Glyphosate is currently the most widely used broad-spectrum herbicide.Cultivating glyphosate tolerant crops will help improve the effectiveness of chemical control on weed in farmlands,reduce the use of pesticide,and simplify preventive and control measures.To fully detect the glyphosate tolerance(GT)loci in wheat,484 germplasm resources from the Huang-huai wheat region were used to identify glyphosate toxicity.Based on the wheat 15K SNP array data,genome-wide association analysis(GWAS)was used to explore QTL related to glyphosate tolerance in wheat.The main results were as follows:the trend of changes in glyphosate tolerance of wheat varieties cultivated in different eras was slow,and the glyphosate tolerance had not significantly improved;three glyphosate tolerant wheat germplasms(including Henong 130,Jimai 782 and Taishan 23)were selected based on the phenotypic identification results of pesticide damage;seven QTL associated with the level of wheat pesticide damage were detected by GWAS,including 19 significant SNPs,distributed on wheat chromosomes 1A(0.00—30.48 Mb),1B(6.57—30.57 Mb),1D(0.00—22.98 Mb),4A(656.09—680.09 Mb),5A(508.19—532.19 Mb),6A(54.56—85.09 Mb),and 6D(12.02—36.02 Mb);the two QTL qGlyT-1A and qGlyT-6A located on wheat chromosomes 1A and 6A were the main effector sites for glyphosate tolerance in wheat,containing a total of 16 genes that may be related to glyphosate tolerance in wheat.

To investigate the role of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) in wheat growth and stress response,the TaCDPK17 gene was cloned from common wheat and its sequence structure,expression pattern,and stress resistance function were preliminarily analyzed.The results showed that the length of the TaCDPK17 gene coding region was 1 701 bp, encoding 566 amino acids and possessing typical structural features of the CDPK family, including one conserved serine/threonine kinase domain and four EF hand shaped domains. Evolutionary tree analysis of TaCDPK17 and CDPK17 from 12 other plants showed that TaCDPK17 had high homology with the CDPK17 sequence of gramineous crops,especially Aegilops tauschii and barley.The promoter region of TaCDPK17 gene contained multiple cis regulatory elements related to hormone signaling pathways,light response.Among them, there are more abscisic acid (ABA) responsive elements (ABRE) and methyl jasmonate responsive elements (CGTCA). The expression analysis based on Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR showed that the expression level of TaCDPK17 increased to varying degrees after induced by 100 μmol/L ABA, 100 μmol/L methyl jasmonate, 20% PEG6000, and 250 mmol/L NaCl. Under stress conditions of 2 μmol/L ABA and 100 mmol/L NaCl, the germination rate of Arabidopsis seeds overexpressing TaCDPK17 was significantly higher than that of the wild type. Meanwhile, overexpression of TaCDPK17 alleviated the inhibitory effects of ABA or osmotic stress treatments on seedling root growth. During stomatal closure, transgenic plants overexpressing TaCDPK17 are more sensitive to ABA and exhibit a stronger stomatal closure trend compared to wild-type plants. These results indicated that TaCDPK17 plays an important role in stress response and hormone signaling in wheat.

Phytosulfokine receptor(PSKR)plays an important role in promoting plant cell proliferation and is involved in plant response to abiotic stresses.To explore the sequence characteristics and the function of wheat PSKR genes,the cDNA sequences of three homologous genes of TaPSKR1 were cloned from wheat variety Jinmai 47 by homologous cloning technology,named TaPSKR1-6A,TaPSKR1-6B and TaPSKR1-6D because of their locations on chromosome 6A,6B and 6D,respectively.The gene structure,protein physical and chemical properties,cis acting elements,functional domains and evolutionary relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis.The expression patterns of TaPSKR1 genes in different tissues and under different stresses were detected by qRT-PCR.The results showed that TaPSKR1-6A,TaPSKR1-6B and TaPSKR1-6D all contained one exon.The open reading frame(ORF)of the three TaPSKR1 genes were 3 153,3 132,3 156 bp,respectively,which encoded 1 050,1 043 and 1 051 amino acid residues.Bioinformatics analysis showed that TaPSKR1 proteins were located on the cell membrane,containing signal peptide,transmembrane domains,eight LRRs type domains and intracellular kinase domain,which belonged to PSKR gene family.Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaPSKR1 proteins had closely relationship with its related species and rice,which were clustered into the same subgroup.The results of expression analysis showed that TaPSKR1 genes were expressed in roots,stems,leaves and seeds,and the expression levels in roots were the highest.Under drought and salt stress treatments,the expressions of three homologous copies of TaPSKR1 genes were sharply upregulated in leaves,suggesting that TaPSKR1 might play an important regulatory role in wheat defense to abiotic stresses.

