IQM(IQ-motif containing protein),a plant-specific calmodulin-binding protein,plays crucial roles in plant growth,development,and responses to various stresses.In order to study the characteristics and potential functions of the maize IQM gene family,bioinformatics approaches were used to identify IQM genes in the maize whole genome,and protein properties,phylogenetic relationship,gene structure,chromosome location,gene replication,cis-acting element,tissue-specific expression and expression patterns under various stresses were investigated.A total of 11 ZmIQMs genes were identified in the whole genome of maize,named ZmIQM1 to ZmIQM11 based on their chromosomal locations.ZmIQMs genes could be classified into three subfamilies,with genes within different subfamilies exhibiting similar structures.Segment duplication was found to play a major role in the amplification and evolution of the ZmIQMs gene family.Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of ZmIQMs gene contained multiple hormone and stress response elements.The expression pattern of ZmIQMs genes was investigated,and it was found that ZmIQMs genes had different expression patterns in different tissues,and the expression levels of several ZmIQMs genes were changed under different abiotic and biotic stresses.qRT-PCR results showed that under drought stress,the expression of ZmIQM3,ZmIQM4 and ZmIQM10 was up-regulated, and ZmIQM3,ZmIQM4,ZmIQM5,ZmIQM10 and ZmIQM11 responded to Cochliobolus heterostrophus infection.The results showed that ZmIQMs genes played an important role in stress response.
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STAT proteins are a class of transcription factors that play crucial roles in signal transduction and gene transcriptional activation.In plants,the expression of STAT genes are associated with abiotic stresses such as high temperature.To investigate whether maize STAT genes are involved in the response to high-temperature stress,two maize inbred lines,Zheng 58(tolerant to high-temperature stress)and PH6WC(sensitive to high temperature),were selected as materials.The plant tissues from five parts(root,stem,leaf,pollen,and filament)of plants grown under high-temperature and normal-temperature conditions were used for transcriptome sequencing.Based on the sequencing data,the structure of STAT genes,the physicochemical properties of the proteins encoded by STAT genes,and tissue-specific expression patterns of STAT genes under different temperatures and materials were analyzed.The results showed that two STAT genes were identified in maize,named Zm-STAT1 and Zm-STAT2.The protein encoded by Zm-STAT1 was hydrophobic,while that encoded by Zm-STAT2 was hydrophilic,both containing multiple functional and phosphorylation modification sites.Further expression analysis revealed that, with room temperature as the control, under high-temperature conditions, Zm-STAT1 gene was upregulated in the root of PH6WC and in the pollen and filament of Zheng 58, whereas Zm-STAT1 gene in the stem and leaf of PH6WC and Zm-STAT2 gene in the leaf of PH6WC were down-regulated expression. Under both temperature conditions,the expression level of Zm-STAT2 was significantly higher than that of Zm-STAT1 across all five tissues.Notably,Zm-STAT2 was induced by high temperature in root,stem,pollen,and filament in the heat-tolerant Zheng 58,suggesting that Zm-STAT2 gene was involved in high-temperature stress response.
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The ubiquitination pathway is one of the key signaling pathways in response to drought stress.In order to clarify the biological function of E3 ubiquitin ligase TaSINA101 gene in response to drought stress,the TaSINA61,TaSINA101 and TaSINA105 genes were cloned from JM47,an excellent drought-resistant wheat cultivar,and their sequence characteristics were analyzed by bioinformatics methods,and the expression levels of the three genes in wheat roots and leaves were detected by qRT-PCR under PEG-6000,NaCl,low temperature and ABA treatments.The heterologous expression of TaSINA101 in transgenic rice was used to analyze the biological function of TaSINA101 in response to drought stress.The results showed that the TaSINA61,TaSINA101 and TaSINA105 genes contained one intron and two exons,and the encoded proteins were composed of 282 amino acids.The qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that the expression of these three genes was induced by various abiotic stresses such as drought stress in roots and leaves.Phenotypic analysis of TaSINA101 transgenic rice under drought stress showed that the leaf fresh weight and dry weight, maximum root length, average root diameter and leaf relative water content of transgenic rice lines OE-1, OE-2 and OE-3 were significantly lower than those of wild type,while the relative conductivity of leaves of transgenic rice lines OE-1 and OE-2 was significantly higher than that of wild type.Therefore,TaSINA101 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in rice.This study provides a basis for in-depth analysis of the biological function of TaSINA101 gene in wheat.
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To explore the potential biological functions of HBD family members in the important cereal crop wheat,it first conducted a bioinformatic analysis of the HBD family members and their sequence characteristics in common hexaploid wheat.Subsequently,transcriptome and Real-time Quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)analyses were performed to assess their expression patterns and functions.The results identified a total of 90 wheat HBD genes,which contained between 2 and 18 exons and comprised 111 to 1 863 amino acids;they could be divided into six subgroups based on their evolutionary relationships.The tissue expression pattern results showed that most HBD genes were relatively highly expressed in the roots,stems,spikes,and grains of the plants,while their expression in leaves was relatively low,reflecting the diversity of their biological functions.The promoter regions of these HBD members contain 62 types of cis-acting elements,mainly involved in light and hormone regulatory elements that participated in stress responses.Different members of the HBD gene family responded to various abiotic stresses,including phosphorus,salinity,low temperature,high temperature,drought,and heat-drought synergistic stress.Among these,TaHBD23,TaHBD28,TaHBD67,TaHBD78,and TaHBD85 showed significant differential expression under various stresses,serving as important candidate genes for stress response.In response to biotic stress,the number of HBD family genes responding to Fusarium pseudograminearum and Pseudomonas translucens was fewer than those responding to F.graminearum, suggesting their critical role in the response to F. graminearum resistance.Further research on the transcriptome data from wheat Bobwhite materials infected with F.graminearum and treated with water identified 41 HBD genes with significantly changed expression levels.Among them,10 genes overlapped with the database,and quantitative analysis was consistent with the trends in transcriptome data,indicating that TaHBD28/17,TaHBD67,and TaHBD90/84 negatively responded to Fusarium head blight,while TaHBD39/37,TaHBD45,and TaHBD68/79 positively responded to Fusarium head blight.
