To clarify the regulatory effect of nitrogen(N)fertilizer reduction and postponing on the productivity of wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The annual N fertilizer experiment of summer maize and winter wheat was established of four N application systems:annual N fertilizer application 400 kg/ha of traditional farmer treatment(F₄₀₀),10% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FN),20% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FH),and 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FL)from 2020 to 2023 at Jiyang Experimental Base of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Jinan.The grain yield,aboveground N accumulation characteristics,N use efficiency,and the nitrate residue after harvest in the 0—200 cm soil layer of wheat-maize double cropping system were tested,in order to provide the theoretical basis for further optimization of N fertilizer management in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The results indicated that N fertilizer postponing was optimized the grain yield of summer maize and winter wheat under the condition of N reduction,and the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased by 9.2%—18.1%,13.5%—20.5%,and 11.1%—19.1%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN.N fertilizer postponing improved the N accumulation rate,and promoted aboveground N accumulation at wheat-maize different growth stages,and the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased plant N accumulation by 5.7%—12.3% and 5.0%—12.8% under silking and maturity,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH,as well as 8.2%—17.2% in grain N accumulation.For winter wheat,FL and FH treatments were significantly higher than F₄₀₀ and FN at jointing,anthesis,and maturity,and the averaged across the three years,FL and FH significantly increased by 23.4%—28.1%,20.7%—26.3%,and 12.6%—20.8%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN and FH,at the same time the grain N accumulation under FL significantly increased by 16.4%,15.0% and 5.8%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN.N fertilizer postponing optimized the N use efficiency of wheat-maize double crop system,the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased N uptake efficiency by 4.8%—57.7% and 32.0%—72.4% of summer maize and winter wheat,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH;and FL significantly increased N partial factor productivity by 68.8% and 40.4% in summer maize,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN,as well as by 38.4%—71.8% in winter wheat compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH.At harvest of summer maize and winter wheat,the soil nitrate residue was mainly enrichment in the 0—40 cm soil layer under four N application systems,the averaged across the three years,accounted for 40.0%,38.9%,44.9%,42.5% and 37.3%,36.9%,46.7%,38.3% of the 0—200 cm soil layer,respectively.In addition,the obvious accumulated effects in 0—200 cm soil layer nitrate residue under F₄₀₀ and FN treatments at harvest of summer maize and winter wheat,but there was the relative balance was achieved under FL and FH treatments.In conclusion,a 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer by N fertilizer postponing could optimize plant N accumulation characteristics and realized synergistic improve grain yield and N use efficiency.Therefore,FL treatment was an optimal N application system for realizing the collaborative target of high-yield,high-efficiency,and environment-friendly of wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

To investigate the impact of saline water irrigation on greenhouse gas emissions,including CO₂,N₂O,CH₄,and the soil microbial community in winter wheat fields,three types of saline water with different salinity levels(1,3,and 5 g/L,denoted as W1,W3,and W5)were employed.Field experiments were conducted at the Nanpi Eco-Agriculture Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences from March to June 2023.The results indicated that CO₂ emissions had similar trends in the different saline water irrigation treatments during the wheat growing stages,which were high in the early stage,low in the middle stage,and high in the late stage.N₂O emissions exhibited a trend of high values in the early period and lower values in the later stages.While,CH₄ showed fluctuations between positive and negative emissions.Comparative analysis revealed that the average CO₂ and N₂O emission rates in W3 treatment were significantly lower than in W1,with reductions of 39.4% and 68.9%,respectively.The average CO₂ and N₂O emission rates in W5 treatment decreased by 21.9% and 40.0%,although the difference was not statistically significant.Saline water irrigation with different concentrations minimally affected soil microbial α-diversity but significantly altered community structure.Cluster analysis demonstrated a significant difference in microbial composition between W1 and W5,with W3 positioned between the two treatments.Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CO₂ and N₂O emission rates and soil TN,while there was a significant positive correlation between N₂O emission rate and soil TN,TOC,DOC,MBC,respectively.Soil N₂O and CH₄ emission rates correlated positively with the abundance of S0134 terrestrial and Sphingomonas and Subgroup 25,respectively.Redundancy analysis(RDA)identified pH,NH₄⁺,EC,and DOC as key physicochemical factors influencing the abundance of Sphingomonas and Subgroup 25.In conclusion,irrigation with 3 g/L mildly saline water can reduce soil respiration rates and decrease agricultural carbon emissions without significantly increasing soil salinity,providing theoretical support for the development and utilization of mildly saline water resources in the North China Plain.

Vernalization is a unique and necessary physiological stage in the growth and development of winter wheat,which determines the ecological adaptability and yield of winter wheat.This paper briefly summarizes the production and application value of vernalization of winter wheat.By summarizing and analyzing the structure and function of the key genes TaVRN1,TaVRN2 and TaVRN3 in wheat vernalization and their regulatory networks,it is believed that the study of epigenetic regulation of TaVRN1 is the core work of wheat vernalization mechanism analysis.Combined with the existing research on the expression regulation of TaVRN1,the causes of the difference in vernalization demand of wheat,the mechanism of long-term low temperature perception in winter,the research progress of overwintering memory and overwintering memory reset after vernalization,and the effect of vernalization on the regulation of cold tolerance,spikelet development,tillering and other agronomic traits of wheat were mainly introduced.In addition,this study summarizes the unsolved scientific problems in vernalization,and discusses the future research direction of wheat vernalization,which provides reference suggestions for the research of high yield and rapid breeding of wheat.

The effects of sowing date on the yield and yield components of winter wheat,and the response characteristics of growth and development and plant type structure to accumulated temperature were studied in order to clarify the growth characteristics and reasonable plant type structure of wheat adapting to climate change.From autumn 2017 to summer 2019,field trials were conducted in Gaocheng,Hebei Province.Five sowing dates were set,September 25,October 5,October 15,October 25 and November 4.The results showed that the yield of wheat was higher sown from October 5 to 15 than other treatments,and the accumulated temperature before winter was 410-549 ℃.When accumulated temperature before winter was suitable,spike number was high and grain number per spike was moderate.When the accumulated temperature was as high as 733 ℃,the number of invalid tillers was more,the effective tiller rate was lower,and spike number was lower.When the accumulated temperature was insufficient to 279 ℃,the spike number and grain number per spike decreased.Accumulated temperature had a significant effect on growth and development indicators.Under the condition of high and stable yield,the individual index of wheat before winter was put forward:the number of main stem and tillers per plant was 2.3,the number of secondary roots was 2.5,the number of leaves of main stem was 4.1,and the spike differentiation of over winter was single edge stage.The accumulated temperature had an obvious effect on the plant structure of wheat.Delay with sowing date,the flag leaf became longer and wider,the leaf area increased,and the leaf from the top third to the top fifth became narrower and the leaf area decreased.Delay with sowing date,stem diameter of the base increased,the stem length of the top first to top second increased and length of the top third to top fifth decreased,and plant height decreased significantly.According to the equation of yield and accumulated temperature before winter,it was recommended that the suitable sowing time of wheat was October 8 to 14 under high and stable yield conditions,and the accumulated temperature range before winter was 433-541 ℃.Under late sowing conditions,the plant type structure was more reasonable,the growth and development of the plant were moderate before winter,the flag leaf was smaller and its stem length was shorter,and the leaf from the top third to the top fifth from the top was larger and their stem was slightly longer.

Tiller-related traits are important characteristics of wheat plant type,which determine plant structure and affect grain yield.In order to understand the inheritance and drought resistance of tiller-related traits in wheat under different water conditions,and to excavate the loci related to tiller-related traits,240 wheat varieties (lines) were selected as the subjects of this study,based on the phenotypic identification of tiller angle,effective tiller number and yield per unit area under normal irrigation (NI) and drought stress (DS) conditions,and the comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance,combined with 90K gene chip,genome-wide association study (GWAS) was to identify genetic loci for tiller-related traits and to screen for superior germplasm.The tiller angle,effective tiller number and yield per unit area showed significant difference,and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.07 to 0.33.According to D-value,the drought resistance of Zhongyou 206 was the best.A total of 54 stable genetic loci significantly associated with tiller angle and other traits were detected, distributed on all chromosomes except 3D, 4D and 5D. Three identical stable loci were commonly detected under both treatments, located on chromosomes 2B, 4B, and 6B. Additionally, four pleiotropic loci were commonly detected in different traits, located on chromosomes 2B, 2D, and 5B.At the same time,the haplotype analysis of Ra_c491_902 (R²=5.45%—17.91%),which was significantly correlated with tiller angle on chromosome 2B,showed that there were three haplotypes:TA-Hap1,TA-Hap2 and TA-Hap3,the haplotypes (lines) containing TA-Hap1 were mainly derived from Huanghuai winter wheat regain.Five candidate genes related to tiller angle were screened by screening the stable genetic loci detected under different treatments.Gene annotation of the genes selected on Ra_c491_902 showed that the genes encoding cytochrome P450 family protein can be used as important genes such as regulating tillering angle,plant drought resistance and defense,to explore the association between genes and phenotype,and lay the foundation for the genetic improvement of tiller-related traits in wheat.

To investigate the role of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) in wheat growth and stress response,the TaCDPK17 gene was cloned from common wheat and its sequence structure,expression pattern,and stress resistance function were preliminarily analyzed.The results showed that the length of the TaCDPK17 gene coding region was 1 701 bp, encoding 566 amino acids and possessing typical structural features of the CDPK family, including one conserved serine/threonine kinase domain and four EF hand shaped domains. Evolutionary tree analysis of TaCDPK17 and CDPK17 from 12 other plants showed that TaCDPK17 had high homology with the CDPK17 sequence of gramineous crops,especially Aegilops tauschii and barley.The promoter region of TaCDPK17 gene contained multiple cis regulatory elements related to hormone signaling pathways,light response.Among them, there are more abscisic acid (ABA) responsive elements (ABRE) and methyl jasmonate responsive elements (CGTCA). The expression analysis based on Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR showed that the expression level of TaCDPK17 increased to varying degrees after induced by 100 μmol/L ABA, 100 μmol/L methyl jasmonate, 20% PEG6000, and 250 mmol/L NaCl. Under stress conditions of 2 μmol/L ABA and 100 mmol/L NaCl, the germination rate of Arabidopsis seeds overexpressing TaCDPK17 was significantly higher than that of the wild type. Meanwhile, overexpression of TaCDPK17 alleviated the inhibitory effects of ABA or osmotic stress treatments on seedling root growth. During stomatal closure, transgenic plants overexpressing TaCDPK17 are more sensitive to ABA and exhibit a stronger stomatal closure trend compared to wild-type plants. These results indicated that TaCDPK17 plays an important role in stress response and hormone signaling in wheat.