In order to clarify the effects of drought stress on the photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaf in the afternoon during grain filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat with different drought resistance,an experiment with two winter wheat cultivars and four water levels was conducted under the condition of rainproof pond cultivation in 2018—2019 and 2019—2020.The two winter wheat cultivars were Jinmai 47(JM47,strong drought resistance)and Yanzhan 4110(YZ4110,weak drought resistance).The four water treatments included severe drought(W1:65% MFC(maximum field water capacity)before sowing + 45%—55% MFC after jointing),moderate drought(W2:75% MFC before sowing + 55%—65% MFC after jointing),mild drought(W3:75% MFC before sowing+65%—75% MFC after jointing),suitable water supply(W4:75%MFC before sowing+75%—85% MFC after jointing).The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO₂ concentration(Ci),transpiration rate(Tr),instantaneous water use efficiency(IWUE),maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ (Fv/Fm)and actual photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(ΦPS Ⅱ)in flag leaf from 14:00 to 16:00 during the early,medium and medium-late grain filling stage and the grain yield and its components at maturity were investigated.The results showed that both water and cultivars had significant effects on the photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage and the grain yield at maturity of winter wheat.From the two-year average,compared with W4,the Pn,Gs and ΦPSⅡ in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage under drought stress(W1,W2 and W3)respectively decreased by 2.07%—68.92%,-3.23%—50.00% and -1.89%—30.19% in JM47,and decreased by 7.71%—80.19%,11.11%—59.26% and 0—73.47% in YZ4110;the flag leaf Tr values in the afternoon during the medium grain filling stage in JM47 and YZ4110 respectively decreased by 6.30%—32.87% and 6.49%—41.74%,and the flag leaf Fv/Fm values in the afternoon during the medium-late grain filling stage decreased by 1.20%—18.52% and 2.50%—30.00%.In general,for all the above indexes,the decreasing amplitude for the same index was JM47<YZ4110.Compared with YZ4110,the Pn,Gs,ΦPSⅡ and Fv/Fm in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage under drought stress(W1,W2 and W3)of JM47 respectively increased by 0.86%—64.89%,8.33%—36.36%,1.96%—184.62% and 1.25%—17.86%,and the grain yields of JM47 were respectively increased by 28.91%,8.06% and 5.40%.Except for IWUE,the flag leaf photosynthetic parameters in the afternoon during the grain filling stage were significantly and extremely significant correlated with grain yield,but the correlation indexes varied with variety and grain filling stage.For JM47,the correlation indexes between the grain yield and flag leaf photosynthetic parameters were highest for Pn,Gs and Fv/Fm during the medium-late grain filling stage,for ΦPSⅡ during the medium grain filling stage,and for Tr during the early grain filling stage.For YZ4110,the correlation indexes were highest for Pn,Gs and Tr during the early grain filling stage,for ΦPSⅡ during the medium grain filling stage and for Fv/Fm during the medium-late grain filling stage.In summary,drought stress decreased the photosynthetic function of flag leaf in the afternoon during grain filling stage and thus decreased the grain yield of winter wheat,the strong drought resistance variety could maintain better flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics in the afternoon during the grain the filling stage under drought stress condition,and significantly improved the ΦPSⅡ of flag leaf in the afternoon during the medium grain filling stage and the Pn,Gs and Fv/Fm of flag leaf in the afternoon during the medium-late grain filling stage,thereby increasing the grain yield.

To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flag leaf length (FLL),width (FLW),area (FLA),thousand grain weight (TGW),grain number per spike (GNS),grain weight per spike(GWS) and understand the genetic relationship among those traits,we developed a doubled haploid(DH)population with 216 lines, derived from the cross between Nongda 3338 and Jingdong 6. The field experiments were carried out in Linfen and Yuncheng in 2015 and 2016, and QTL analysis was conducted by composite interval mapping method combining with genetic maps containing 469 markers. The results showed that a total of 105 additive QTLs were detected,forty of them were QTLs for flag leaf traits and sixty-five were for grain traits,with single QTL explaining 2.28%-39.91% of the phenotypic variances. Several QTLs were identified in the same region or adjacent regions on the 1B,2A,2B,2D,3A,4A,4B,4D,6A,6D and 7A chromosome, these QTLs were closely linked to each other or multi-effect, confirmed those phenotypic data were closely-related under QTL level. Seven QTLs (Qflw-4A.1, Qflw-4B.1, Qflw-4D.1, Qfla-4B, Qtgw-4A.1, Qtgw-4B.2, Qtgw-4B.3) had high LOD value were detected repeatedly under three or four environments. Those seven stable expression QTLs might have great significance for MAS breeding and gene cloning program.