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Chalcone synthase(CHS)is the initial and crucial enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway,responsible for the synthesizing of metabolites such as flavones,flavonols,isoflavones,and anthocyanins,which play a vital role in enhancing plant stress resistance.In order to explore the role of CHS genes in the drought stress response of oat seedlings,it identified a CHS gene from the full-length transcriptome data of oats,named AsCHS.Gene cloning,bioinformatics analysis,subcellular localization,and expression pattern analysis were conducted.The results showed that the AsCHS gene encoded a protein composed of 398 amino acids and had a CHS family-specific tag sequence.This protein was hydrophobic and unstable.It was a non-transmembrane protein and was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm.Secondary structure prediction showed that AsCHS was mainly composed of α-helices and random coils.The analysis of the cis-acting elements within the promoter region revealed that the gene contained cis-elements associated with drought stress response and multiple hormone signaling pathways.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that AsCHS was closely related to its counterparts in Lolium perenne,Poa annua,and Deschampsia antarctica.Subcellular localization indicated that the AsCHS protein was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm.Compared with the control group,the expression pattern of AsCHS in oat seedlings under drought stress changed from fluctuating expression to incremental expression with different germination time,shifting from the highest expression level in roots to the highest in leaves,with significant differences observed in leaves expression.It laid a foundation for elucidating the function of AsCHS in the drought stress response of oats.
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In order to cultivate good quality rice,it utilized 139 rice germplasm resources from home and abroad as materials to analyze the total protein content of rice grains in 2022-2023,combined with 255 501 SNP markers obtained from whole-genome sequencing(depth of coverage of 10×),and performed genome-wide linkage analysis by using a general linear model to avoid the influence of false positives to select the genes with the highest thresholds for haplotype analysis.The genes related to the total protein content of rice grains were predicted based on the results of previous studies and gene function annotation,and the relative expression of the predicted genes was analyzed by Real-time Fluorescence PCR.The results showed that the total protein content of 139 rice seeds belonged to moderate variation,with coefficients of variation of 21.66% and 20.65%,respectively,which conformed to the normal distribution.Through genome-wide association analysis,a total of 55 significant SNPs were obtained in both environments,distributed on chromosomes 1,2,4,5,6,8,11,and 12,of which 16 consecutive and with upstream and downstream intervals of no more than 100 kb SNPs were distributed on chromosome 11.Further haplotype analysis of genes with strong correlation between the upstream and downstream intervals within 50 kb(±50 kb)of the loci of significant SNPs on chromosome 11 was conducted,combined with the results of functional annotation of the genes and the analysis of the relative expression of the seed grain at the irrigating stage,we preliminarily hypothesized that LOC_Os11g08460 was associated with the total protein content of the seed grain of rice,which encodes the Dnak/Hsp70s protein family.In conclusion,candidate gene prediction and haplotype analysis of total protein content of 139 rice germplasm resources using genome-wide association analysis can provide new genes for genetic improvement of rice quality and accelerate the process of rice improvement.
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Soybean mosaic virus(SMV)disease can cause significant yield losses and quality deterioration in soybeans,and breeding resistant cultivars remains the only effective strategy for SMV control.Identifying the functional genes associated with SMV resistance provides essential genetic resources for developing resistant varieties.Six MATE candidate genes involved in SMV resistance were identified using a near-isogenic line(NIL)of the qTsmv-3 locus and a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant.A total of 128 MATE family genes were predicted in the soybean genome,which were classified into five subfamilies.Notably,all six MATE candidate genes located at the qTsmv-3 locus clustered within subfamily Ⅰ,exhibiting significant differences in expression levels and tissue specificity based on public data.Among them,Glyma.03G005600 showed the highest expression in aerial tissues(leaves and stems),while Glyma.03G005800 was predominantly expressed in underground tissues(roots and nodules).Following SMV inoculation,the resistant NIL(#NIL-NC)exhibited a 70% reduction in viral accumulation compared with the susceptible line(#NIL-SMC).Concurrently,the expression levels of GmICS1 and GmPR1,key genes in the salicylic acid(SA)-mediated defense pathway,were upregulated by 2.40,15.16 folds,respectively,in #NIL-NC,indicating that qTsmv-3 confers resistance through SA-dependent signaling.Among the 6 MATE candidate genes,only Glyma.03G005300 and Glyma.03G005600 displayed significant differential expression between NILs,which were down-regulated by 61.0% and 82.1%,respectively.Considering their expression patterns and responses to SMV infection,Glyma.03G005600 was identified as the most promising candidate gene for qTsmv-3.Further,the expression of GmICS1 and GmPR1 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana(OE_MATE),which carrying Glyma.03G005600,was significantly up-regulated by 4.22,9.12 folds compared with that of wild type(WT)after UV-B stress.These results strongly indicated that Glyma.03G005600 could significantly enhance or affect the expression of genes in salicylic acid signaling pathway,and preliminarily confirmed that Glyma.03G005600 was a key regulatory gene for qTsmv-3 locus.In all,the results laid a foundation for cloning the key genes regulating SMV resistance and provided gene resources for genetic improvement of SMV resistance in soybean.
