface CO2 and N2O emission flux of tobacco field,and the best collection time of CO2 and N2O was around 9:00 and 21:00.During the three sampling days of tobacco growth period,the surface CO2 emission flux of NPK treatment and NPKG treatment was the highest at 90 days after transplanting,followed by 60 days.The N2O emission flux was the highest at 60 days after transplanting,followed by 90 days.
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To investigate the effects of different dosages of biochemical fulvic acid (BFA) on the improvement of soda saline-alkali soil and the response mechanism of maize growth,a pot experiment was conducted using soda saline-alkali soil from Inner Mongolia as the test soil and maize Dongdan 181 as the test variety.Four BFA application rates were set as 0(CK),2(FA2),4(FA4),8 g/kg(FA8).Soil nutrients,microbial diversity,maize salt tolerance,biomass,and other indicators were measured.The results showed that compared to the CK,soil pH decreased with increasing BFA dosage.The soil available phosphorus content increased significantly after the application of BFA,but there was no significant difference among the three treatments of FA2,FA4 and FA8 at 30,62 and 80 days after sowing.Soil salinity increased with the increase of BFA dosage,with an increase of 23.30%—89.32%.Soil exchangeable potassium content increased with increasing BFA dosage,while exchangeable calcium content gradually decreased.The proportion of <0.053 mm silt and clay fractions in the soil decreased by 6.49,9.92 and 13.97 percentage points under FA2,FA4,and FA8 treatments,respectively,compared to the CK treatment.Meanwhile,the proportion of 0.053—0.250 mm aggregates increased by 5.90,8.99 and 13.75 percentage points,the proportion of 0.250—2.000 mm aggregates increased by 0.55,0.87 and 0.21 percentage points,while the proportion of >2.000 mm aggregates increased by 0.04,0.06 and 0.01 percentage points,respectively,under the FA2,FA4,and FA8 treatments relative to the CK.Soil microbial diversity was significantly higher than that of CK after the application of BFA,but the FA8 treatment was lower than the FA4 treatment.The Na+/K+ ratio in both shoots and roots of maize was lower under FA2 and FA4 treatments than under the CK treatment,while the FA8 treatment increased the Na+/K+ ratio in the shoots.Maize biomass significantly increased in the mid-to-late growth stages under FA2 and FA4 treatments,while biomass significantly decreased under the FA8 treatment.In summary,the application of 2 g/kg or 4 g/kg of biochemical fulvic acid can positively reduce the alkalinity of soda saline-alkali soil,increase the content of available phosphorus in the soil,improve soil structure,improve soil microbial diversity,and enhance maize salt tolerance and biomass.However,exceeding this dosage range will significantly increase soil salinity and inhibit maize growth.
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In order to investigate the effects of endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica on the rhizosphere microenvironment of tobacco,a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions,using Yunyan 87 as the experimental material to analyze its effects on tobacco root exudates,rhizosphere soil enzyme activities and bacterial diversity through non-targeted metabolomics,soil enzyme activity measurement,high-throughput sequencing,and microbial community functional prediction.The results showed that the P.indica successfully colonized in the roots of tobacco,increasing the content of 18 different root exudates,mainly including acids,esters,alcohols,terpenoids,and phenolic compounds,significantly enriching the metabolism pathways of L-phenylalanine,taurine and hypotaurine,and L-tryptophan.Compared to using sterile water as a control,P.indica increased the activities of urease,sucrase,and alkaline phosphatase in tobacco rhizosphere soil,with urease and sucrase activities reaching significant levels.P.indica increased the richness and diversity of bacterial communities in tobacco rhizosphere soil,with a significant increase in Chao1 index and Observed_otus index comparing with the control.This altered the bacterial community structure at the phylum and genus levels,and increased the relative abundance of dominant phyla of Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteriaota,as well as Pseudomonas and Gemmatimonas genera.It also increased the gene abundance involved in carbohydrate metabolism and translation pathways in rhizosphere soil bacteria,which had a certain impact on bacterial community function.It indicates that P.indica could improve the rhizosphere microecological environment of tobacco,providing a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of their promotion of tobacco growth and tobacco planting production.