To clarify the effects of sulfur application at different stages on the yield and photosynthetic characteristics of strong-gluten wheat,and to determine the appropriate time for sulfur fertilizer application,from 2019 to 2021 during two wheat growth seasons,using strong-gluten wheat Gaoyou 2018 as the experimental material,three sulfur application periods were set:before sowing (S60-b),topdressing at jointing stage (S60-j),and topdressing at anthesis stage (S60-a),with a sulfur application rate of 60 kg/ha,and no sulfur application (CK) as the control.The effects of leaf area index (LAI),relative chlorophyll content of flag leaf (SPAD),soluble protein content,soluble sugar content,yield and components of strong-gluten wheat under different sulfur application treatments were studied systematically.The results showed that compared to CK,S60-b,S60-j and S60-a could all significantly increase the thousand-grain weight (TGW),maximum grain filling rate and yield of Gaoyou 2018.In the two growing seasons,the average increase of TGW was 6.23%,4.27% and 7.04%,respectively;the increase of TGW was the highest at 35 days post anthesis,which was 5.51%,3.17%and 6.12%,respectively.The average increase of maximum grain filling rate was 2.84%,1.76% and 3.49% and the average increase in yield was 9.20%,2.73% and 5.71%,respectively.However,sulfur application had no significant effect on the number of ears and grains per unit area of Gaoyou 2018.Sulfur application at different stages had significant effects on the photosynthetic characteristics of strong-gluten wheat.The LAI,SPAD value of flag leaves in the middle and late stages of growth,the soluble protein content of flag leaves at 22 and 29 days post anthesis and soluble sugar content in flag leaves at 35 days post anthesis were significantly increased by S60-b and S60-a treatments.The five above indexes increased by more than 26.16%,7.38%,16.90%,55.29% and 81.11%,respectively.According to the results of two years,before sowing and topdressing at the anthesis stage with sulfur fertilizer could significantly increase the LAI of flag leaves in the middle and late growth stage,maintain high SPAD value,delay flag leaf senescence,increase the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar,TGW and filling rate at the end of grain filling,showing higher yield.In summary,sulfur application have a positive regulatory effect on the yield of strong-gluten wheat,and before sowing and topdressing at the anthesis stage have a good regulatory effect.

In order to investigate the effects of density on individual and population structure characteristics and yield of winter wheat under rainfed and limited water supply conditions,a field experiment was carried out at Gaocheng Experimental Station,Shijiazhuang City during 2022-2023 season using JM22 wheat cultivar under four densities:which were 1.8×10⁶ (D180),3.0×10⁶ (D300),4.2×10⁶ (D420) and 5.4×10⁶ (D540) plants/ha.Two irrigation treatments for each density,which were no irrigation during the whole growth period (W0) and irrigated once at the jointing stage (W1).The influence of planting density and irrigation treatments on leaf area (flag leaf,top 2 nd leaf,top 3 nd leaf,top 4 th leaf),non-leaf green organs (ear,awns,stem sheath) area,leaf area index,non-leaf green organ area index,dry matter accumulation,photosynthetic active radiation interception rate,water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat were studied.The results showed that the leaf area of each leaf layer and non-leaf green organs decreased with the increase of density.D300 treatment got the highest leaf area index and non-leaf green organs index,and significantly higher than that in D540.The contribution of post-anthesis dry matter to grain yield was more than 70%.Compared with D540 treatment,reducing plant density decreased the transfer of dry matter before anthesis,but increased the accumulation of dry matter after anthesis and its contribution to grain yield.With the increase of density,WUE increased first and then decreased,D300 treatment achieved the highest WUE.Specifically,the WUE of D300 was 1.2%-14.4% and 2.5%-12.7% higher than that of other densities under W0 and W1,respectively.Compared with W0,W1 treatment increased the area of leaf and non-leaf green organs of different densities,delayed leaf senescence,and improved the photosynthetic active radiation interception rate of canopy.Ultimately,the grain yield increased by 28.1%-39.7%.Under the conditions of this experiment,D300 treatment increased the leaf and non-leaf green organ area,leaf and non-leaf green organ area index,canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception rate,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and its contribution to final grain yield.The yield of D300 was 2.4%-6.6% and 0.3%-9.7% higher than that of the other densities under W0 and W1,respectively,which was the optimal density in this study.

In order to clarify the effect of fertilizer reduction on wheat yield and starch particle size distribution characteristics, seven fertilization treatments were set up with wheat varieties Longke 1109 and Yangmai 25 as materials.No nitrogen fertilizer (CK),farmer's customary nitrogen application rate (ternary compound fertilizer 750 kg/ha+ topdressing 150 kg/ha urea,CF),slow-release fertilizer 900 kg/ha one-time base application (SF900),slow-release fertilizer 750 kg/ha one-time base application (SF750),slow-release fertilizer 600 kg/ha one-time base application(SF600),slow-release fertilizer 750 kg/ha base application+topdressing 150 kg/ha urea (S750T),slow-release fertilizer 600 kg/ha base application + topdressing 150 kg/ha urea (S600T).The effects of slow-release fertilizers on grain yield and starch particle size distribution of wheat were analyzed.The results showed that under the condition of reducing fertilizer application,the spike number first increased and then decreased,the grain number per spike decreased,the 1000-grain weight increased,and the yield of wheat under SF750 treatment was the highest.The content of wet gluten and protein decreased and the content of starch increased in two stubble.The volume and proportion of surface area of B-type starch in strong and weak grains first increased and then decreased,while the proportion of the volume and surface area of A-type starch grains decreased first and then increased in dry stubble.In rice stubble,While the proportion of the volume and surface area of B-type starch grains increased,while those of A-type starch grains decreased.The gelatinization parameters of the two stubble decreased.In summary,the reduction of fertilizer application mainly affects the grain size distribution of endosperm starch,decreases indicators such as gelatinization parameters,and increases grain yield and starch content,which further decreases the content of wet gluten and protein.Compared with the customary nitrogen application rate of farmers,reducing fertilizer application increases wheat grain yield,increases wet gluten and protein content,and decreases starch content.

The adult plant resistance gene Lr12 exhibits excellent resistance in production systems.To fine map and develop reliable molecular markers for Lr12,a cross was made between the susceptible variety Thatcher and the resistant near-isogenic line RL6011 containing the Lr12 gene.The F₁ generation resulting from this cross was self-pollinated to generate F₂ individual plants and F_2∶3 families.Field evaluations were conducted using a mixture of five highly virulent leaf rust pathotypes (PHTT, THKS, THTT, PHTS, and PHKS) to inoculate F₂ individual plants and F_2∶3 families for adult plant resistance assessment and genetic analysis of resistance.Subsequently,genotyping was performed using a 16K liquid chip on 10 resistant and 10 susceptible individuals from the F₂ generation to identify SNP markers closely linked to Lr12.This enabled the determination of the chromosomal physical interval containing the resistance gene,the development of SSR molecular markers,and the construction of a genetic linkage map.The results indicate that the segregation ratio of resistance to leaf rust in 3 494 F₂ individuals derived from the RL6011(Lr12)/Thatcher cross was consistent with a 3∶1 ratio ( {\mathrm{\chi }}_{3:1}^2=0.14;P=0.71). In the assessment of 685 F_2∶3 families, the segregation ratio among resistant individuals, resistant heterozygous individuals, and susceptible individuals conformed to a 1∶2∶1 ratio ( {\mathrm{\chi }}_{1:2:1}^2=2.01;P=0.37), suggesting that Lr12 is a dominant gene and the population segregation follows Mendelian single-gene inheritance patterns. Genetic linkage map analysis localized the adult plant leaf rust resistance gene Lr12 between SSR molecular markers YK12817 and YK12928,within a genetic interval of 0.38 cM.This corresponds to a physical interval of 2.09 Mb within the physical range of 579.44 Mb to 581.53 Mb on chromosome 4BL of the Chinese Spring reference genome(IWGSC.Ref.V1.0).These findings provide a solid basis for predicting candidate genes.

In order to further explore the function of TaMAPK5 in the interaction between wheat and Puccinia triticina,the CDS region of TaMAPK5 gene was cloned,and the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-TaMAPK5 was constructed and transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3).The optimal concentration,induction time and induction temperature of isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induced expression of the target protein were explored,and the target protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography.The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize New Zealand rabbits to prepare TaMAPK5 polyclonal antibody.The results showed that the full length of the CDS region of TaMAPK5 was 1 110 bp,and the TaMAPK5 recombinant protein was induced with IPTG at a final concentration of 0.050 mmol/L and incubated at 16 ℃ for 48 h.The recombinant protein was used as an antigen to immunize New Zealand rabbits,and a polyclonal antibody capable of specifically recognizing TaMAPK5 was successfully prepared.The antibody titer was 1∶51 200.The results of Western Blot showed that TaMAPK5 was induced by P.triticina infection in wheat and P.triticina incompatible combinations.The recombinant protein TaMAPK5 was successfully expressed and purified,and its polyclonal antibody was prepared.It was revealed that TaMAPK5 protein may positively regulate wheat resistance to leaf rust infection.

Clarifying the effect of spring limited irrigation on the root development and grain yield of winter wheat in Haihe Plain is of great significance to reduce irrigation and improve water use efficiency.This study used Shimai 22 as the test material,irrigation treatments were traditional irrigation twice at jointing and anthesis stage(W2),no irrigation(W0),and single irrigation(W1)with four irrigation-time treatments(3L,4L,5L,and 6L)based on the number of leaves unfolded in spring.The results showed that compared with W2,W0 and W1 yield decreased by 54.6% and 24.4% respectively,the irrigation yield was highest at 4L in W1,and the effect of yield composition reduction was not significant.Limited irrigation reduced the total root weight density and root length density of winter wheat.During the anthesis period, the total root weight density of W1 decreased significantly by 17.2%, while the total root weight density and root length density of W0 decreased significantly by 47.5% and 35.1%, respectively. And under W1 condition, 4L has the highest total root weight density and root length density. The vertical distribution of roots showed that reducing the frequency of irrigation increased the distribution of roots in the soil layer below 40 cm,however,with the postponement of irrigation time,the root distribution of W1 deep soil decreased and root vigor increased.Among them, during the anthesis period, 4L was significantly higher than 6L by 28.8%, 14.2%, and 36.5% in the 120—160 cm, 160—200 cm, and 200—240 cm soil layers, respectively. Correlation and path analysis showed that total root weight density and root length density at joint—anthesis period had a positive effect on yield.The direct contribution of total root length density in 3L and 4L irrigation was the largest.Generally speaking,the root mass of 4L treatment was higher at jointing-anthesis period,the deep root distribution and root activity of 40—240 cm were increased,resulting in higher spike number and kernel number,which was beneficial to alleviate the decrease of winter wheat yield at limited irrigation,it can be used as an effective way of limited irrigation for winter wheat in Haihe Plain.