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To clarify the effect of short-day photoperiod induction on the metabolic material changes in adzuki bean leaves,the late maturing variety Jihong 16 was used,and 10 h light /14 h dark short-day photoperiod induction was set.The group(10h14d)of short-day photoperiod induction and control group(CK)were studied using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The results demonstrated that a total of 128 significantly differential metabolites were obtained by quantitative testing(103 substances were up-regulated and 25 substances were down-regulated),including 11 metabolites,such as flavonoids,amino acids and derivatives,organic acids,phenolic acids etc,the number(proportion)were 49(38.28%),26(20.31%),12(9.38%),10(7.81%),all above 10%.KEGG enrichment analysis found that 128 metabolic substances were enriched in 49 metabolic pathways.Moreover,significant differential top 20 metabolic pathways were mainly enriched in glucosinolate biosynthesis,aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis,2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism,isoflavonoid biosynthesis,cyanoamino acid metabolism,biosynthesis of amino acids,flavonoid biosynthesis etc.Among the top 10 metabolic pathways with a proportion greater than 10%,the enriched metabolites were mainly acids and ketones.Moreover,most of these metabolites were upregulated.In summary,ketone and acid-related metabolites are considered to be main metabolites in response to short-day photoperiod induction.This provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the planting structure and improving the yield and quality of adzuki bean.
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Microtubules and microtubule-binding proteins in cotton fibroblasts play an important role in regulating intracellular material transport and morphogenesis.The TOG domain is an important functional component of several protein families that regulate microtubule dynamics,and CLASPs are a unique class of microtubule-binding proteins in plants,whose expression is very important for the dynamic adjustment and functional exercise of microtubules.In order to study the relationship between Togaram1 gene and cotton fiber development and fiber quality formation,GhTogaram1 and GbTogaram1 genes were cloned from upland cotton Line 9 and sea island cotton Xinhai 16,and their bioinformatics analysis was conducted.Meanwhile,qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of Togaram1 gene in different materials and different fiber development stages.The results showed that the total length of CDS sequence of GhTogaram1 and GbTogaram1 was 918 bp,which encoded 305 amino acids,but there were nucleotide and amino acid sequence differences between upland cotton and sea island cotton.Bioinformatics analysis showed that Togaram1 protein was a hydrophilic protein with TOG domain and CLASP-N-terminal domain,and was localized in the nucleus.The phylogenetic tree and multiple sequence comparison showed that GhTogaram1 and Gossypium barbadense belonged to the same cladisticbranch,the similarity was 99.34%,and the closest relation was Gossypium mustelinum.The results of qRT-PCR showed that the relative expression levels of Togaram1 gene were significantly different at different stages of fiber development(0,5,25 d)between the two materials.In addition,there were significant differences in the fiber development at 5 and 10 d of Togaram1 gene in the extreme offspring of the HL population,and the expression level of HL-78 was the highest in the short fiber line.In conclusion,Togaram1 gene was predominantly expressed in the fibers of different cotton materials 5 d after flowering,indicating that Togaram1 gene may play a role in cotton fiber elongation.With the increase of flowering days,the expression of Togaram1 gene decreased,which may be due to the influence of brassinsterol.The preliminary functional verification of Togaram1 gene in cotton fiber laid a foundation for the subsequent study of Togaram1 gene in cotton fiber development.
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To improve the growth,yield,and quality of cantaloupe under extreme high temperature weather in Turpan,Xinjiang,the effects of spraying prohexadione-calcium(PCa)on the physiological growth of cantaloupe under high temperature stress were investigated,distilled water(CK)and PCa with concentrations of 20(PCa1),50(PCa2),100(PCa3),150 mg/L(PCa4)were sprayed on cantaloupe leaves.Through comprehensive analysis of indicators such as photosynthesis,reactive oxygen species content,antioxidant enzymes,antioxidant substances,vine length,stem thickness,yield,and quality of cantaloupe under high temperature stress,the optimal concentration of PCa suitable for foliar spraying of cantaloupe in the region was found.The results showed that as the concentration of PCa increased,the chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b, $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$,H2O2,and stem diameter of cantaloupe gradually increased at different stages,with increases of 9.25%-36.29%,4.25%-49.92%,21.45%-334.55%,5.36%-109.41%,and 2.33%-20.69% compared to CK,respectively;and MDA gradually decreased,with a decrease of 7.37%-48.83% compared to CK,respectively.Spraying PCa increased photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species in cantaloupe under high temperature stress,reducing the damage of high temperature to cantaloupe biofilm.PCa1,PCa2,and PCa3 treatments increased the levels of soluble protein,soluble sugar,PRO,SOD,POD,AsA,GSH,yield,soluble solids content,and soluble sugar content of the fruit in cantaloupe under high temperature stress compared to CK.Among the three treatments,PCa2 treatment showed better performance in terms of various indicators.Spraying PCa at an appropriate concentration significantly improved the osmotic regulation substances,antioxidant enzymes,antioxidant substances,and yield and quality of cantaloupe under high temperature stress,enhanced its heat resistance,and achieved increased yield and quality of cantaloupe.Although PCa4 treatment increased the yield of cantaloupe,it reduced the content of soluble solids and soluble sugars in the fruit.High concentrations of PCa delayed the growth of cantaloupe and affected its quality at harvest.Therefore,PCa2 treatment in production is the best treatment to achieve heat resistance,yield increase,and quality improvement of cantaloupe under high temperature stress.It is recommended that the optimal concentration for spraying PCa in this area is 50 mg/L.