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This study explored the relationship between cotton GhERF14 gene and Fusarium oxysporum pathogenicity,analyzed the molecular mechanism of F.oxysporum pathogenicity,and tentatively explored the response of cotton GhERF14 gene to Fusarium wilt disease and its regulatory effect on related resistance genes,to provides some theoretical basis for breeding new cotton cultivars resistant to wilt.Gene cloning and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)were used to construct the non-conserved domain interference vector pTRV2-GhERF14.Using Real-time fluorescence quantification(qRT-PCR)technology and VIGS technology,the expression characteristics of GhERF14 and downstream genes related to lignin,ethylene(ET),jasmonic acid(JA),salicylic acid(SA),antioxidant enzymes and disease progression-related protein(PR)were analyzed after F.oxysporum stress and hormone treatment,and the role of GhERF14 in the process of cotton disease resistance was analyzed.The results indicated that inhibition of GhERF14 gene expression could significantly reduce the synthesis of jasmonic acid(JA),salicylic acid(SA)and ethylene(ET)and the expression of genes related to the signaling pathway.After GhERF14 gene silencing by VIGS technology,cotton plants were more susceptible to Fusarium wilt.These results suggested that GhERF14 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction of F.oxysporum.
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In order to deeply explore the diversity of mycoviruses in Ustilaginoidea virens,this study used an abnormal strain Uv263 of U.virens isolated from diseased rice samples collected from Hainan Province as experimental material to identify potential mycoviruses in this strain,and analyze the relationship between the genome organization and function of mycoviruses.The results showed that strain Uv263 was infected by a novel mycovirus named Ustilaginoidea virens RNA virus 7 (UvRV7).UvRV7 was a double stranded RNA virus with 5 082 bp in total length and 60.29% GC content.UvRV7 encoded two large open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2),which encoded the coat protein (CP) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP),respectively.The BlastP comparison showed that the RdRP amino acid sequence of UvRV7 shared the highest similarity with that of Thelebolus microsporus totivirus 1,at 48.49%.The results of multiple alignment based on the amino acid sequence of UvRV7 RdRP showed that the RdRP sequence contained a total of eight conserved motifs,among which the most typical GDD motif in the RdRP conserved domain was identified in the Ⅵ motif.The phylogenetic analysis showed that UvRV7 was the most closely related to Thelebolus microsporus totivirus 1 and clustered with representative viruses of the genus Victorivirus in the family Totiviridae.The results of genome organization and evolutionary analyses both indicated that UvRV7 was a novel mycovirus in the genus Victorivirus.Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that UvRV7 formed a spherical viral particle of about 45 nm.Horizontal and vertical transmission experiments showed that UvRV7 could be efficiently transmitted vertically by conidia and efficiently transmitted horizontally between vegetatively compatible strains.Taken together,this study elucidated the genome organization and evolutionary relationships of the novel mycovirus UvRV7 in U.virens,and provided a potential biocontrol agent and theoretical basis for the biological control of rice false smut.
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To understand the changes in endogenous hormones and related gene expression levels after konjac infection with southern blight disease and reveal the main hormone pathways involved in konjac's response to southern blight disease,the ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was employed to detect the changes in the contents of phytohormone (auxin,abscisic acid,trans-zeatin nucleoside,jasmonic acid,and salicylic acid) in the three-month-old Amorphophallus muelleri,which was infected with southern blight disease for 0,1,3 and 6 days.Moreover,the gene expression levels of abscisic acid,jasmonic acid,and salicylic acid pathways was analyzed by Real-time Quantitative PCR.The results showed that southern blight disease caused changes in the levels of various endogenous hormones in konjac.The content of indole-3-acetic acid tended to increased and then decreased with the southern blight disease infection,while the content of indole-3-butyric acid showed tended to decrease;the content of trans-zeatin nucleoside significant decreased with the infection of southern blight disease;the content of abscisic acid showed a significant increase followed by a decrease with the infection of southern blight disease;the content of jasmonic acid metabolites and salicylic acid metabolites were significantly increased than the control group with the infection of southern blight disease.The content of jasmonic acid of konjac infected with southern blight disease 1,3,and 6 d was 2.31,2.31,and 5.08 times that of the control group,and the content of salicylic acid was 5.53,4.60,and 7.38 times that of the control group,respectively.Eight genes related to abscisic acid,jasmonic acid,and salicylic acid pathways were activated and participated in the response process of konjac to southern blight disease.The above results indicated that the endogenous hormone homeostasis was disrupted after konjac infection with southern blight disease,activated the expression of plant hormone pathway related genes,and jasmonic acid and salicylic acid might play an important role in konjac's resistance to southern blight disease.