Abstract: Tetraploid wheat is the ancestor specie of common wheat and an important food crop.Aiming to provide new resistance sources for wheat variety breeding,the resistance tetraploid wheat germplasm was explored and their resistance genes were identified.TDI-1 is a cultivated emmer wheat that has been immune to powdery mildew in the field for many years.To determine the resistance genes carried by TDI-1,and provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of wheat resistance,a durum wheat TDU-1 that was susceptible to powdery mildew was used to hybridize with TDI-1,and their F₁ plants,F₂ population,and F_2:3 lines were obtained.Genetic analysis of resistance was conducted on parents TDI-1,TDU-1,and their hybrid offspring that were inoculated with powdery mildew isolate E09.Then,bulked segregant analysis method combined with molecular markers was used to map the resistance gene.The results showed that TDI-1 was susceptible to E09 during the seedling stage but immune during the adult stage.F₁ plants derived from the cross of TDI-1 and TDU-1 were immune to E09 during the adult stage.The resistance of adult F₂ individuals was separated,and the ratio of resistant and susceptible plants was 3:1($χ_{3:1}^{2}$=0.11,P=0.74);the ratio of the number of homozygous resistant,separated resistant,and homozygous susceptible F_2:3 lines was 1:2:1($χ_{1:2:1}^{2}$=0.47,P=0.79),indicating that the resistance to powdery mildew in the adult stage of TDI-1 was controlled by one dominant gene,temporarily named PmTDI-1.Subsequently,a set of molecular markers was used to amplify the parents and their F₂ population,and then four markers on chromosome 2A,including Xwmc407,NRM-2AS29,NRM-2AS45 and NRM-2AS84, confirmed to be linked to PmTDI-1. PmTDI-1 was between the flanking markers NRM-2AS45 and NRM-2AS84,with genetics distances of 1.8 cM and 4.6 cM,respectively.Therefore,the adult stage powdery mildew resistance gene PmTDI-1 was preliminarily localized on chromosome 2A.This study identified a novel dominant adult-plant-resistance powdery mildew gene PmTDI-1 from tetraploid wheat TDI-1.

Calcium and potassium are important mineral nutrient elements in wheat.It is significant to explore the related genetic mechanisms and effects on human nutritional health.To provide a theoretical basis for biofortification breeding of trace elements in wheat grains,we used 164 F₆ recombinant inbred lines(RILs)derived from Avocet/Chilero(AC)and 175 F₆ RILs derived from Avocet/Huites(AH).Our investigation focused on phenotypic variations in grain calcium(GCa)and grain potassium(GK)content in five environments.QTL mapping was conducted with diversity arrays technology(DArT)chip.Nineteen QTLs associated with grain calcium content were identified,distributed on chromosomes 1A,1D,2A,2B,3A,3D,4A,4B,4D,5A,5B,7A,7B,and 7D,explaining 3.23%—16.29% of phenotypic variation.Simultaneously,23 QTLs linked to grain potassium content were identified on chromosomes 1B,2A,2B,3A,3B,4A,4D,5A,6A,6B,and 7D,explaining 3.31%—24.66% of phenotypic variation.QGCa.haust-1A,QGCa.haust-AC-5A and QGK.haust-AC-2A.2 were located in multiple environments.QGCa.haust-1A and QGCa.haust-AC-5A explained 7.82%—12.72% and 9.68%—15.57% of phenotypic variation,and the physical intervals were 498.67—532.21 Mb and 461.52—486.26 Mb,respectively.QGK.haust-AC-2A.2 explained 8.15%—15.20% of phenotypic variation,with a physical range of 354.61—462.37 Mb.The genetic effect analysis of QGCa.haust-1A,QGCa.haust-AC-5A,and QGK.haust-AC-2A.2 showed that each locus effectively increased the calcium and potassium content in wheat grain.Aggregation effect analysis indicated that the lines with QGCa.haust-1A and QGCa.haust-AC-5A effect loci had highly significantly higher calcium content than those with only a single locus.In summary,three stable loci of grain calcium and potassium content are mapped on chromosomes 1A,2A,and 5A,which could significantly increase calcium and potassium content in wheat grain.

Glyphosate is currently the most widely used broad-spectrum herbicide.Cultivating glyphosate tolerant crops will help improve the effectiveness of chemical control on weed in farmlands,reduce the use of pesticide,and simplify preventive and control measures.To fully detect the glyphosate tolerance(GT)loci in wheat,484 germplasm resources from the Huang-huai wheat region were used to identify glyphosate toxicity.Based on the wheat 15K SNP array data,genome-wide association analysis(GWAS)was used to explore QTL related to glyphosate tolerance in wheat.The main results were as follows:the trend of changes in glyphosate tolerance of wheat varieties cultivated in different eras was slow,and the glyphosate tolerance had not significantly improved;three glyphosate tolerant wheat germplasms(including Henong 130,Jimai 782 and Taishan 23)were selected based on the phenotypic identification results of pesticide damage;seven QTL associated with the level of wheat pesticide damage were detected by GWAS,including 19 significant SNPs,distributed on wheat chromosomes 1A(0.00—30.48 Mb),1B(6.57—30.57 Mb),1D(0.00—22.98 Mb),4A(656.09—680.09 Mb),5A(508.19—532.19 Mb),6A(54.56—85.09 Mb),and 6D(12.02—36.02 Mb);the two QTL qGlyT-1A and qGlyT-6A located on wheat chromosomes 1A and 6A were the main effector sites for glyphosate tolerance in wheat,containing a total of 16 genes that may be related to glyphosate tolerance in wheat.

To study the resistance mechanism of TaHis gene to Fusarium head blight(FHB)in wheat,the full-length coding sequence of TaHis was cloned,and the bait vector pGBKT7-TaHis was constructed,which was then used as bait for screening a yeast two-hybrid library of wheat ear induced by FHB.After obtaining the interacting proteins,yeast two-hybridization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation were further used to verify the interaction between these proteins,and RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression pattern of TaHis interacting protein induced by FHB in resistant and susceptible cultivars respectively.The results showed that the bait vector pGBKT7-TaHis was successfully constructed,and 18 yeast monoclones were obtained on the four deficient selection medium(SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade)after yeast two-hybrid library screening.Blast analysis showed that a total of 5 proteins were obtained,and the coding sequence of serine/arginine-rich mRNA splicing factor SR45a-like(TaSR)was identified in 6 colonies.We cloned the full-length coding region of TaSR gene from Bainong 4299 and constructed pGADT7-TaSR vector.The experiment of yeast two-hybrid showed that the yeast cells co-transformed with pGADT7-TaSR and pGBKT7-TaHis grew well and appeared blue on SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade/ X-α-Gal/AbA,indicating that TaSR and TaHis directly interacted in yeast cells.The vectors of YC-TaHis and YN-TaSR were constructed,and the bimolecular fluorescence complementary experiments were performed.The results showed that strong fluorescence signals were generated in tobacco cells co-transferred with YC-TaHis and YN-TaSR,which further verified the interaction between TaSR and TaHis.RT-qPCR analysis of TaSR gene expression showed that TaSR expression was up-regulated in resistant cultivar Bainong 4299,while down-regulated in susceptible cultivar Bainong 607 upon FHB infection,indicating a positive correlation between TaSR expression level and FHB resistance in wheat.To sum up,the interaction between wheat TaSR and TaHis was proved,and TaSR expression level was positively correlated with FHB resistance in wheat.

In order to further explore the primary QTL loci for grain-related traits in wheat and explore the genetic relationships among grain traits,124 DH populations constructed from wheat varieties AN859 and WN988 with large differences in grain traits were utilized as research materials,The phenotypic values of grain length,grain width,and thousand grains weight were measured in seven environments over two years,respectively,to carry out the multiple regression analysis of grain traits,and QTL detection of grain-related traits was performed based on the 55K microarray data of the DH populations.The results showed that grain width contributed most to thousand grains weight in the multiple regression analysis.QTL localization for grain traits by complete interval mapping,a total of 69 QTLs related to grain traits were detected on 19 chromosomes except chromosome 6D and 7B,including 24 QTLs for thousand grains weight,28 QTLs for grain length,and 17 QTLs for grain width,with phenotypic interpretations of individual QTLs ranging from 6.87% to 27.74%.Among them,grain length-associated Qgl.ahau-7A.1 on chromosome 7A was detected under seven environments and BLUP,with a phenotypic interpretation rate of 9.48%—22.26%,an additive effect of 0.11—0.21 mm,and a physical interval of 4.91 Mb(AX-110430243—AX-110442528),for the new primary effector QTL.Therefore,the Qgl.ahau-7A.1 locus can be used as a region of focus for subsequent fine localization and molecular marker-assisted breeding.

In order to study the differences in yield and nitrogen utilization,transport and accumulation of different winter wheat cultivar(line)types in the Northern Huanghuai,the yield traits and nitrogen utilization efficiency of 29 and 26 winter wheat cultivars(lines)for testing in the Northern Huanghuai wheat area were investigated and analyzed in 2021—2022 and 2022—2023,respectively.Through cluster analysis,wheat was classified into four types:high-yielding,medium-high-yielding,medium-yielding and low-yielding.Nitrogen content of wheat stems,leaves,spikes,and grains at maturity were measured at anthesis and maturity,respectively,to analyze the relationship between parameters related to nitrogen utilization traits and yield.The results showed that the average yields among high-yielding,medium-high-yielding,medium-yielding and low-yielding varieties(lines)differed significantly from 2021 to 2023,with the number of spikes per hectare of high-yielding varieties significantly higher than that of other types.At the anthesis stage,the nitrogen accumulation and distribution rate of each organ were stems and sheaths>leaves>spikes;at the maturity stage,the nitrogen accumulation of each organ was grains>stems and sheaths>spikes>leaves.The post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation,pre-anthesis nitrogen transport and its contribution to the grain of different varieties of wheat were higher in high-yielding varieties(lines),and the pre-anthesis nitrogen transport and its contribution to the grain were greater than the post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation and its contribution to the grain.Nitrogen utilization efficiency,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen accumulation at anthesis and nitrogen accumulation at maturity were significantly and positively correlated with wheat grain yield.Therefore,water and fertilizer management can be carried out through the nitrogen uptake and transfer pattern and distribution characteristics of different varieties,or selecting and breeding wheat varieties with high nitrogen utilization efficiency to achieve high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat.

To clarify the effects of drought stress and cultivars on the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),the activities of photosynthetic enzymes in flag leaf in the afternoon(FLA)during grain filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat,a pond culture experiment with four water levels and two winter wheat cultivars was conducted under the condition of rainproof pond cultivation in 2019—2021.The four water treatments included severe drought(W1),moderate drought(W2),mild drought(W3),and suitable water supply(W4).The Pn,and the activities of Rubisco,RCA,PEPC,ATPase and PPDK in flag leaf from 14:00 to 16:00 during the early(EGFS)and medium(MGFS)grain filling stage,and the grain yield at maturity of strong drought resistance cultivar Jinmai 47(JM47)and weak drought resistance cultivar Yanzhan 4110(YZ4110)were investigated.Drought stress decreased the FLA Pn and activities of most photosynthetic enzymes,and the grain yield of wheat.The decrease of these indexes increased with drought stress degree,but the effects were different among varieties and years.Compared with W4,the FLA Pn of JM47 under W1,W2 and W3 decreased by 33.6%—40.6%,12.0%—30.5% and 5.0%—13.5%,as well as YZ4110 decreased by 44.0%—52.0%,22.5%—38.1% and 11.5%—20.5%,respectively.Compared with W4,the FLA Rubisco activity decreased during EGFS but increased during MGFS for JM47,while it decreased by 13.3%—25.6%,7.1%—14.0% and 11.2%—11.6% for YZ4110,respectively,under W1,W2 and W3.Compared with W4,the FLA RCA activity significantly decreased under most drought treatments during EGFS,while increased under W2 and W3 for JM47 and decreased under W1 and W2 for YZ4110 during MGFS.Compared with W4,the FLA ATPase activity of JM47decreased under W1 but increased under W3,while that of YZ4110 decreased under W1,W2 and W3 by 19.3%—48.7%,7.2%—24.2% and 0.1%—8.9%,respectively.The FLA PEPC activity under different treatments varied with growing seasons and varieties.Compared with W4,the FLA PPDK activities of JM47 and YZ4110 under W1 were decreased by 12.4%—18.8% and 16.7%—18.2%.Compared with YZ4110,in most conditions,the FLA Pn and photosynthetic enzyme activities of JM47 had no significant difference under suitable water supply(W4),but increased under drought treatments(W1,W2 and W3).The results of correlation analysis showed that yield,FLA Pn were significantly positively correlated to FLA ATPase activity during EGFS and MGFS,as well as FLA PEPC activity during EGFS.Thus,increasing the FLA ATPase and PEPC activities during the grain filling period is conducive to the increase of FLA Pn and grain yield of wheat.