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The effects of tillage depth and organic fertilizer rates on photosynthetic characteristics,yield formation,and economic benefits of wheat were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for fluvo-aquic soil or similar soil types.The two-factor split-plot field experiment was conducted in the typical fluvo-aquic soil area of Qihe County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province from 2022 to 2024,where the tillage depth 15-20 cm(D1)and tillage depth 30-35 cm(D2)were assigned to the main plots,and the organic fertilizer rates of 800(L),1 200(M),and 1 600 kg/ha(H)were assigned to the subplots.The photosynthetic characteristics,aboveground dry matter accumulation characteristics and yield composition,in wheat were tested in fluvo-aquic soil under different tillage depths and organic fertilizer rates.Both D2M and D2H treatments were beneficial to improve the yield and yield components of wheat,and the spike number,kernels per spike,1000-grain weight,and grain yield significantly increased by 5.5%-8.5%,3.5%-12.1%,6.7%-13.2% and 6.6%-12.8%,compared with other treatments,respectively.D2M and D2H treatments also stabilized or increased the above-ground dry matter accumulation at jointing,anthesis,and maturity stages by improving the above-ground dry matter accumulation rate at each growth stage,which was 9.0%-22.1%,8.9%-25.8% and 10.7%-24.3% higher than averaged across the two years of other treatments,respectively.Compared with D1,D2 was more conducive to promoting the effect of organic fertilizer on the SPAD of leaves at different growth stages.Under D2M and D2H treatments,higher chlorophyll content could be maintained from the mid- to late-filling stages.Under M and H organic fertilizer application rates,the Pn of leaves at different growth stages of D2 was significantly higher than that of D1.At jointing,booting,flowering,mid-filling,and late-filling stages,on average over the two years,D2M and D2H increased significantly by 12.0% to 16.7%,13.7% to 16.8%,13.8% to 19.7%,20.2% to 25.8%,and 24.6% to 44.8%,respectively,compared with D1M and D1H.Under the same organic fertilizer application rates,the difference in leaf LAI between the two tillage depths gradually increased with the progression of the growth process.D2M and D2H performed best at anthesis and mid-filling stages,increasing by 13.2% to 27.2%,and 13.4% to 29.4%,respectively,compared with other treatments on average over the two years.In conclusion,both D2M and D2H treatments could enhance the photosynthetic characteristics of plants and the above-ground dry matter accumulation ability,thereby optimizing the yield components and achieving the drastically improvement of wheat yield.However,there were no significant differences in the indices between D2M and D2H treatments.Therefore,considering resource conservation,this study suggests that the combination of a tillage depth of 30-35 cm and an organic fertilizer application rate of 1 200 kg/ha can achieve wheat high yielding.
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This study investigated the impacts of drought on the agronomic,physiological,and biochemical characteristics of peanuts developed a classification methodology for drought resistance,screened the varieties of peanut with drought resistant.Agronomic traits of 27 peanut germplasms under drought stress were measured 30 days after sowing,and drought resistance was graded by correlation analysis,principal component analysis,cluster analysis,and membership function method.Drought-resistant peanut JNH3,intermediate L231,and drought-sensitive L236 were selected for determination of physiological and biochemical indexes and microstructure observation,and different drought-resistant peanut germplasms were identified.The results showed that after drought treatment,the decrease in main stem height ranged from 2.26% to 34.06%,the length of first branches decreased from 1.11% to 57.20%,the main stem base coarse decreased from 1.54% to 38.36%,and the root-shoot ratio decreased from 65.01% to 92.83% under different environments.According to the comprehensive weighted membership function,peanut materials were grouped into three types:drought-resistant,intermediate,and drought-sensitive.Among them, the above-mentioned traits of the intermediate type and the drought-sensitive type peanuts reached a significant level compared with the control. Under drought stress,ROS in functional leaves of peanut increased,and different expressions of ROS were found by NBT and DAB staining,among which NBT and DAB staining were JNH3,L231,and L236 from light to deep,conforming to the classification of drought resistance type.Compared with the control,the POD activity of JNH3,L231,and L236 increased by 42.71%,26.04% and 20.59% respectively,among different varieties,and CAT activity trend was consistent with the above.The SOD activity of JNH3,L231,and L236 increased by 48.01%,63.49% and 73.15% respectively,among different varieties,and the MDA activity trend was consistent with the above.The proline content of JNH3,L231,and L236 was increased by 1.1,1.07 and 1.03 times,and the soluble sugar content of JNH3,L231,and L236 was increased by 44.06%,31.54%,and 38.62% respectively,among different varieties.Under drought stress,peanut root growth was limited,the total root length and total root area were significantly reduced,the root tip cells were partially necrosis,and the degrees were shallow to deep in JNH3,L231,and L236 respectively.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between calcium uptake,indoleacetic acid(IAA)and organic acid metabolism during the development and ripening of Cerasus humilis fruits,in order to provide a basis for further research and applications of Cerasus humilis.The high calcium and low calcium Cerasus humilis fruits from Inner Mongolia were taken as the experimental materials.Samples were taken at different stages of fruit development and ripening,including the young fruit stage(S1),hard kernel stage(S2),coloring and enlargement stage(S3),hard ripening stage(S4),and fully ripe stage(S5),this study investigated the changes of calcium uptake capacity,IAA,and organic acid metabolism,and carried out correlation analysis.The results indicated that the uptake capacity of water-soluble calcium continuously increased throughout the development and ripening of Cerasus humilis fruits,with a marked rise in uptake activity,uptake rate,and uptake amount at the fully ripe stage;the uptake capacity of calcium pectin was higher from the young fruit stage to hard kernel stage but declined in the later stages of fruit development,with a significant reduction in uptake activity,uptake rate,and uptake amount at the fully ripe stage;the uptake capacity for active calcium and total calcium followed trends similar to those observed for calcium pectin.During fruit development and ripening,the IAA content in Cerasus humilis fruits showed a pattern of initially increasing and then decreasing,with significantly higher levels during the the young fruit stage and hard kernel stage compared to other stages.The activity of NAD-MDH,as well as malic acid content and organic acid total content,generally increased,peaking at the hard ripening stage.The activity of NADP-ME declined overall,while citric acid content increased initially and then decreased,reaching its highest point at the hard kernel stage.Correlation analysis revealed varying degrees of correlation between IAA content,organic acid metabolism indicators,and the uptake capacity of different calcium forms in high-calcium and low-calcium Cerasus humilis fruits.Specifically,IAA content was positively correlated with the uptake capacity of total calcium;the activity of NAD-MDH,malic acid content,and organic acid total content was negatively correlated with total calcium uptake capacity;while the activity of NADP-ME and citric acid content was positively correlated with total calcium uptake capacity.During the development and ripening of Cerasus humilis fruits,calcium uptake is associated with IAA content and organic acid metabolism.High levels of IAA and citric acid contents during the early stages of fruit development significantly promote calcium uptake,whereas enhanced malic acid synthesis and metabolism in the later stages of fruit development inhibits calcium uptake.