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Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)is a post-transcriptional gene silencing technique widely used in plant gene function research.However,there are few reports on the establishment of a VIGS system for cabbage in China.The aim of this study was to establish a PCVA/PCVB-mediated gene silencing system using phytoene desaturase(PDS) as an effective visual indicator gene in cabbage.Cabbage,Chinese cabbage,and radish were used as plant materials.The PDS gene was silenced by constructing the PCVA-PDS vector.The PCVA/PCVB-PDS-GFP vector was then generated and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens,which was used to infect cabbage and tobacco epidermal cells via injection and to perform vacuum infiltration in cabbage seedlings.Real-time Quantitative PCR was used to study the applicability of the VIGS system in cabbage,and the system was also applied to another representative Brassicaceae crops-Chinese cabbage and radish.The results showed that green fluorescence could be observed on the cell membranes of cabbage and tobacco leaf cells after infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformed with PCVA/PCVB-PDS-GFP.After 14 d of vacuum infiltration in cabbage seedlings,photobleaching appeared on the new leaves,with the affected area gradually expanding.Real-time Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression of PDS homologous genes in the experimental groups decreased 3.2-fold and 1.7-fold compared to the control group,respectively.After infecting Chinese cabbage and radish seedlings,whitening of the leaf veins and some leaves was observed,along with some leaf curling.In conclusion,the photobleaching observed in cabbage leaves after PDS gene silencing demonstrates that the VIGS system effectively replicates and spreads within cabbage plants.The whitening of leaves in Chinese cabbage and radish also indicates that the VIGS system can be applied to other Brassicaceae crops,thus expanding the application scope of this silencing system.The establishment of the cabbage VIGS system provides a theoretical foundation for functional gene studies in Brassicaceae crops.
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In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the interaction between Bursaphelenchus doui and host plants,an FMRFamide-like neuropeptide gene,named Bd-FLP-12,was cloned from B.doui by using RACE-PCR technique in a specific cDNA library of the anterior end of B.doui.Further,the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of Bd-FLP-12 were analyzed using bioinformatics methods,the gene copy number was identified by Southern Blot,and the developmental expression pattern was investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.The Bd-FLP-12 gene encoded a protein of 90 amino acids with a mature peptide sequence of FLP-12 and a signal peptide sequence but no transmembrane structure,indicating that its encoded protein was a secretory protein.Southern Blot indicated that the Bd-FLP-12 gene was a single copy gene in the B.doui genome,and the RT-PCR result showed that the transcription level of Bd-FLP-12 was lower in the egg stage than in the other stages.In summary,the full-length sequence of the Bd-FLP-12 gene was cloned for the first time in B.doui,and the structure,nature and expression of the gene were characterized,which could serve as a foundation for further study of the gene function.
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Fat storage inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FITM2) plays an important role in regulating lipid storage and skeletal muscle energy metabolism.To scan the polymorphisms of the FITM2 gene in sheep and investigate its relationship with growth traits in Hu sheep,the experiment selected 1 128 healthy and disease-free,genetically well-documented Hu sheep as the experimental group,and used the FITM2 gene in sheep as the research object.First,the expression differences of the FITM2 gene in different tissues were analyzed using qPCR technology.Then,the genetic polymorphisms of the FITM2 gene in sheep were detected using PCR amplification,Sanger sequencing,and AQP (allele-specific quantitative PCR-based genotyping assay).Finally,the association between the genetic polymorphisms and growth traits was analyzed.The research results showed that the FITM2 gene was expressed in different tissues of Hu sheep,with the highest expression level in the tail fat and significantly higher than that in other tissues.The gene polymorphism detection results showed that there was a C>T mutation at position 72704027 in the first intron of the FITM2 gene.The results of correlation analysis showed that the 100,120 d body weight,140,160 d body height,80,120,140,160 d body length,and 100 d chest circumference of CC genotype individuals were significantly higher than those of TT genotype individuals.In summary,the FITM2 gene g.72704027 C>T mutation site in sheep can be used as a candidate molecular marker related to growth traits in Hu sheep,providing a theoretical basis for the genetic breeding work of Hu sheep.