Partial substitution of organic fertilizer nitrogen for chemical fertilizer nitrogen is one of the ways to achieve sustainable crop development.This study explored the appropriate ratio of wheat organic nitrogen partial substitution for chemical nitrogen,as well as the characteristics of nitrogen accumulation,transportation,and utilization after substitution,in order to provide a basis for nitrogen fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement technology for winter wheat in Hebei Region.Field experiments of the following nine treatments were conducted in Ningjin,Hebei from 2021 to 2023:T1,non-nitrogen,and application of chemical P and K fertilizer alone;T2,high efficiency fertilization treatment,and application of chemical N,P and K fertilizer alone;T3—T7,substitution of 20%,40%,60%,80% and 100% the chemical N rate of T2 with organic fertilizer,respectively;T8,traditional fertilization,and application of chemical N,P and K fertilizer alone;T9,substitution of 100% chemical N rate of T2 with organic fertilizer,and spraying liquid nitrogen fertilizer at the erecting stage.The results of two years of experiments showed that the 100% substitution rate+liquid nitrogen treatment could achieve the highest wheat yield.Secondly,the yield of the 40% substitution rate treatment was equivalent to that of the high efficiency fertilization treatment,and it was much higher than that of the traditional fertilization treatment in the second year of the experiment.The 100% substitution rate+liquid nitrogen treatment increased the nitrogen content in stems and leaves by spraying available nitrogen during the erecting period,and the nitrogen accumulation in plants was equivalent to that of high efficiency fertilization and traditional fertilization treatments.Treatment with 40% and 80% substitution rates also achieved nitrogen accumulation equivalent to the highly efficient fertilization treatment.The 20%—100% substitution rate treatment (including liquid nitrogen treatment) could achieve a higher nitrogen transfer rate in stems and leaves,as well as the contribution rate of nitrogen transfer to grain.Among them,the 100% substitution rate+liquid nitrogen treatment had good fertilizer nitrogen absorption and utilization effect,achieving higher fertilizer nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen utilization rate,and nitrogen harvest index.Nitrogen fertilizer effect of the 100% substitution rate+liquid nitrogen treatment was equivalent to or slightly higher than that of highly efficient fertilization treatment.Secondly,the treatment with the 40% substitution rate had a similar or slightly lower nitrogen fertilizer effect than the highly efficient fertilization treatment.In summary,the 100% substitution rate+liquid nitrogen treatment showed better wheat yield,plant nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen transport rate,grain nitrogen accumulation,and nitrogen efficiency,followed by the 40% substitution rate treatment.

Breeding resistant varieties is the most economical and feasible method to control wheat leaf rust.In order to further explore the resistance genes,50 wheat varieties were selected in this study,including wheat varieties from Shandong,Henan,Hebei,Shandong and other 8 provinces.Firstly,16 physiological races of leaf rust fungus (THFS,TGTS,THJS,FHKT,FGJN,KHKS,FCJQ,RFKS,THFM,MHGT,KHGS,KBGT,FHGT,PHHT,FHJT,FCJT) were inoculated to 36 vector cultivars containing known leaf rust resistance genes,and 50 wheat varieties tested during the seedling stage.Due to the different virulence of each strain,specific molecular markers closely linked to known disease resistance genes can be combined and analyzed based on the differences in phenotype,and it can be inferred that 50 wheat materials may contain leaf rust resistance genes.The leaf rust resistance genes were identified by genetic deduction,molecular markers and pedigree analysis.The results showed that a total of 9 known resistance genes (Lr1,Lr2c,Lr10,Lr16,Lr26,Lr34,Lr37,Lr45 and Lr46) and a few unknown genes were detected in 50 cultivars.There were 22 varieties including Zimai 12 that contained the Lr1 gene;there were 10 varieties including Lumai 14 that contained the Lr2c gene;Laizhou 9361 only contained the Lr10 gene;there were 25 varieties including Kenong 199 that contained the Lr16 gene;there were 15 varieties including Xuzhou 24 that contained the Lr26 gene;Baomai 3 and Jingdong 8 contained the Lr34 gene;The Lr37 gene was contained in Zimai 12,He 0927,and He 9946;there were 11 varieties including Lianmai 2 that contained the Lr45 gene;there were 38 varieties including Shannong 19 that contained the Lr46 gene.

JAZ protein plays a key role in plant growth and development and stress signaling pathways.In order to explore the regulatory mechanism of JAZ protein in wheat late spring cold,TaJAZ6 gene was cloned from young spike of wheat,and its molecular characteristics,expression characteristics and subcellular localization were analyzed.The results showed that the full-length CDS sequence of the gene was 549 bp,encoding 178 amino acids.The predicted molecular weight of the encoded protein was 18.376 ku,the theoretical isoelectric point was 9.37,and the instability coefficient was 62.44,so it was an unstable protein.The protein encoded by this gene had a TIFY domain and a CCT_2 domain.Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the protein had the closest relationship with TIFY 11b proteins of Triticum dicoccoides and Triticum urartu.In addition to the basic response elements such as CAAT-box and TATA-box,the promoter region of TaJAZ6 gene also contained hormone response elements,light response elements,low temperature response elements,defense and stress response elements.Real-time Quantitative PCR analysis showed that TaJAZ6 gene was expressed in roots,stems,leaves and young panicles,with the highest expression in roots.The expression of TaJAZ6 gene was also induced by low temperature and methyl jasmonate (MeJA).Under low temperature stress,the expression trends of TaJAZ6 in roots,stems and leaves of Aikang 58 (tolerant to late spring cold ) and Zhengmai 366 ( sensitive to late spring cold ) were the same trend,which significantly increased.After spraying 300,350 μmol/L MeJA,the expression of TaJAZ6 in plants treated with low temperature decreased significantly in both wheat varieties.The expression level of TaJAZ6 in the young panicles after low temperature stress showed an opposite trend.The expression level of TaJAZ6 in the young panicles of Aikang 58 decreased significantly,and increased significantly in the young panicles of Zhengmai 366.It was speculated that the gene might negatively regulate the defense response of wheat to late spring cold stress.By spraying MeJA,the relative expression of TaJAZ6 gene in young spikes of two wheat varieties under low temperature stress was significantly reduced,and the grain number of wheat was increased.Subcellular localization assay showed that TaJAZ6 protein was localized in the nucleus.The results above indicate that TaJAZ6 may play an important role in the response of wheat to late spring cold stress.

In order to cultivate a specific type of high-quality wheat,it is necessary to make the quality measurement from the early generation. Due to the limitation of the seed amount in the early generation,only some small measurement methods can be used. Among the commonly used small quantity of quality measurement methods,glutenin swelling index (SIG)and lactate SDS solvent retention capacity (LA-SDS SRC)are better methods to predict wheat quality. The purpose of this study was to compare these two methods and make necessary optimizations,so as to provide support for improving quality breeding efficiency. This study used 8 strong gluten,medium-strong gluten,and medium gluten wheat varieties cultivated in the Huanghuai wheat region as experimental materials. The SIG and LA-SDS SRC values of different materials were measured using whole wheat flour,and the experimental results were compared. The LA-SDS SRC method was further optimized. The results showed that the results measured by SIG and LA-SDS SRC methods were consistent with the order of gluten strength of these varieties. In comparison,LA-SDS SRC method had a better prediction effect on gluten strength and could better reflect the differences between strong gluten varieties and medium gluten varieties;the optimized LA-SDS SRC method (using a 2 mL centrifuge tube)showed a high correlation with the standard LA-SDS SRC method (using a 50 mL centrifuge tube),with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.986. Its predictive effect on gluten strength was superior to the SIG method using a 2 mL centrifuge tube. The standard LA-SDS SRC method and a smaller amount of LA-SDS SRC method are suitable as early generation selection methods for wheat quality breeding in China.

In order to explore wheat leaf rust resistance genes and provide more choices for China's wheat leaf rust resistance genetic breeding gene pool.It selected 75 domestic and foreign wheat materials and 36 known leaf rust resistance gene vector varieties,inoculated 14 physiological races of leaf rust with different virulence at the seedling stage,and identified the severity of the disease of these physiological races with different virulence on wheat materials;simultaneously extract DNA from fresh leaf of all materials,and select specific primers associated with identified leaf rust resistance genes for molecular marker detection on 75 wheat materials.Combining the above two methods,it was speculated that 75 wheat materials contained genes for leaf rust resistance.The results showed that,75 wheat materials contained 13 known leaf rust resistance genes,namely Lr1,Lr2a,Lr2c,Lr10,Lr11,Lr14a,Lr16, Lr18,Lr20,Lr26,Lr34,Lr37 and Lr46,which existed in wheat varieties through single gene or multi gene aggregation.Among them,the Lr1 gene and Lr46 gene account for a relatively large proportion,up to 43% and 56% respectively.These genes exist alone in wheat materials and did not exhibit good resistance to leaf rust;when several or more genes coexisted in wheat materials,they could exhibit much higher leaf rust resistance than a single gene.The results were consistent with previous studies.Molecular markers detected that Lr1,Lr10 and Lr46 genes were contained in S3,a wheat material named large white spring wheat.The identification at the seedling stage in greenhouse showed that the material showed resistance to the 11 physiological races of leaf rust,and it was a relatively good leaf rust resistant wheat.

In order to perfect the cultivation technique of the new variety Shannong 38 for large-scale promotion.The experiment set a total of 15 processes that including 5 basic seedlings and 3 row spacing.This study analysed effects of yield,photosynthetic index and light use efficiency on wheat.The results showed that: the basic seedling treatment had great influence on each index,the difference was significant,the row spacing was next.The yield of 225×10⁴ plants/ha basic seedlings and 23 cm row spacing was reasonable and high yield was obtained.In the same period,the population photosynthetic rate increased with the increase of basic seedlings and row spacing,and decreased gradually with the increase of basic seedlings and row spacing.GS was consistent with transpiration rate,and contrary to intercellular CO₂ concentration.That with the growth period showed a first increase and then a decrease trend,with the increase of the basic seedlings gradually increased.Fv/Fm decreased significantly only in high density treatment of B5,and other treatments had no significant difference.The effective radiation amount and the interception rate of light radiation increased with the increase of basic seedlings and decreased with the increase of row spacing,there was no significant difference in effective radiation quantity and light interception rate under high density treatment,and no significant difference in row spacing treatment under high density treatment.