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The effects of different nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement measures on ammonia volatilization and crop yield in fluvo-aquic soil of wheat-maize rotation system were studied to provide guidance for rational fertilization and agricultural environmental protection.A long-term nitrogen reduction was carried out since 2016 at the experimental station of Xuchang fluvo-aquic soil area in Henan Province.No nitrogen fertilizer control(CK),conventional nitrogen fertilizer(100N),20% nitrogen reduction(80N),and 20% nitrogen reduction combined with straw returning(80NS),nitrification inhibitor(80NI),and biochar(80NB)were set up.The soil physical and chemical properties,annual ammonia volatilization characteristics and wheat and maize yield of different treatments were studied from 2021 to 2022.In the wheat season,the pH value of 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments was significantly higher than that of 100N treatment.The organic matter content significantly increased, while the soil bulk density significantly decreased in the 80NS and 80NB treatments, compared with the 80N and CK treatments, respectively. At the base fertilizer stage of wheat,the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments was significantly lower than that of 100N by 28.71%,35.61% and 22.99%,respectively.During the topdressing stage of wheat season,the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS and 80NB treatments was significantly lower than that of 100N by 14.94% and 17.58%,respectively.The ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS and 80NI treatments was significantly increased by 22.27% and 27.69% compared with 80N.During the whole growth period of wheat,the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in different nitrogen treatments accounted for 1.31%-2.47% of the nitrogen application rate,showing 100N> 80NB> 80NS> 80NI> 80N.In the maize season,compared with the accumulation of ammonia volatilization under 100N treatment,80N and 80NS treatments significantly decreased by 37.14% and 29.63%,respectively,and 80NI treatment significantly increased by 60.83%.Compared with 80N treatment,the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in 80NI and 80NB treatments increased significantly by 155.79% and 44.05%.The accumulation of ammonia volatilization in maize growth period accounted for 5.81%-14.86% of nitrogen application rate,showing 80NI> 100N> 80NB> 80NS> 80N.The wheat yield results indicated that compared with 100N treatment,80N treatment significantly reduced the yield by 16.67%,while 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments did not significantly reduce the yield.Maize yield data showed that there was no significant difference between 100N treatment and four nitrogen reduction treatments.In summary,the application of nitrification inhibitors,straw and biochar on the basis of reducing nitrogen by 20% in the experimental fluvo-aquic soil can effectively improve soil fertility and stabilize crop yield.However,nitrification inhibitors and biochar significantly increase the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in maize season,which needs special attention in actual production.
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To explore the effects of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen uptake and translocation characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and the formation mechanisms of yield and quality in soft wheat under weak light stress during the after anthesis stage,under pot conditions,the soft wheat variety Quanmai 725(QM725)was used as the material,and the 15N tracer method was used.Two nitrogen rates were set in the experiment,namely N1(N 120 kg/ha),N2(N 180 kg/ha),and two shading treatments were set at the wheat filling stage(7-35 d after anthesis)under each nitrogen application rate,namely CK(no shading),SH(30% shading).The relationship between nitrogen application rate and grain yield and quality of soft wheat under weak light after anthesis was analyzed,and the effects of different nitrogen application rates on nitrogen accumulation,transport,grain yield and quality of soft wheat under weak light after anthesis were studied.The results showed that compared with the control,under the conditions of N1 and N2,the nitrogen accumulation of plants at flowering stage and vegetative organs at maturity stage was significantly reduced by weak light treatment after anthesis,and the proportion of nitrogen from fertiliser was significantly higher than that from soil nitrogen,while the proportion of nitrogen accumulation in grains at maturity stage from soil nitrogen was significantly higher than that from fertiliser nitrogen.Under the same nitrogen application rate,the proportion of basal nitrogen fertiliser was greater than that of topdressing nitrogen fertiliser.Under the same weak light treatment conditions,compared with N1,N2 increased the accumulation of fertiliser nitrogen at flowering stage,the accumulation of total nitrogen and fertiliser nitrogen at maturity stage,and the accumulation of total nitrogen,fertiliser nitrogen and soil nitrogen at maturity stage.Under N1 and N2 treatments,the nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen production efficiency,grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and grain yield of wheat decreased significantly with the decrease of light intensity after anthesis.The content and accumulation of protein and starch in soft wheat grains increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer.However,under the same nitrogen application rate,weak light stress reduced the starch content,protein and starch accumulation in grains.Weak light stress after anthesis significantly affected the nitrogen accumulation of soft wheat plants,reduced the transport efficiency of storage substances from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis,resulting in a decrease in the contribution rate of vegetative organs to grains,which was not conducive to the overall nitrogen transport efficiency of plants.With the increase of nitrogen application rate,the nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat were significantly improved.Under the same nitrogen application rate of N1 and N2,after anthesis weak light stress significantly reduced the accumulation of protein and starch in soft wheat grains,which in turn affected the formation of grain weight,resulting in a decrease in yield.