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To investigate the function of tachykinin 3 receptor gene(TACR3)and the expression and distribution of its encoded product neurokinin B receptor(NK3R)in the oviduct and uterus of Ganjia Tibetan sheep,hypothalamus,oviduct and uterus tissues during estrous cycle and anestrus of Ganjia Tibetan sheep were taken as samples.The TACR3 gene coding sequence(CDS)was cloned by nested PCR.The biological function of TACR3 interacting proteins was predicted using STRING protein interaction database,Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG).Real-time Quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR),Western Blot and immunohistochemistry(IHC)were used to analyze the distribution and expression of TACR3 gene and NK3R in the oviduct and uterus during estrous cycle and anestrus of Ganjia Tibetan sheep.The results showed that the total length of the open reading frame of TACR3 gene in Ganjia Tibetan sheep was 1 395 bp,encoding 464 amino acids,and no signal peptide structure was found,with seven transmembrane structures.TACR3 may participate in biological processes such as neuropeptide signaling pathway,GnRH signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway.The NK3R protein encoded by TACR3 was mainly expressed in the mucosal epithelium,ciliary cells,secretory cells of oviduct,uterine glands and stromal cells of uterus.In oviduct,the expression level of TACR3 mRNA was the highest in the metestrus,and the expression level of NK3R protein was the highest in the estrus.The expression levels of TACR3 mRNA and protein in uterus were the highest in the metestrus.The results showed that TACR3 was conserved in animal evolution,and TACR3 mRNA and protein were expressed in oviduct and uterus tissues at different estrus periods,which may play an important role in the reproductive process of Ganjia Tibetan sheep.
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The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed mRNAs,miRNAs,and lncRNAs between different tail types of sheep in their tail fat tissues,and to construct a critical ceRNA(competing endogenous RNAs)regulatory network involved in the regulation of fat deposition in the tails of sheep.Three 2-year-old(24-month-old)Dorper sheep and three Tianjin large-tail sheep were randomly selected.Tail fat tissues were collected for H&E staining and whole transcriptome sequencing.Bioinformatics approaches were employed to screen for differentially expressed RNAs,predict target genes,and conduct functional enrichment analyses.The regulatory network and targeting relationships were further analyzed from the perspective of lipid deposition regulation.The results demonstrated that the tail fat cell area of Tianjin large-tail sheep was significantly larger than that of Dorper sheep.There were a total of 1 156 differentially expressed mRNAs between the tail fat tissues of Dorper sheep and Tianjin large-tail sheep(with 403 upregulated and 753 downregulated),72 differentially expressed miRNAs(46 upregulated and 26 downregulated),and 392 differentially expressed lncRNAs(142 upregulated and 250 downregulated).Additionally,216 target genes were predicted from the differentially expressed lncRNAs.These target genes were involved in biological processes related to lipid metabolism,such as the tetrahydrofolate metabolic process,GAIT complex,and coenzyme catabolic process,as well as signaling pathways like glycerolipid metabolism,biotin metabolism,fat digestion and absorption,and the phosphatidylinositol signaling system.The study successfully constructed a ceRNA network closely associated with sheep tail fat deposition by predicting the targeting relationships between differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs and miRNAs.Among them,24 lncRNAs and 6 miRNAs were predicted to regulate genes closely related to lipid metabolism,including PROX1,LPL,and LRP1B.In summary,PROX1,LPL,and LRP1B play a key role in the deposition of tail fat in sheep.This study predicts that four lncRNAs,including MSTRG.9916.7,positively regulate fat metabolism through PROX1,while MSTRG.7563.1 and MSTRG.4729.1 positively regulate fat metabolism through LPL.