In order to clarify the main agronomic traits and their relationships with grain yield of different colored-grain wheat varieties(lines),and select colored-grain wheat varieties suitable for cultivation in Eastern Shandong.The experiment was carried out during 2020-2022 winter wheat growing seasons.Four purple-grain wheat varieties (lines)Qingyan No.1 purple wheat (QYZ-1),QYZ-2,Shannong No.1 purple wheat (SNZM1),and Nongda 3753 (ND3753),two blue-grain wheat lines 20064 and 20072,and one common white grain wheat variety Jimai 22 (JM22,control variety) were selected as test materials,to systematically study the differences in flag leaf SPAD,leaf area index,dry matter accumulation and remobilization,grain yield and its component factors,stability of agronomic traits and yield sustainability of different colored-grain wheat varieties (lines).The results showed that grain yield,thousand grains weight,leaf area index at anthesis,SPAD value after anthesis,dry matter accumulation at anthesis,dry matter accumulation at maturity,dry matter accumulation at post-anthesis and harvest index of each colored-grain wheat varieties (lines) were lower than those of common white grain wheat (Jimai 22).Compared among the various colored-grain wheat varieties (lines),the purple-grain wheat QYZ-1 grain yield was significantly higher than that of other colored-grain wheat varieties (lines),and the grains per unit area number was not significantly different from that of QYZ-2,but its thousand grains weight was significantly higher than that of QYZ-2.The upper three leaves area index of the purple-grain wheat QYZ-1 was significantly higher than that of the blue wheat lines and ND3753 at the anthesis stage.The flag leaf SPAD,the dry matter accumulation at maturity and post-anthesis,the dry matter remobilization before anthesis,and the harvest index were higher than those of other colored-grain wheat varieties (lines);compared with other varieties (lines),the coefficient of variation (CV) of agronomic traits of JM22 and QYZ-1 were lower.Compared with colored-grain wheat,the mean yield and yield sustainability index (SYI) of QYZ-1 were higher.In addition,the correlation analysis showed that the grain yield was positive significantly correlated with the dry matter accumulation at anthesis,the dry matter accumulation at maturity and post-anthesis,the dry matter remobilization before anthesis,the harvest index,flag leaf SPAD value at 28 days after anthesis,whole green leaves area index at anthesis and thousand grains weight,respectively.Based on the results of the two years' study,QYZ-1 obtained the appropriate leaf area index,maintained the higher flag leaf SPAD after anthesis,and the longer duration of anthesis to maturity stage,delayed the leaf senescence during the late grain filling stage,and synergistically increased the post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and the dry matter remobilization before anthesis,dry matter accumulation at maturity and harvest index,and grain number per unit area and thousand grains weight,and then achieved higher grain yield.In summary,Qingyan No.1 purple wheat,as a colored-grain wheat variety,has a stable yield and good sustainability,making it suitable for planting in Eastern Shandong region.

Sucrose is the main form of water-soluble carbohydrates transported in wheat stems,and plays a key role in the regulation of wheat growth and grain filling,which is a typical quantitative trait with a complex genetic basis.The SNP loci and candidate genes significantly associated with sucrose accumulation and translocation in wheat stems were explored at the genome-wide level to provide a theoretical basis for gene cloning and molecular marker-assisted selection.Seven traits of 117 domestic wheat varieties were measured, such as the sucrose content of flowering, filling, and maturity, the translocation rate and contribution rate to grain filling of sucrose at the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis, under different environmental conditions. Based on 35K SNP microarray genotyping, a mixed linear model MLM (Q + K) was used for genome-wide association study (GWAS) and candidate gene prediction.The overall phenotypic variation ranged from 9.53% to 45.70% with rich phenotypic diversity;the heritability of seven traits ranged from 0.32 to 0.49;the genotyping results showed that the polymorphism information content (PIC) of SNP markers ranged from 0.10 to 0.38;the population structure analysis divided the tested materials into four subgroups.The MLM(Q+K)model detected 146 significantly associated loci for traits related to sucrose accumulation and transport,among them,three SNP loci were detected repeatedly in two environments,and 13 candidate genes related to sucrose accumulation and transport related traits were screened based on the 200 kb physical location interval upstream and downstream of the 3 SNP loci that were stably and significantly associated.Among them, TraesCS1B02G324100 (Nucleotide-diphospho-suger transferase gene),TraesCS1B02G324200(Cellulose synthase-like protein gene),and TraesCS1B02G324300 (β-1,3-glucanase gene) were associated with sugar metabolism.

Spike length is an important agronomic trait in wheat and is closely related to yield components.Studying wheat spike length genes and screening molecular markers linked to spike length genes can provide molecular support for wheat molecular marker-assisted breeding.The F₂ population constructed with Keda 116 and Keda 101 as parents was used as test material to construct a genetic map covering the wheat genome by SSR molecular markers and to locate QTLs for spike length by combining the complete composite interval mapping method.A total of 434 pairs of primers with polymorphism between parents were screened from 3 234 pairs of primers,and the detection rate of polymorphic primers was 13.42%.A total of 28 molecular markers were screened for possible linkage to spike length by BSA mixed pool analysis,16 of these markers were verified to be tightly linked to the target gene by a population of 262 plants.The genetic map of wheat chromosome group was constructed by QTL-IciMapping software,and the average genetic distance between markers was 38.66 cM.A total of seven QTLs loci associated with spike length were detected,which were located on chromosomes 3B,4A,4B and 6B.The additive effect values of all the seven QTLs were positive and their contributions to the genetic variation of phenotypic traits ranged from 4.01% to 23.16%.Two major QTLs were mapped on chromosome 4B,explaining 17.59%-23.16% of the phenotypic variance.Among them,Qsl4B-2 was the most closely linked QTL locus with only 3.5 cM away from the nearest molecular marker,and the analysis found that it might be a new major QTL locus.Therefore,genes associated with spike length might exist on chromosome 4B.Within the marker interval of chromosome 4B from yzu397456 to yzu404917 and yzu409422 to yzu405167,there might be seven candidate genes regulating wheat spike length,which were consistently highly expressed in the spike.

PEPC catalyzes phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)to generate oxaloacetate(OAA)to participate the tricarboxylic acid(TCA),which plays an important role in development and stress adaptation of plant.However,there have been no reports of PEPC involvement in plant organ development.Exploration and study on biological function of Tappc3A gene in wheat flower development,and provides new clues to explore the molecular mechanism of homologous conversion of stamens into pistillody in wheat.The Tappc3A gene was cloned from CM28TP and HTS-1 by PCR,and the sequence and phylogenetic tree were analyzed by bioinformatics tools,and the expression level of Tappc3A gene in different developmental stages and different reproductive organs of wheat young spikes was analyzed by using qRT-PCR,and whether the protein function encoded by Tappc3A gene was analyzed by prokaryotic expression.The wheat RNA-Seq database was used to analyze the co-expression of Tappc3A gene and other genes that regulate flower organ development.The ORF of Tappc3A gene was 2 901 bp in length,encoding 966 amino acid residues,with a typical phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPase)conserved domain,a conserved serine(Ser,S)reversible phosphorylation site(SIDAQLR)at the N-terminal,a plant-type PEPC protein signature sequence(QNTG)at the C-terminal,and the 774th amino acid was the typical alanine of C3 plant PEPC.Cluster analysis also showed that Tappc3A belonged to the C3 type PEPC family.qRT-PCR analysis,in three stages of wheat young spike development,showed that the expression of Tappc3A gene in HTS-1 was higher than that in CM28TP at the dichotomous stage to the florescence differentiation stage and the pharmacophore period,and the expression of Tappc3A gene was significantly higher in pistils(P)and pistillody stamens(PS)than stamens(S).The prokaryotic expression results showed that the protein encoded by Tappc3A gene,which catalyzes the production of OAA from PEP,and its activity was significantly enhanced after IPTG induction.The gene co-expression analysis showed that Tappc3A gene might be involved in the morphogenesis of wheat floral organs.Tappc3A gene might be involved in wheat pistil development,and its overexpression in stamens might be associated with the homologous transformation of stamens into pistillody trait formation.

To provide references for the waterlogging-tolerance and yield-stability cultivation of wheat,the experiment was conducted to study the effects of different degrees of waterlogging on root dry weight and vigor in different soil layers,shoot growth,grain yield,and its components using Yangmai 25 and Ningmai 13 as experimental materials.The treatments included short-term mild(SL,10 cm water layer under the soil surface for 3 days),short-term severe(SS,2 cm water layer above the soil surface for 3 days),long-term mild(LL,10 cm water layer under the soil surface for 12 days),long-term severe(LS,2 cm water layer above the soil surface for 12 days)waterlogging treatments at stem-elongation stage,and control treatment(CK,maintaining the relative soil water content of 70%—75%).The results showed that Yangmai 25 showed significantly higher grain yield,1000-grain weight,root dry weight,root activity in the 0—40 cm soil layer,and ratio of root to shoot than Ningmai 13.Compared with CK,SL and SS reduced grain yield by 13.44%—22.45%,while LL and LS reduced grain yield significantly by 28.76%—37.26%.There was no significant difference in grain yield between SL and SS,LL and LS.Under the short-term waterlogging,the biomass of root and shoot were slightly reduced,the root in 0—20 cm soil layer maintained high vigor,and the vigor of root in 20—60 cm soil layer could recover.However,long-term waterlogging significantly decreased root dry weight resulting in growth imbalance of root and shoot.In addition,root activity was low and difficult to recover under long-term waterlogging,and the top-three leaves was prone to premature senescence with the top 3rd leaf showing most obvious.The results suggested that lowering water levels as soon as possible after waterlogging could help the surface roots maintain growth and physiological activity,and reduced the risk of premature leaf senescence,satisfying the photosynthetic needs for grain filling.