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The effects of castor cake meal fertilizer on soil fertility and peanut yield and quality were studied.Using the peanut variety Silihong in Northeast China as the experimental material,a two-year field positioning experiment(2022 and 2023)was carried out,with no fertilization(CK),castor cake meal fertilizer(B1:2 520 kg/ha,B2:5 040 kg/ha,B3:10 080 kg/ha),chemical fertilizer(F1:175 kg/ha,F2:350 kg/ha,F3:700 kg/ha),cow manure(N1:3 724 kg/ha,N2:7 448 kg/ha,N3:14 896 kg/ha).A total of 10 treatments were used to analyze the effects on soil fertility and peanut yield and quality.The results showed that the application of castor cake meal fertilizer in 2022 and 2023 could improve soil nutrients to varying degrees.B3 treatment could significantly reduce soil pH value,and the effect of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,basic phosphorus,and available potassium content were the best.Compared with CK,the average increase was 67.58%,64.56%,70.55%,11.33%,75.76%,149.97% and 116.84%,respectively.Compared with CK,chemical fertilizer and cow manure made soil organic carbon,total phosphorus and basic phosphorus content increase by an average of 5.94% and 11.48%,16.67% and 16.67%,33.35% and 23.94%,respectively.The full fruit weight per plant,100 fruit weight,100 grains weight of peanut with B3 treatment were better than that treated with chemical fertilizer and cow manure,which increased by an average of 105.43%,127.91%,19.54% and 22.75%,16.79%,24.17%,respectively.B3 treatment had the highest peanut yield,which was 1 876.22 kg/ha higher in 2023 than 2022.B1 treatment increased the contents of peanut fat and oleic acid and decreased the content of linoleic acid and palmitic acid,compared with CK,the content of peanut fat and oleic acid increased by 6.07 and 4.23 percentage points,and the contents of linoleic acid and palmitic acid decreased by 1.79 and 0.89 percentage points.The contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were positively correlated with peanut fat content.The contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were significantly positively correlated with peanut yield.In conclusion,castor cake meal fertilizer could improve soil,increase peanut yield and quality.
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To elucidate the distribution characteristics and evolution patterns of total nitrogen(TN)and hydrolytic nitrogen(HN)in irrigated desert soil profiles under long-term fertilization regimes,and to explore effective strategies for enhancing soil fertility and rational fertilization,it utilized soil samples(0-200 cm depth)collected in 2003 and 2022 from a long-term fertilization experiment established in 1982.TN and HN contents were measured across soil profiles,and their dynamic changes in the topsoil after 1,10,20,30,and 40 a of different fertilization treatments were analyzed.The results indicated that TN and HN contents gradually decreased with soil depth increasing under all fertilization regimes.Long-term combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers significantly increased TN content in surface soil.At the same time,treatments incorporating organic manure exhibited notably higher HN content in surface soil compared to those without organic inputs.Prolonged sole nitrogen fertilization led to TN profiles similar to those observed in unfertilized control plots.A significant positive correlation was identified between HN and TN across all fertilization regimes.Specifically,every 1.00 g/kg increase in TN under organic-amended treatments corresponded to a 71.57 mg/kg increase in HN.The findings demonstrate that long-term integrated organic-inorganic fertilization significantly enhances both TN and HN contents,thereby improving soil nitrogen fertility.Conversely,nitrogen depletion or excessive nitrogen-only applications reduced soil nitrogen fertility.These results highlight that combined organic and inorganic fertilization represents an effective approach for soil fertility improvement in irrigated desert soil regions.
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To study the effect of silicon fertilizer on the coupled process of methane (CH4) anaerobic oxidation and nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction in warming paddy fields,it could provide scientific evidence for exploring new ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields.Four field treatments were set up,including no silicon application at ambient nighttime temperature (CK),no silicon application at nighttime warming (NW),silicon application at ambient nighttime temperature (Si),and silicon application at nighttime warming (NW+Si).Surface soils were collected of above-mentioned treatments,and were conducted anaerobic cultivation under different gas (13CH4,13CH4+N2O,N2O) addition conditions.Using isotope labeling method combined with quantitative PCR technology,it aimed to study the effect of warming and silicon application on the CH4 anaerobic oxidation driven by N2O reduction in paddy fields.The CH4 oxidation rate driven by N2O reduction in NW paddy fields was 3.99 nmol/(g·d),which was not significantly different from that in CK paddy fields;the CH4 oxidation rate in Si paddy fields was only 1.90 nmol/(g·d),significantly lower than that in CK and NW+Si paddy fields.This indicated that silicon application had an inhibitory effect on the coupling process of CH4 anaerobic oxidation and N2O reduction in paddy fields at ambient temperature,while nighttime warming had no significant effect on this process.Under the addition of 13CH4+N2O treatment,the number of mcrA genes in four paddy fields reached 3.53×107-8.19×107 copies/g,which was 24%-35% higher than that in the 13CH4 treatment.However,there was no difference in the anaerobic pmoA gene between these two treatments,indicating that the anaerobic oxidizing archaea M.nitroreducens might directly participate in the coupling process of 13CH4 oxidation and N2O reduction.The copy number of nosZ Ⅱ gene was significantly positively correlated with CH4 oxidation rate driven by N2O reduction,indicating that nosZ Ⅱ microorganisms might play an important role in this CH4 oxidation process.Unlike paddy fields at ambient temperature,silicon application had no inhibitory effect on the coupled process of CH4 anaerobic oxidation and N2O reduction in paddy fields with nighttime warming.The CH4 anaerobic oxidating archaea M.nitroreducens and nosZ Ⅱtype N2O reducing bacteria may be involved in this coupling process.
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Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a devastating fungal disease that seriously threatens the safety of wheat production.Marker-assisted selection(MAS)and pyramiding of resistance genes represent efficient strategies for FHB-resistant breeding.To establish a high-throughput screening system for FHB resistance genes and enhance wheat resistance in Sichuan Province,we performed genome-wide genotyping using a 100K SNP array on 14 Sichuan wheat varieties(lines)along with three FHB-resistant genetic materials.Based on the reported genetic linkage intervals of major FHB resistance genes(Fhb2,Fhb4,Fhb5),we identified SNPs co-segregating with Fhb5 or linked to Fhb2,Fhb4,and subsequently developed kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Results showed that the genetic relationship of 17 wheat varieties(lines)could be clustered into two major groups:two northern wheat-derived resistant materials(NMAS070 and NMAS069)formed an independent cluster distinct from the Sichuan varieties(lines)while the remaining 15 varieties(lines)were clustered together and subdivided into two subgroups.Functional gene profiling revealed FHB-resistant parents carried superior resistance loci,whereas agronomic parents harbored favorable alleles for yield and quality traits.Through SNP screening,we identified 8 critical SNPs within the linkage intervals of Fhb2,Fhb4 and the co-segregation region of Fhb5.These SNPs enabled the successful development of 4,2,and 2 high-specificity KASP marker systems for Fhb2,Fhb4 and Fhb5,respectively.Validation experiments confirmed all KASP markers achieved precise genotyping and were effectively implemented in molecular breeding for FHB-resistance.This study established a high-efficiency KASP marker system for Fhb2,Fhb4 and Fhb5,providing a robust technical platform for improving FHB resistance breeding of wheat varieties in Southwest China.