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The aim of this study was to clone the silent mating type information regulator 2-related enzyme 7(SIRT7)gene,detect its expression pattern in different tissues and investigate its effect on milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of dairy goats.The results showed that by designing the primers of SIRT7 gene,the sequence of SIRT7 gene in dairy goat was successfully cloned,with 1 376 bp and a coding region of 1 203 bp,encoding 400 amino acids and showing the highest homology with sheep.SIRT7 was a hydrophilic protein,free of signal peptides and transmembrane structures,with secondary structures such as irregular coils,α-helices,extended chains and β-turns.The relative expression of SIRT7 gene was the highest in the liver tissues of dairy goats,and it also had certain expression levels in other tissues by qRT-PCR.The pcDNA3.1-SIRT7 overexpression vector was successfully constructed and transfected into mammary epithelial cells of dairy goats.Compared with the control group,the mRNA level of SIRT7 gene in the overexpression group was up-regulated about 33 times.After SIRT7 gene overexpression,the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1(SCD1)gene was significantly decreased,and the expression levels of cluster of differentiation 36(CD36),diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1(DGAT1),sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1)genes extremely significantly reduced.The content of triglyceride in cells was significantly decreased.The results of oil red O staining showed that the accumulation of lipid droplets around the nucleus was significantly reduced.Thus, SIRT7 gene inhibited lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells of dairy goats,which laid a foundation for further exploration of the regulatory mechanism of SIRT7 in mammary epithelial cells of dairy goats.
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The purpose of this study was to screen the candidate genes and key pathways related to traits at first laying through transcriptomic analysis of liver tissues on laying and non-laying Kangle yellow chickens,and to provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanisms of laying traits regulation in the liver of chickens.It also provides certain reference for the selection and breeding of Kangle yellow chickens.Three individuals of liver tissues at 154 days of age that had started laying (Group H) and had not started laying (Group L) were selected.Total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol method,and transcriptome sequencing was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform.Differentially expressed genes between the two groups were identified.The differentially expressed genes were subjected to functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction analysis.Nine candidate genes were randomly selected,and their expression levels were verified by qRT-PCR in the livers of the nine individuals.A total of 21 465 genes were detected to be expressed in the liver tissues,and a total of 227 differentially expressed genes were identified,among which 48 were up-regulated and 179 were down-regulated.The qRT-PCR validation results showed that the expression trends of nine genes in the two groups of individuals were basically consistent with the RNA-Seq results,and they showed a decreasing or increasing trend in the H,M(to be laid),and L three groups.Six candidate genes for the age at egg-laying trait were initially identified,namely VTG1,VTG2,VTG3,APOV1,RBP,and RNF186.The five crucial signaling pathways were fat digestion and absorption,cholesterol metabolism,ECM-receptor interaction,estrogen signaling pathway,D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism.Six genes and five key signaling pathways were preliminarily identified related to the traits at the first laying of Kangle yellow chicken.
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The aim of this study was to explore the reproductive adaptability of PEDV in porcine intestinal epithelial cells(IPEC-J2)and to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Polygonum cuspidatum water extract on it in vitro.The effects of different trypsin concentrations and different time on the activity of IPEC-J2 cells and the expression of PEDV N protein in cells were evaluated by cytotoxicity assay and Western Blot assay.The virus titer,PEDV N gene transcription level and N protein expression were detected by TCID50,Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR and Western Blot.The effect of water extract of P.cuspidatum on the proliferation activity of IPEC-J2 cells was detected by CCK-8 method.Further,the inhibitory effect of P.cuspidatum water extract on the expression of PEDV N gene and N protein was detected by Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR and Western Blot experiments,and the effect of P.cuspidatum water extract on each stage of PEDV life cycle was explored.The results showed that when the concentration of trypsin was 2 μg/mL,trypsin had no effect on the cells.At this time,PEDV showed the best reproductive adaptability and reached the highest virulence value after 36 h.When the concentration of P.cuspidatum water extract was lower than 100 μg/mL,there was no cytotoxicity at 12,24 h.The water extract of P.cuspidatum significantly inhibited the expression of N gene under Co-treatment and Post-treatment,and significantly inhibited the expression of PEDV N gene mRNA and N protein in a dose-dependent manner.The water extract of P.cuspidatum had a significant inhibitory effect on PEDV N gene mainly in the replication and proliferation stage of the virus life cycle,and had no significant inhibitory effect in other stages.In summary,2 μg/mL trypsin had the best adaptability to PEDV reproduction,and the water extract of P.cuspidatum had a significant inhibitory effect on PEDV in vitro,which mainly acted on the replication and value-added stage of PEDV life cycle.