In order to study the differences in yield,accumulation and utilization of nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)among wheat varieties from different geographical origins and among high and low yield wheat varieties from the same geographical origin in dryland farming, 165 varieties from China(58),the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT,42)and others abroad (65)were planted in the farm of Henan University of Science and Technology in Luoyang,Henan Province, to analyze the yield and its components,the characteristics of accumulation,distribution and requirement at maturity of N,P,K.Compared with others abroad,the grain yield,grains per spike,1000-grain weight,N,P and K physiological efficiency of CIMMYT varieties were significantly increased by 21.3%,39.1%,26.4%,33.2%,22.6% and 36.1%,respectively,while those of Chinese varieties were increased by 10.5%,18.1%,24.3%,29.4%, 12.1% and 24.3%,respectively,however,the spike number,the N,P and K accumulation in stem and leaf,the N,P,K and dry matter requirements of 100 kg grains of CIMMYT and Chinese varieties decreased significantly,moreover,the increase and decrease of CIMMYT varieties were higher than those of Chinese varieties.Compared the low-yield varieties from the same geographical origin,the yield,spike number,grain number per spike and biomass of Chinese high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 122.4%,38.7%,39.3% and 96.1%,respectively;the yield,spike number and biomass of CIMMYT high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 97.6%,68.2% and 71.7%;the yield,spike number,grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and biomass of high-yield varieties of others abroad were significantly increased by 157.2%,33.0%,43.6%,35.9% and 76.4%.For Chinese varieties,compared with the low-yield varieties, the shoot and grain N,P,K accumulations of high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 98.8%,101.0%,83.7% and 118.8%,104.7%,131.2%,as well as the N,P,K uptake efficiencies were significantly increased by 93.6%,84.6% and 70.3%,the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation were significantly increased by 102.8%,109.5% and 75.9%,but the K and dry matter requirements for 100 kg grains formation were significantly decreased by 16.8% and 11.1% respectively.For CIMMYT varieties,compared with the low-yield varieties, the N,P,K uptake efficiencies in high-yield varieties were significantly increased by 68.5%,71.4% and 63.6%,as well as the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation were significantly increased by 79.2%,81.7% and 76.5%,while the N and P requirements for 100 kg grains were significantly decreased by 10.7% and 10.3%,respectively.For others abroad,compared with the low-yield varieties, the N,P, K physiological efficiencies in high-yield varieties were increased significantly by 34.7%,30.2% and 60.6%, as well as the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation were increased significantly by 73.0%,110.8% and 52.1%,while the N,P,K and dry matter requirements for 100 kg grains were significantly decreased by 26.7%,23.6%,36.8% and 24.7%,respectively.To sum up,many characteristics of grain formation and N,P,K absorption and utilization in wheat showed significant differences among different geographical origin varieties.CIMMYT varieties had higher grain number per spike,1000-grain weight,harvest index,grain N accumulation,and P,K physiological efficiency,while others abroad had higher spike numbers,N,P,K accumulation in stem and leaf,N,K accumulation in shoot and uptake efficiency,dry matter and N,P,K requirements for 100 kg grains,and the values of most indexes of Chinese varieties were between CIMMYT varieties and others abroad.Compared with low-yield varieties,high-yield varieties from the same geographical origin had the ability to improve yield components,harvest index and nutrient uptake efficiency,while increased the nutrient requirements for grain N,P,K content formation.Therefore,the N,P,K input should be increased appropriately in the production system which aimed to high yield and high nutrient content.

In order to select a reasonable fertilization pattern suitable for high-yielding and high-quality production of rice stubble weakly glutenous wheat,this experiment was conducted with weakly glutenous wheat Ningmai 13 and Wanximai 0638 as the test varieties,with no fertilization(CK),conventional fertilization of compound fertilizer+urea(T1),slow-release blended fertilizer(T2),loss-control fertilizer(T3),humic acid compound fertilizer(T4),and wheat formula fertilizer(T5),under the same conditions of nutrient supply,the effects on dry matter distribution and transport,filling,yield and quality of weakly glutenous wheat were analyzed.The results showed that slow-release blended fertilizer and wheat formula significantly increased the post-flowering dry matter production,and increased wheat grain filling rate,effective filling days,and grain weight compared with conventional fertilizer application.The grain yield increased by 9.27%—24.30% and 11.64%—22.98% respectively compared with conventional fertilizer.Slow-release blended fertilizer 2 years two varieties than conventional fertilization treatment of nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency increased by an average of 23.14%, 36.88%, wheat formula fertilizer two years two varieties than conventional fertilization increased by an average of 36.31%, 39.35%. Wheat formula fertilizer treatment of two wheat varieties for testing grain quality had reached the national standard of weak gluten wheat. In summary,wheat formula fertilizer can be used as one of the fertilization patterns for high-yielding and high-quality production of rice stubble weak-gluten wheat in the test area,or appropriately reduce the application amount of slow-release blended fertilizer as the fertilization pattern for high-yielding and high-quality production of rice stubble weak-gluten wheat.

In order to determine the optimal irrigation period of winter wheat under the condition of limited irrigation in spring and reduce the adverse effects of water restriction on the individual and population quality of wheat,five irrigation treatments,that irrigation at the 2nd,3rd,4th,5th and 6th spring leaf occurring stage(T2—T6)respective,were set.No irrigation treatment(W0)in the whole growth season was set as control.The Gaoyou 2018,a multi-panicle winter wheat variety was used.The effects of irrigation period on leaf area index(LAI)and SPAD of each leaf layer,canopy apparent photosynthetic rate after anthesis, dry matter accumulation and transportation, and yield were studied.The results showed that under the condition of only irrigation once in spring,the decay rate of canopy LAI by T5 and T6 decreased by 58.93% and 14.37% during 0—10 days and 20—30 days after anthesis,respectively,than that by irrigation at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th spring leaf occurring stage.The decay rate of LAI and SPAD of the top 3rd,4th and 5th leaf layers by T5 or T6 were lower significantly during 0—10 days after anthesis,and the decay rate of the flag leaf and top 2nd leaf layers by T5 or T6 were lower during 20—30 days after anthesis.Compared to early irrigation treatment, when irrigation was delayed to the 5th or 6th spring leaf age, the canopy apparent photosynthetic rate was increased by 19.89%,35.86% and 56.08%,respectively during the early,middle and late grain filling stage,the post-anthesis dry matter accumulation amount and the translocation amount from dry matter pre-anthesis to grains were both increased.The final grain yield and harvest index increased by 9.73% and 18.64%,respectively.In conclusion,under the condition of only irrigation once in spring of this study,irrigation at the 5th or 6th leaf age in spring was beneficial to delay leaf decay and increase population photosynthetic capacity and grain yield of wheat.

Phytosulfokine receptor(PSKR)plays an important role in promoting plant cell proliferation and is involved in plant response to abiotic stresses.To explore the sequence characteristics and the function of wheat PSKR genes,the cDNA sequences of three homologous genes of TaPSKR1 were cloned from wheat variety Jinmai 47 by homologous cloning technology,named TaPSKR1-6A,TaPSKR1-6B and TaPSKR1-6D because of their locations on chromosome 6A,6B and 6D,respectively.The gene structure,protein physical and chemical properties,cis acting elements,functional domains and evolutionary relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis.The expression patterns of TaPSKR1 genes in different tissues and under different stresses were detected by qRT-PCR.The results showed that TaPSKR1-6A,TaPSKR1-6B and TaPSKR1-6D all contained one exon.The open reading frame(ORF)of the three TaPSKR1 genes were 3 153,3 132,3 156 bp,respectively,which encoded 1 050,1 043 and 1 051 amino acid residues.Bioinformatics analysis showed that TaPSKR1 proteins were located on the cell membrane,containing signal peptide,transmembrane domains,eight LRRs type domains and intracellular kinase domain,which belonged to PSKR gene family.Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaPSKR1 proteins had closely relationship with its related species and rice,which were clustered into the same subgroup.The results of expression analysis showed that TaPSKR1 genes were expressed in roots,stems,leaves and seeds,and the expression levels in roots were the highest.Under drought and salt stress treatments,the expressions of three homologous copies of TaPSKR1 genes were sharply upregulated in leaves,suggesting that TaPSKR1 might play an important regulatory role in wheat defense to abiotic stresses.

In order to explore the effects of irrigation method and topdressing nitrogen on grain yield,quality and nitrogen accumulation and translocation of furrow-seeding wheat in dryland,a field experiment including five treatments,i.e.no irrigation and no topdressing nitrogen(NIND),every furrow irrigation and no topdressing nitrogen(EFIND),alternative furrow irrigation and no topdressing nitrogen(AFIND),every furrow irrigation and topdressing nitrogen(EFITD)and alternative furrow irrigation and topdressing nitrogen(AFITD),were set at jointing stage based on a no-tillage furrow-seeding wheat field from October 2019 to June 2020.The grain yield and its components,main quality index,as well as the shoot nitrogen accumulation,translocation and distribution were measured.The results showed that irrigation at jointing stage,irrigation mode and topdressing nitrogen significantly regulated the yield,quality and nitrogen accumulation and translocation of furrow-seeding wheat in dryland,and the regulation effects was additive.Compared with NIND,the grain yields in EFIND,AFIND,EFITD and AFITD were significantly increased by 46.57%,67.72%,83.71%,95.88%,as well as the nitrogen accumulation at anthesis,the post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation and its contribution rate to grain were significantly increased,so the nitrogen accumulation amounts at maturity were significantly increased by 25.94%,41.00%,65.86%,82.64%.Compared with NIND,the quality in EFIND,AFIND and EFITD was significantly decreased,while that in AFITD did not decrease or even significantly increased.Compared with EFI,AFI did not affect the nitrogen accumulation at anthesis,but significantly increased the post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation,and thus significantly increased the total nitrogen accumulation at maturity and grain nitrogen accumulation.Finally,compared with EFI,the grain yield in AFI was significantly increased,but the difference of quality indexes except the sedimentation value was not significant under ND,while the significant improvement of grain yield and various quality indexes was observed under TD.Compared with ND,the nitrogen accumulation at anthesis,pre-anthesis nitrogen accumulation and its translocation amount,post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation and its contribution rate to grain in TD were significantly increased,and thus the shoot nitrogen accumulation and grain nitrogen distribution rate at maturity were also significantly increased,so the grain yield,grain nitrogen accumulation and grain quality were significantly improved.Moreover,the regulation effect on quality under AFI was greater than that under EFI.In conclusion, AFITD could not only improve the shoot nitrogen accumulation at anthesis and after anthesis, but also significantly increased the amount of pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation to grain, and the shoot nitrogen accumulation and its distribution rate in grain at maturity, thus finally synergistically improved grain yield and quality of furrow-seeding wheat. Therefore, alternative furrow irrigation combined with topdressing nitrogen at jointing stage could be recommended as an alternative mode in dryland.

In order to excavate the key genes in wheat which were resistant to glufosinate-ammonium stress and analyze family members chromosome distribution and expression pattern.Winter wheat Jinnong 6 was selected as the research object and different concentrations of glufosinate-ammonium was used in our study and observed symptoms of wheat after treatments.Total RNA was extracted from wheat leaves at 0,3 and 9 h after treatment.Transcriptomic sequencing technology was used to analyze and excavate the key genes in wheat.To confirm genes expression,protein structure of their family members and expression pattern.The results showed that TraesCS4A02G044000 was up-regulated induced by glufosinate-ammonium stress according to transcriptome analysis.Sequence analysis showed that TraesCS4A02G044000 was located in the 4th homologous gene A genome of wheat.The protein domain analysis showed that the protein encoded of TraesCS4A02G044000 had a signal peptide,a DUF568 and a b561.Twelve genes containing DUF568 and b561 domains were excavated from the genome family members,which were located in the 4th,5th and 7th homologous groups.The expression pattern analysis showed that TraesCS4D02G265000,TraesCS4B02G265100 and TraesCS4A02G044000 located in chromosomes A,B and D of the 4th homologous group which encoded cytochrome b561 were up-regulated obviously in wheat under glufosinate-ammonium stress. TraesCS4A02G044000 and its homologous genes encoding cytochrome b561 were significantly up-regulated under glufosinate-ammonium stress, indicated that b561 had a positive response to glufosinate-ammonium stress and participated in the metabolism of glufosinate-ammonium in wheat.