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Wheat stripe rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,is a major disease that severely threatens China's food security.Urediniospores are key agents for the reproduction,dissemination,and infection of the pathogen,but the regulatory mechanisms of sporulation-related genes remain unclear.This study aims to screen and validate the function of the candidate gene PsCON6,which is highly expressed during the early infection stage of P.striiformis,to provide new insights into its pathogenic mechanisms.The PsCON6 gene was obtained from P.striiformis via homologous cloning,and its expression pattern during early infection was analyzed using qRT-PCR.Bioinformatics technology analysis of the amino acid sequence,conserved domains and physicochemical properties of the PsCON6 protein.Barley Stripe mosaic virus host-induced gene silencing(BSMV-HIGS)was used to transiently silence PsCON6,followed by measurements of host reactive oxygen species accumulation,fungal hyphal length and area,and pathogen biomass.Subcellular localization of PsCON6 was determined through transient expression assays.PsCON6 was significantly upregulated during the early infection stage of P.striiformis.The encoded protein contained two conserved conidiation-specific protein 6 domains and consisted of 83 amino acids.After HIGS-mediated silencing of PsCON6,the level of reactive oxygen species in the host significantly increased,while the length and area of the fungal hyphae significantly decreased,whereas urediniospore production remained unaffected.Subcellular localization revealed that PsCON6 was localized to the cell membrane.PsCON6 likely participates in regulating hyphal growth in P.striiformis but does not directly influence urediniospore formation,suggesting potential functional redundancy.The research findings provide new targets for revealing the pathogenic mechanism of wheat stripe rust and lay the foundation for further in-depth analysis of its molecular mechanisms.
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The purport was to identify the black rot pathogen of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) and screen highly effective biocontrol Bacillus spp.,so as to provide a theoretical basis for scientific prevention and control of black rot of bitter gourd.The pathogen of black rot was isolated and purified by tissue separation method from postharvest bitter gourd,and the pathogenicity of isolated pathogens was further verified according to Koch's rule.The pathogen was identified by observing morphological characteristics combined with molecular phylogenetic analysis.The representative strain NCKG8.2-4 was used as the test pathogen,and antagonistic experiments were conducted to compare the effects of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii TEB-1,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SWB-2,Bacillus licheniformis SWB-1,Bacillus velezensis SB023 and Bacillus polymyxa SWP-1 on black rot pathogen of bitter gourd.The inhibition effect of the best antagonistic strains on test pathogen was further evaluated by the gradient inhibition experiment of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) from its fermentation broth.The results showed that NCKG8.2-4 strain was pathogen causing black rot of bitter gourd,and the ITS,β-Tubulin and GAPDH fragments sequences were 100% consistent with Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum.And it was respectively clustered with S.cucurbitacearum on a branch by phylogenetic analysis based on β-Tubulin or GAPDH sequences.The results of antagonistic experiment showed that the inhibitory area of SB023 against colony growth of black rot pathogen NCKG8.2-4 was the largest.At the same time,the inhibitory effect increased with the Mcrease of SB023 CFS content,and the inhibitory rate of 9% CFS for NCKG8.2-4 growth was up to 93.7% and the EC50 of SB023 CFS was 3.48% to NCKG8.2-4 on PDA.The pathogen of black rot of bitter gourd was identified as S.cucurbitacearum,and Bacillus velezensis SB023 had a high inhibitory effect on the pathogen NCKG8.2-4.
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Muscle formation depends on the interplay of various cellular and extracellular signals and factors.This study investigates the regulatory relationship between Myocyte enhancer factor 2A(MEF2A)expression levels and promoter methylation at both tissue and cellular levels,to provide theoretical references for the genetic development of Guanling cattle.Guanling cattle were used as experimental subjects.Initially,the expression levels of the MEF2A in Guanling cattle tissues were analyzed in conjunction with their promoter methylation status.Subsequently,overexpression and interference vectors of the MEF2A gene were successfully transfected into primary myoblasts of Guanling cattle,and the effects of MEF2A expression level changes on promoter methylation levels were analyzed.The results showed that the MEF2A expression levels in various tissues of young Guanling cattle were higher than those in adult cattle,while the methylation rate of MEF2A in young cattle tissues was lower than that in adult cattle,with DNMT1 expression trends consistent with this.Additionally,increased MEF2A expression led to a decrease in its methylation rate,whereas decreased MEF2A expression resulted in an increase in its methylation rate.This study confirms from both tissue and cellular perspectives that the expression level of the MEF2A gene in Guanling cattle is negatively correlated with its methylation rate,providing a theoretical basis for genetic marker-assisted genetic improvement of cattle.