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MAP3K7 is a member of the MAP3K family and plays an important role in fat differentiation,inflammation and tumorigenesis.However,its relationship with yak fat differentiation has not been reported,and its gene sequence is unknown,which restricts the related functional research.In order to obtain the conserved region sequence of yak MAP3K7 gene coding region (CDS),clarify its expression characteristics,and understand its expression level in different tissues of yak and its correlation with subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation of yak,the MAP3K7 gene of yak was cloned by RT-PCR and the biological characteristics were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the expression of MAP3K7 in 10 tissues of yak heart,liver,spleen,etc,and the expression of MAP3K7 gene and lipid differentiation-related genes in yak subcutaneous adipocytes at different differentiation stages.At the same time,combined with oil red O staining,the effect of MAP3K7 gene on the differentiation of yak subcutaneous preadipocytes was clarified.The results showed that the length of the CDS region of the cloned yak MAP3K7 gene was 1 740 bp,encoding 579 amino acids.Compared with the CDS region of the wild yak MAP3K7 predicted sequence,it was found that A>G at position 967,resulting in a mutation of Thr>Ala at position 323.The analysis of physical and chemical properties showed that the protein was a negatively charged hydrophilic acidic protein with 112 amino acid phosphorylation sites.Among its amino acid composition,serine accounted for the highest proportion.The secondary structure prediction showed that the content of random coil was the highest,which might interact with proteins such as TAB3.The results of nucleotide homology comparison and phylogenetic tree showed that yak MAP3K7 was highly conserved among ruminants,and had the highest homology and the closest evolutionary relationship with wild yak.Tissue quantitative detection showed that the expression of MAP3K7 in subcutaneous fat and visceral fat of yak was relatively low.During the differentiation of subcutaneous preadipocytes of yak,the expression of MAP3K7 was up-regulated with the increase of mature adipocytes,and then down-regulated after differentiation to a certain extent.In summary,MAP3K7 gene was highly expressed in the early stage of differentiation of yak subcutaneous preadipocytes to promote differentiation,but when the differentiation reached a certain level,the down-regulation of expression inhibited further differentiation.
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Hedgehog(Hh)signaling pathway plays an important role in the growth and development of various organisms,and Smoothened(Smo)protein,as a key receptor of Hh signaling pathway,is a core regulator of Hh signal transduction.In order to investigate the function of Smo protein and its regulatory mechanism in honey bees,and to deeply analyze the molecular mechanism of olfactory signal transduction in honey bees,the Smo protein was expressed and purified by using the Escherichia coli BL21 expression system,and the purified Smo protein was used as the antigen to immunize New Zealand white rabbits,and a polyclonal antibody against Smo protein with high activity and specificity was prepared.The expression localization of Smo protein in the antennae of Apis mellifera was further detected by immunofluorescence technique.The results showed that the recombinant Smo protein was enriched at 83.72 ku after induced expression in E.coli,which was consistent with the predicted molecular weight size,indicating that the induced expression was successful;the results of SDS-PAGE analysis showed that,after enrichment and purification,a high concentration of recombinant Smo protein eluate was obtained,indicating that the Smo protein was purified well.The results of ELISA assay showed that the antibody potency of the prepared Smo protein reached 1∶364 500,showing high immunoreactivity.Immunofluorescence showed that Smo protein was widely expressed in the antennae of western honey bees,especially in the hairy sensilla.The polyclonal antibody to Smo protein was successfully prepared with high purity,high potency and specificity,and the localization of Smo protein in the antennae of western honey bees was clarified.
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Bimonthly, Started in 1962
CN 13-1101/S
ISSN 1000-7091
CODEN: HHUOA6
Responsible Institution: Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Sponsored by: the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Association of Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Henan and Inner Mongolia.
Editor-in-chief: Qiang Zhang
Edited and Published by: Editorial Department of Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica
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