In order to investigate the function of thaumatin-like protein 8(TaTLP8)in wheat resistance to Puccinia triticina infection,the incompatible and compatible combinations of the wheat near-isogenic line TcLr26 and its recurrent parent Thatcher(Tc)with P.triticina physiological race 260 were studied.Following bioinformatics analysis,prokaryotic expression,affinity purification,and immunization,a rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody to TaTLP8 was prepared,and the expression of TaTLP8 in the incompatible and compatible combinations of wheat and P.triticina was detected.The results showed that wheat TaTLP8 was highly homologous to the HvTLP8 in barley and contained a signal peptide at its N-terminus.The recombinant plasmid pET28a-TaTLP8-nosp was generated with the TaTLP8 gene excluding its signal peptide region(TaTLP8-nosp),and the protein was expressed at an optimal concentration of 0.100 mmol/L IPTG in E.coli BL21.The purified TaTLP8-nosp recombinant protein was used to immunize New Zealand rabbits to prepare an antibody,which was found to bind specifically to TaTLP8 protein in wheat by Western Blotting.The prepared antibody was used to detect the expression of TaTLP8 in wheat-P.triticina incompatible and compatible interactions.TaTLP8 started to express 8 h after inoculation in the incompatible combination,and its expression level gradually increased.In the compatible combination,the expression of TaTLP8 was not detected until 48 h after P.triticina inoculation,and its expression level gradually decreased.In addition,the expression of TaTLP8 in the incompatible combination was higher than that in the compatible combination,indicating that TaTLP8 may play a positive regulatory role in the resistance of wheat to P.triticina infection.

To further investigated the effect of different allelic variants of TaGAMyb-B genes in wheat on stem elongation, used the rice Agrobacterium transformation system,RT-qPCR,tissue section and cell tissue specific analysis to systematically study the function of the 84 bp InDel of TaGAMyb-B.The results showed that,in the over-expressed transgenic rice lines,transcript expression of TaGAMyb-B was detected in seeds,roots,stems and leaves;TaGAMyb-Bb-GFP transgenic seeds were more sensitive under the treatment of NaCl,GA and mannitol compared with TaGAMyb-Ba-GFP;the diameters of first,second and third stem inter-nodes,spike length and tiller number of TaGAMyb-Ba-GFP were significantly larger than that of TaGAMyb-Bb-GFP;and the analysis of cell tissue sections showed that the average thickness of the thick-walled tissue cells in the transverse sections of the transgenic TaGAMyb-Ba-GFP rice was significantly greater than that of the transgenic TaGAMyb-Bb-GFP event,the average length of thick-walled cells was extremely significantly shorter than that of transgenic TaGAMyb-Bb-GFP event.The above mentioned results indicated that the 84 bp deletion in TaGAMyb-B increased not only abiotic stress resistance and plant lodging resistance,but also spike length and tiller number in transgenic rice.

In order to explore the authenticity of spaceflight induced wheat mutants, the Zhoumai 18 SP₅ mutant population created by the Shijian 10 satellite,and used 42 pairs of SSR markers and 55K SNP chip technology to identify the authenticity of four mutants with more significant differences in grain phenotypes.Grain phenotypic analysis revealed that the mutant population differed significantly in thousand grains weight and grain length,with the most abundant variation in thousand grains weight and insignificant difference in grain width,and the average grain length,grain width and thousand grains weight of the mutant population were significantly higher than those of the wild type,indicating the high frequency of beneficial mutations by space flight. SSR marker identification revealed that the mutant ZM18-112 differed from the wild type by 18 markers,with a high polymorphism ratio of 42.85%,while ZM18-105,ZM18-26 and ZM18-7 differed from their wild type by no more than three markers.The SNP chip identified that the percentage of SNP loci differing between ZM18-112 and the wild type was as high as 13.3012%,while the percentage of SNP loci differing between the other three mutants and the wild type did not exceed 0.7689%.It was believed that mutant ZM18-112 was a pseudomutant due to heterogeneous pollination or mechanical mixing,while ZM18-105,ZM18-26 and ZM18-7 had essentially the same genetic background as the wild type and were real mutants that had been mutagenized by spaceflight.

To clarify the effect of different drought resistance genes on wheat grain weight, 352 main varieties (or lines) in Huang and Huai Valley wheat region were used as experimental materials. Two experimental treatments were designed, normal irrigation and drought condition. Grain weight data were investigated for three consecutive years from 2019 to 2021. KASP markers of three drought resistance genes (1-fehw3, TaDreb-B1 and Cwi-4A) were used to genotype the experimental materials, and the effects of different drought resistance genes on wheat grain weight were studied. The results showed that the KASP markers of the three genes could be used for genotyping of the experimental materials, and the effects of KASP marker of 1-fehw3 and Cwi-4A genes were better than that of TaDreb-B1 gene. The distribution frequency of the dominant alleles of 1-fehw3,TaDreb-B1 and Cwi-4A genes was 36.9%, 41.1% and 35.1%, respectively. When genotyping by single gene marker, the thousand grain weight between drought resistant and susceptible genotypes did not reach a significant level in different years and conditions. When tested using two gene markers, 1-fehw3+TaDreb-B1 showed significant differences in thousand grains weight between drought resistant and susceptible genotypes under normal irrigation in 2019 and drought in 2020; 1-fehw3+Cwi-4A reached a significant level in the 2019 and 2020 drought environments; TaDreb-B1+Cwi-4A achieved a significant level in 2020 drought environment. When tested using three genes (1-fehw3, TaDreb-B1 and Cwi-4A) markers, the thousand grains weight of drought resistant genotypes was significantly higher than that of drought susceptible genotypes in all five environments except for irrigation conditions in 2020. The results indicated that because drought resistance was a complex trait controlled by multiple genes, the contribution of a single drought resistance gene to wheat drought resistance was relatively small. However, using molecular marker assisted selection for multi gene pyramiding breeding could significantly improve wheat drought resistance.

In view of the contradiction between the temperature required for winter wheat growth and the actual ambient temperature in the northern North China Plain, field experiments were conducted in two consecutive growing seasons from 2019 to 2021 to study the effect of increasing temperature in late winter and early spring on regulating wheat source-sink performance. In the first growing season, four warming treatments were set warming on January 20 (CT1), January 26 (CT2), February 1 (CT3), February 7 (CT4), and ending on March 20. In the second growing season, three warming treatments were set warming on January 25 (CT1), February 1 (CT2), February 8 (CT3), and ending on March 15, and conventional production was used as control (CK) in both growing seasons. The results showed that the accumulated temperature of CT1 increased by 138.1-405.1 ℃, the average daily temperature of CT1 from jointing to anthesis decreased by 2.50 ℃ in second growing season, and the average daily temperature of CT1 from anthesis to maturity decreased by 2.31 ℃ in first growing season, and the regreening of wheat was advanced by 25 days in first growing season, and the total number of days from regreening to maturity was extended by 21 days in first growing season. Leaf area index and flag leaf area of the CT1 treatment at anthesis were significantly increased by 17.6% and 33.7% in second growing season. The net photosynthetic rate increased by 11.7% in 2020-2021 growing season, and MDA content of CT1 flag leaf decreased by 28.0% after anthesis in first growing season. In second growing season, CT1 spike length and grain length were significantly increased by 15.7% and 2.3%, and at 15 days after anthesis the grain filling rate was significantly increased by 41.0%, the kernel number was significantly increased by 8.8, the 1000-grain weight was significantly increased by 2.0 g, and the yield was significantly increased by 35.8%. Suggesting that, the warming treatment advanced the regreening of wheat and the beginning time of wheat source-sink matter accumulation, relatively lower temperature after the end of intermitten warming measures, it extended the total time of material accumulation in the source-sink and prepared conditions for improving the activity of the source-sink, and the earlier the warming treatment was implemented, the more the performance of the wheat source-sink would be improved.

In order to effectively improve the 1000-grain weight of winter wheat,explore the effect of different drip irrigation and fertilization frequency on grain filling and mature grain shape of medium strong gluten wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat region,under the field experimental conditions,different winter wheat varieties with medium strong gluten were selected as experimental materials,a comparative experiment was carried out on different drip irrigation fertilization frequency(2,3,4 times,respectively represented by DF2,DF3,DF4)and traditional irrigation fertilization(CK)under 210 kg/ha of total nitrogen application(urea form)and 120 mm of total irrigation.The results showed that there were significant or extremely significant correlations between grain shape(except length and roundness),key grain filling parameters(V_mean,V_max,V₂,M₂)and 1000-grain weight through correlation analysis.Drip irrigation increased V_mean (average filling speed),V_max (maximum filling speed),V₂ (grain filling speed in rapid growth period),and M₂ (grain accumulation in rapid growth period).Compared with two times of topdressing with water and fertilizer(DF2),after three water and fertilizer applications(DF3),T_max,V_mean,V_max,V₂,M₂,and grain area all increased,and after four water and fertilizer applications(DF4),T_max,T₂,M₂ had improved.Compared with DF2,the length,width,thickness,roundness,and grains area increased with the frequency of fertilization(DF3 and DF4),the width and grain area of DF3 reached a significant level,and the thickness of DF4 reached a significant level,reducing the vertical and horizontal.The sieving equivalent of 2.2-2.5 mm was significantly reduced,and the sieving equivalent of >2.8 mm was increased,and the grains were more plump.Compared with border irrigation,the grains of DF3 and DF4 were also more plump.In conclusion,in wheat production,it is very important to increase the frequency of fertilization through drip irrigation to optimize the development of spike grains and improve grain weight.

In order to screen the proper time and method of deep tillage for achieving high yield of winter wheat in the winter wheat-summer maize(namely,wheat-maize)multiple cropping system in dryland,a field experiment including four treatments,namely deep plowing in summer season(SP),subsoiling in summer season(SS),deep plowing in autumn season(AP)and subsoiling in autumn season(AS),was carried out in the typical dryland wheat-maize production area in Western Henan Province from June 2019 to June 2021.The yield,yield components and spike traits of wheat in the two experimental years,as well as tiller numbers,SPAD and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)in flag leaves,the characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transportation in 2020-2021 were investigated.Both the time and method of deep tillage had significant effects on the grain yield,yield components,spike traits,tiller number,flag leaf SPAD and Pn,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transportation in dryland winter wheat.Compared with SP, the yield, spike number, shoot dry matter accumulation from regreening to maturity, pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, total nitrogen accumulation from anthesis to maturity, pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation, flag leaf SPAD values during mid-late grain filling stage and flag leaf Pn from heading to latter grain filling of winter wheat in AS were significantly increased by 18.38%-19.55%, 16.85%-26.05%, 15.33%-20.28%, 16.47%, 20.43%, 26.11%-33.81%,36.49%,5.24%-9.69%, and 5.55%-23.70%, respectively.AS can increase the tiller numbers,flag leaf SPAD and Pn,and improve the characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transportation,thereby ultimately stabilizing the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight when increasing the number of spikes,and significantly increasing the grain yield of winter wheat.It is a suitable tillage pattern for wheat in wheat-maize multiple cropping system in dryland.