In order to further excavation of the role of wheat stress response genes in plant abiotic stress response,explored the regulation mechanism of abiotic stress response, a MYB gene was screened from a transcriptome result and named Tamyb59, temporarily.The full length sequence of Tamyb59 was cloned by PCR. Sequence comparison and conserved domain were analyzed by NCBI and DNAMAN. Amino acid composition and hydrophilic coefficient were analyzed by online software Expasy and TMHMM. Phylogenic tree was constructed by MEGA 6.0 according to the NJ method. And a fusion expression vector pMDC83-GFP was constructed to identify the subcellular localization. The Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the expression characteristics of different tissues in different abiotic stress treatments. The significance was analyzed by SAS. The results showed that:Tamyb59 gene contained a typical conserved SANT domain. The full-length CDS of Tamyb59 was 522 bp,which encoded 173 amino acids with a molecular weight of 19.7 ku and the theoretical isoelectric point was 7.61;Phylogenetic analysis showed that Tamyb59 had 52.0%-85.6% homology with MYB transcription factors of 9 other plants (Aegilops tauschii, Oryza sativa Japonica and Zea may, etc.). Tamyb59 had the highest homology with the MYB sequence of Setaria italica. The protein of Tamyb59 encoded specifically located in the nucleus.qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression characteristics of different tissues in different abiotic stress treatments. The results revealed that the expression level of Tamyb59 was the highest in the root, and lower in stem, leaf and young spike. Under the PEG and NaCl treatment stress, the expression of Tamyb59 showed a trend of rising first and then decreasing, indicating that Tamyb59 had different responses under different stresses.

In order to explore a fast and efficient way to screen drought-resistant varieties of winter wheat, and to select drought-resistant winter wheat varieties. Six winter wheat varieties, Yannong 999, Taimai 1918, Jimai 22, Jimai 23, Taishan 27 and Shiluan 02-1 were used in this study. Normal water treatment(75% relative soil water content), mild drought treatment(55% relative soil water content) and moderate drought treatment(40% relative soil water content) were arranged to explore the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, biomass, root-shoot ratio, SPAD, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, malondialdehyde(MDA) content and their correlations. Results showed that, compared with other varieties, under drought stress, Taimai 1918 obtained the highest drought resistance coefficient(DTC). The smallest reduction of root to shoot ratio, SPAD value, photosystem Ⅱ maximum photosynthetic efficiency(Fv/Fm), photosystem Ⅱ actual photosynthesis efficiency(φPSⅡ), relative electron transfer rate(ETR), SOD, and the largest increasing in non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) and minimal increasing in MDA content were observed in Taimai 1918. The order of drought resistance of 6 winter wheat varieties was Taimai 1918 > Yannong 999 > Jimai 22 > Jimai 23 > Taishan 27 > Shiluan 02-1. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly correlated with drought resistance coefficient, SOD activity and MDA content. Sum up, the drought resistance in Taimai 1918 was strongest, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can be used for screening drought-resistant winter wheat varieties at seedling stage.

In order to understand the dynamic rules of sugars, starch, protein and trace elements of different types of wheat during grain filling stage under drought stress, and to identify the difference of nutriment between drought and irrigation in the process of grain-filling by high-yield wheat, high-quality wheat and water-saving wheat, the wheat varieties of Jimai 325, Jimai 418 and Jimai 323 in the North of Huang-Huai Region were used as experimental materials. The plants heading and flowering on the same day were selected for marking, and the grains of each variety were taken every 6 days after 7-31 days after anthesis. The effects of drought during grain filling on the contents of total soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, protein, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, amylose and amylopectin accumulation, starch accumulation rate and the activities of key enzymes in starch synthesis were studied. The results showed that the content of sucrose and glucose in wheat grains was significantly decreased under drought stress, and the effect on fructose content was relatively small, and the sucrose and fructose of high-yielding variety Jimai 325 were less affected by drought in the filling process. Drought stress decreased the content of amylopectin and total starch in wheat grains, but had relatively little effect on the content of amylose. The effect of drought stress on starch content of high-yield and high-quality varieties was significantly greater than that of drought-tolerant variety Jimai 418. The activity of starch synthase was increased in the early and middle stages of filling stage under drought stress, and decreased rapidly in the middle and late stages compared with irrigation control. The content and accumulation of four mineral elements in wheat grains were Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn. With the progress of grain filling, the content of trace elements showed a downward trend. The accumulation of Fe, Zn and Mg in grains of Jimai 325 was higher. The difference of nutrient accumulation in grain filling process of different types of wheat under drought conditions were studied to provide theoretical data and reference basis for optimizing cultivation measures and realizing high quality, high yield and water saving of special wheat.