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To elucidate the role of the MYL2 gene in muscle development and high-altitude adaptation in yak,and to explore its potential impact on meat quality and production performance,this study conducted cloning and tissue expression analysis of the MYL2 gene in Pamir yak.By cloning its coding sequence(CDS)and performing bioinformatics-based functional prediction and tissue-specific expression profiling,the functional characteristics of the MYL2 gene were further clarified.Additionally,it seeks to analyze and explore the structure and function of the MYL2 gene.Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)technology was employed to quantify the expression levels of the MYL2 gene in various tissues of the Pamir yak,including the heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,pancreas,and longissimus dorsi muscle.The results indicated that the coding sequence(CDS)length of the Pamir yak MYL2 gene was 501 bp,which encoded a protein of 166 amino acids.Comparative homology analysis revealed that the MYL2 gene of Pamir yak shared the closest genetic relationship with that of the wild yak,exhibiting a similarity of 100%,while the most distant genetic relationship was observed with the chicken.The protein analysis results indicated that the molecular formula of the protein was C842H1313N219O261S7,with a molecular mass of 18.904 42 ku and a theoretical isoelectric point of 4.831.The instability index was measured at 28.3,suggesting that the protein was stable.Additionally,the protein contained one N-glycan modification potential site and 15 potential phosphorylation sites.Furthermore,its structure did not exhibit a transmembrane domain or signal peptide,and it was primarily localized in the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall.The secondary structure was predominantly composed of 93 α-helices(56.02%),60 random coils(7.83%),and 13 β-sheets(36.14%).RT-qPCR results showed that MYL2 gene expression was extremely significantly higher in the heart and longissimus dorsi muscle of Pamir yak compared to other tissues,suggesting that this gene may play a key regulatory role in maintaining cardiac function and promoting skeletal muscle growth.Based on protein function prediction,MYL2 is likely involved in the development of cardiac and skeletal muscles by regulating the expression of muscle structural proteins,thereby contributing to the maintenance of locomotor capacity and thermogenic performance under cold,hypoxic plateau conditions.
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In order to analyze the alterations in the expression profile of circular RNA(circRNA)in chicken liver cancer cells line(LMH)infected by fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4),and the regulatory role of circRNA in the FAdV-4 infecting process,transcriptome sequencing was carried out on FAdV-4-infected LMH cells and uninfected ones.Enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG signaling pathways was executed for differentially expressed circRNAs,and five randomly selected circRNAs were verified by Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR).The results demonstrated that the circRNAs in the infected and uninfected groups were distributed on the preponderance of chromosomes,and their lengths were mainly concentrated between 300 and 1 000 bp.Differential expression analysis identified 72 circRNAs,with 32 showing significantly upregulated expression levels and 40 presenting downregulated expression levels.GO functional analysis revealed that the genes from which the differential circRNAs originated were mainly enriched in processes such as cellular processes,metabolic processes,catalytic activity,and nucleic acid-binding transcription factor activity.KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed circRNAs were primarily enriched in the Notch signaling pathway,RNA degradation,and the MAPK signaling pathway.The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of the five verified circRNAs were consistent with the sequencing results,further validating the reliability of the sequencing results.This study analyzed the expression profile of circRNAs in FAdV-4-infected LMH cells and screened out differentially expressed circRNAs,providing data support for exploring the functions of circRNAs during the FAdV-4 infection process and the interaction mechanism between the host and FAdV-4.
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The aim is to establish a rapid and accurate method for detecting Avian hepatitis E virus(aHEV)antibodies.The ORF2 protein of the CaHEV-GDSZ01 strain was expressed in an E.coli prokaryotic expression system and utilized as the coating antigen.The reaction conditions were optimized to determine the optimal working conditions,leading to the establishment of an indirect ELISA method for detecting aHEV chicken serum antibodies.The specificity,sensitivity and repeatability of the method were tested,and compared with Western Blot method,chicken clinical serum samples were preliminarily detected.The results showed that ORF2 protein was successfully expressed and purified,and Western Blot assay confirmed that ORF2 protein could specifically react with aHEV-positive chicken serum.The optimal reaction conditions for ELISA were as follows:ORF2 protein was coated with 200 ng per well at 4 ℃ overnight(12 h);blocked with 5% nonfat milk at 37 ℃ for 1-2 h;serum was diluted at 1∶1 600,incubated at room temperature for 1 h;rabbit anti-chicken IgY-HRP was diluted at 1∶5 000,incubated at 37 ℃ for 90 min;TMB was incubated at 37 ℃ for 20 min.The ELISA method could detect the positive sera of aHEV diluted 51 200 times,and did not cross-react with positive sera of other chicken-borne viruses such as NDV,AIV-H5,AIV-H9,ALV,REV,and MDV.The intra-batch and inter-batch coefficients of variation were both less than 10%,rate between the Western Blot method was 95.12%. Clinical serum samples from chicken farms in different areas of Guangdong were tested by this ELISA method, and the total positive rate reached 66.34%.In conclusion,this study successfully established a simple,effective,specific,sensitive and reproducible serological detection method for aHEV infection,which can provide technical support for the surveillance,prevention and control of aHEV infection at grassroots.
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of DL-methionine methylsulfonium chloride(MMC)on apoptosis and the expression of related protein genes in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced porcine jejunal epithelial cells(IPEC-J2),and to elucidate its potential mechanism of action.By setting up a blank group,a model group(LPS-treated)and an experimental group(MMC+LPS-treated),the study compared the effects of MMC on the viability,apoptosis rate,migration number and apoptosis-related proteins of LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells.It was found that the experimental group significantly increased cell activity by 18% and migration number by about 2 times,and significantly decreased apoptosis rate by 40% compared with the model group.Additionally,MMC also inhibited LPS-induced activation of the JNK pathway,as evidenced by a highly significant decrease of 25.5% in the p-JNK protein expression level in the LPS model group.Further analysis showed that MMC significantly reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Cleaved-caspase-3 and BAX,which decreased by 31.5% and 26.3% respectively in the LPS model group,while it markedly increased the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2.In conclusion,MMC effectively alleviates LPS-induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibiting JNK pathway activation,which provides a scientific basis for the application of MMC in protecting intestinal health in pigs.
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Bimonthly, Started in 1962
CN 13-1101/S
ISSN 1000-7091
CODEN: HHUOA6
Responsible Institution: Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Sponsored by: the Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Association of Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Henan and Inner Mongolia.
Editor-in-chief: Qiang Zhang
Edited and Published by: Editorial Department of Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica
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