To explore efficient irrigation strategies to reduce irrigation amount and improve crop water productivity to alleviate water scarcity in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain winter wheat region of China. A split-plot field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of surface drip irrigation(DI)and subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)systems on wheat yield,soil water extraction,evapotranspiration(ET),and water use efficiency(WUE).The DI and SDI systems consisted of three irrigation schedules(50%-60%,60%-70%,and 70%-80% of field capacity;hereafter,W₅₀,W₆₀ and W₇₀,respectively).The SDI treatment decreased the proportion by 11.8%-21.8% of soil water extraction in the 0-0.8 m soil layers while increased the amount by 28.4%-29.8% of soil water extraction in the 0.8-1.6 m soil layers for the whole growth period.The soil evaporation and irrigation amount of SDI were 23.1%,8.9% lower than that of DI on average,respectively.Although the transpiration rate did not differ significantly between SDI and DI after anthesis,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n)and leaf area index were higher in the SDI treatment than those in the DI under W₅₀ and W₆₀ conditions(deficit irrigation).As a result,the SDI treatment increased the yield by 14.5%-29.3% and WUE by 13.9%-25.9% under deficit irrigation conditions as compared to DI.Compared to DI, SDI decreased P_n and soil water extraction in the upper soil layers significantly under W₇₀ condition due to more soil water stored below 0.8 m soil layer,and resulted in yield reduction by 4.1%-8.9%.SDI with W₆₀ can extract more soil water from subsoil and regulate the photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat,thereby improving yield and WUE.

In view of the problems of excessive input of nitrogen(N)fertilizer,serious nitrogen loss and soil N accumulation,and hard to popularize controlled-release urea(CRU)because of its high cost,this research,based on the field experiment including six crop growing seasons over three years,explored the application effect of combined CRU with urea under the condition of reduced N rate in winter wheat-summer maize rotation and aimed for optimizing the N application rate under applying the optimized blending application ratio of CRU and urea,so as to provide the technical references for reducing chemical N fertilizer input,increasing its use efficiency and generalizing CRU.The experimental design consisted of six treatments:CK(No N application),FH(urea with 270-240 kg/ha N application on winter wheat and summer maize respectively;50% of the total N applied once and 50% dressing).For N1,N2,N3 and N4 treatments, mixture of CRU and urea(controlled release nitrogen accounting for 40% of the total nitrogen content) was applied once before planting at 243,216,189 and 162 kg/ha respectively for winter wheat,and was applied at 216, 192, 168, and 144 kg/ha with controlled release nitrogen accounting for 30% respectively for summer maize.The results showed that:compared with FH,only N1 increased the yield and net profit of winter wheat and summer maize for three consecutive years.For winter wheat,N1 increased significantly the yield by 4.0%,5.4% in 2017-2018 and 2019-2020,respectively,and still increased the yield by 1.6% even in 2018-2019 that the yields of other treatments were decreased.N1 also increased significantly summer maize's yield by 10.9%.In addition,after harvesting winter wheat and summer maize per year,amount of accumulation of inorganic N in 0-100 cm and 60-100 cm soil layer of N1 was significantly lower than that of FH, while the cumulative N use efficiency of N1 after 6 growing seasons of crop was increased by 11.3 percentage point.These results demonstrated that a mixture of CRU and urea (at a ratio of controlled release nitrogen accounting for 40% and 30% of the total nitrogen content for wheat and maize respectively)with a 10% reduction in N application rate compared to FH could be more beneficial to increase crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and reduce leaching of soil inorganic nitrogen in wheat-maize rotation system.

In order to clarify the relationship between the morphological and structural characteristics of stem basal node 2 and lodging resistance in wheat,we explored key stem morphological indicators and Quantitative trait loci(QTL)sites for lodging resistance.120 RILs families were selected as research materials,and stem strength,basal second internode length,stem diameter,wall thickness,cellulose content and lignin content were measured in 2020 and 2021,respectively.Multiple regression analysis and QTL locations were performed by combining 55K SNP data.The results showed that the stem strength was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with the stem diameter and wall thickness of the second basal internode,and was extremely significantly positively correlated with the cellulose content and lignin content of the second basal internode.Multiple regression analysis showed that cellulose content in basal second internode was the key index affecting stalk strength of wheat.A total of 19 QTLs related to stem traits were detected on chromosomes 1A,1D,2B,2D,4D,5A,5B,5D and 7B,explaining 7.67% to 65.33% of the phenotypic variation.On chromosome 1D,the QTL linked to AX-110771095 and AX-109431570 simultaneously controlled the basal second internode length,wall thickness and cellulose content,explaining the phenotypic contribution of 7.96%-10.76%.

In order to identify the response of starch components and physicochemical properties of waxy wheat grains to irrigation,a split plot design was adopted under field conditions.The main plot consisted of two waxy wheat varieties(Linnuo 88,soft;Jinmai 99,hard),and the sub-region was treated with three types of irrigation(S₁,irrigation overwintering water;S₂,overwintering water + jointing water;S₃,overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water; CK,no irrigation),the effects of irrigation on grain yield,starch content,starch composition,particle size distribution,flour gelatinization characteristics and flour quality of two types of waxy wheat were analyzed. The results showed that the yield and constituent factors of two waxy wheat varieties increased with irrigation.Compared with S₁ and S₂, the average two-year Linnuo 88 S₃ treatment increased yield by 63.59% and 9.02%,and Jinmai 99 increased yield by 64.15% and 6.95%,respectively.The starch content of the two waxy wheat varieties under S₂ was the highest, which was 1.75 and 5.54 percentage points higher than CK, respectively. The amylopectin content of Linnuo 88 increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of irrigation,and S₂ treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. The amylopectin content of Jinmai 99 decreased with the increase of irrigation,and that of S₁ treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. The amylose/amylopectinratio of starch was the opposite. The particle size distribution of the tested grain starch granules ranged from 1.0 to 45.7 μm,and the number proportion distribution showed a single peak curve.Both volume proportion distribution and surface area proportion distribution of starch granules showed a double peak curve.With the increase of irrigation times,the number of B-type starch granules increased first and then decreased,flour gelatinization temperature first decreased and then increased,and the peak time moved forward,but S₂ irrigation treatment was the most significant;protein content,wet gluten content and sedimentation value all decreased with the increase of irrigation. Under this trial conditions,at the same time as stable output of overwintering water + jointing water,it could increase the starch content and B-type starch volume proportion of Linnuo 88,and reduce amylose/amylopectin ratio;while overwintering water + jointing water + grouting water could increase the yield and decrease amylose/amylopectin ratio of Jinmai 99,and improve the gelatinization characteristics of hard waxy wheat.Irrigation can effectively regulate the starch composition and particle size distribution of waxy wheat grains,thereby changing the physicochemical properties of starch.

In order to find the loci associated with quality traits in wheat,the mapping of quantitative trait loci(QTL)was conducted using the high-density genetic linkage map based on single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)and the quality parameters surveyed in four environments including grain protein content,wet gluten content,starch content,sedimentation value and extensibility with the recombinant inbred line population derived from Bainong AK58/Bima 4.A total of 60 QTLs were identified by inclusive composite interval mapping,which were distributed on 20 chromosomes except for 6B.21 QTLs were found in two or more environments,of which the positive alleles of 15 QTLs were derived from Bainong AK58 and the positive genes of the remaining 6 QTLs were derived from Bima 4. A QTL cluster was found on chromosome 4A in the interval of 116.4—139.0 cM(629.36—701.53 Mb),and several QTLs such as QGpc.his-4A-2,QWgc.his-4A-2,QSv.his-4A and QEx.his-4A were identified in this region.Furthermore,1BL/1RS translocation caused improvement of protein content,wet gluten content and sedimentation value,but showed a negative effect on starch content.It is supposed that the impact of 1BL/1RS translocation lines on quality may be associated with their genetic background.

Under the double cropping pattern in the North China Plain,based on the conventional application level of phosphorus,a phosphorus-deprived level without phosphorus fertilizer was adopted at the same time for three previous crops,corn,soybean and peanut,and then the soil nutrient concentration after previous crop harvesting and the grain yield and nutrient accumulation of winter wheat,the subsequent crop,were examined,to provide a proposal for crops planting in the North China Plain.The results showed that,for the soil nutrients after the previous crop harvesting,the soil total phosphorus concentration was higher in the previous soybean treatment without phosphorus fertilizer,and the concentration in peanut previous treatment was similar to that under conventional fertilizers;the soil available phosphorus content was higher overall in the previous peanut treatment;the soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen concentrations were both highest in the previous soybean treatment.For post-crop wheat,wheat thousand grains weight,yield,seed N and P accumulation and N fertilizer bias productivity were all higher in the previous peanut treatment without phosphorus fertilizer.The previous peanut treatment increased by 0.60%,6.19%,15.46%,18.11% and 6.21%,respectively,compared to the previous maize treatment,and increased by 2.18%,7.30%,17.66%,13.40% and 7.30%,respectively,compared to the previous soybean treatment.In summary,in order to ensure soil nutrient balance,peanut was selected as a suitable previous crop in summer before winter wheat as a better model for crop mix in the southern two maturity zones of the North China Plain at low phosphorus levels.

It explored the ratio of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer in the piedmont plain of Hebei Province,in order to provide a basis for reducing the amount and increasing the efficiency of nitrogen in wheat in this area.Field experiments were carried out in Boyuan farm in Yongnian,Hebei Province for two consecutive years,and five organic and inorganic fertilizer combination treatments were set up.The results showed that organic fertilizer instead of 20% and 40% chemical fertilizer could significantly improve the number of grains per spike and yield.Compared with the high nitrogen and saving nitrogen treatment of single chemical fertilizer application,the yield increased by more than 4.0%,and the number of grains per spike increased by 3.6—5.6.Most of the grain quality indexes for organic fertilizer instead of 20% and 40% chemical fertilizer treatment,and saving nitrogen treatment were better,and the stabilization time increased by 2.2—2.7 min,the tensile area increased by 10.5—17.5 cm²,and the maximum tensile resistance increased by 28.0—75.5 EU.Various nitrogen efficiency indicators of treatment for organic fertilizer instead of 20% were higher.The nitrogen fertilizer efficiency,nitrogen utilization efficiency,and nitrogen harvest index increased 109.3%,9.3% and 11.3% respectively compared with high nitrogen treatment,and 6.9%,8.5% and 8.3% respectively compared with the saving nitrogen treatment.When organic fertilizer replaced chemical fertilizer in different proportions,nitrate nitrogen in 0—20 cm soil appeared "surface accumulation",and the content of nitrate nitrogen increased,which was more than 38.5% higher than that of the saving nitrogen treatment.The nitrate nitrogen in 20—40 cm soil was significantly higher for the saving nitrogen treatment and the high nitrogen application treatment.Organic fertilizer instead of 20% nitrogen fertilizer treatment had the best yield and grain quality,significantly improve the nitrate nitrogen content in 0—40 cm soil,improve the nitrogen absorption and utilization of wheat,and finally obtain higher environmental benefits.