In order to study the function and mechanism of the resistance gene of wheat leaf rust,seeds of wheat TcLr19 was treated by EMS.The leaf rust resistance and agronomic traits were investigated and phenotypic mutants were identified in M₁ and M₂.A total of 367 individual plants were obtained in M₁ with different concentrations of EMS.According to the emergence rate,seed rate and mutation rate,EMS 1.0% was considered the optimum concentration.In 2 359 M₂ mutant,a total of 38 phenotype mutations were screened out with 1.61% mutation rate,and a total of 53 susceptible mutations to Puccinia triticina were screened out with 2.25% mutation rate.A total of 146 susceptible plants were obtained in 459 M₃ susceptible populations,especially M₃6-2,M₃33-8,M₃33-9,M₃33-11,M₃44-4 and M₃96-8,and the frequency of susceptible mutation were more than 70%.Furthermore,Lr19 molecular marker-assisted selection was also used in order to guarantee the reliability of the results in the test.The results showed that EMS treatment was an effective method in screening of mutants susceptible to P.triticina.The result not only provided important genetic resources for wheat leaf rust resistance gene cloning and functional genomic research,but also provided new germplasms in wheat breeding.

In order to explore the effects of nutrient expert (NE) management on nitrogen (N) use efficiency and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in the wheat-maize rotation system and improve its management practices, a long-term experiment was set up in 2009 to compare NE management with farmer's practice (FP) management. Through 9-years experiment, the crop yield, N use efficiency, SOC content, SOC sequestration rate and SOC sequestration efficiency were measured and analyzed. The advantages of long-term NE management in wheat-maize crop rotation system were evaluated. The results showed that long-term NE management reduced the amount of N fertilizer application rate, compared with FP management, but maintained the crop yields (no significant difference with FP). Compared with FP management, the average accumulative recovery efficiency of N, agronomic efficiency of N, and partial productivity of N in NE management system increased by 7.4 percentage points, 39.7%, and 28.4% in maize production system, and increased by 8.0 percentage points, 28.9%, and 32.8% in wheat production system, respectively After 9-years experiment, both NE and FP increased the SOC contents, with NE management increased faster than FP. The annual SOC contents rise rates of NE treatment in 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil profile were 0.28, 0.27, 0.34 g/(kg·a), respectively, which were 7.7%, 68.8% and 126.7% higher than those of FP treatment. The average annual carbon input of NE and FP treatment from straw returning were 8.5, 8.7 t/(ha·a), respectively, and the SOC sequestration rates were 1.35, 0.68 t/(ha·a),respectively, and the SOC sequestration efficiencies were 18.6% and 0.4%, respectively, which shown a significant difference. NE management could improve N use efficiency and increase SOC sequestration. Long-term NE management is one of the important measures for fertilizer saving, efficiency strengthen and SOC pool richen in wheat-maize rotation system. It would play a crucial role in ensuring food security and realizing agriculture green development.

In order to study the coordinated regulation mechanism of plant growth regulator on winter wheat root growth and yield formation under rain-fed condition, a field experiment was conducted to determine effects of different treatments (the mixture of uniconazole and chlormequat chloride and water control) on yield formation, population quantity and root growth of winter wheat under rain-fed condition in the North China Plain.These results suggested that plant growth regulator significantly increased spike number and grain yield, but had no marked effect on spikelet number per spike and kernel numbers per spike.Plant growth regulator could promote the tillering of winter wheat before winter and enhance population quantity in early growth stage.Under plant growth regulator treatment, winter wheat root length and root surface area per plant were decreased significantly, however, root diameter, root number, root weight and root/shoot ratio per plant were significantly increased.At tillering stage, plant growth regulator had effect on winter wheat root length density in 0-30 cm soil layer and root weight density in 0-50 cm soil layer but had no effect in the deep soil layer.Plant growth regulator could coordinated regulated root growth and tiller formation of winter wheat, which contributed to shape reasonable population structure and increase yield.

In order to clarify the effects of micro-sprinkling irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application rate on grain filling characteristics and nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat,two years field experiment was carried out with the main cultivars of wheat variety Jimai 22 as materials. There were three nitrogen treatments(N1,45 kg/ha;N2,90 kg/ha;N3,135 kg/ha) under the condition of micro-sprinkling 4 times(S4,jointing stage+booting stage+flowering stage+grain filling stage) in this study,the integration of water and fertilizer technology was used,and flooding irrigation(CK,jointing stage+flowering stage,N 90 kg/ha at jointing stage) was designed as control. Grain yield,leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation in grain filling stage,nitrogen accumulation,distribution,translocation in different stages and nitrate nitrogen content in soil were investigated. The results showed that the grain yield was increased under the conditions of micro-sprinkling,especially in the S4N2 treatment,which increased by 10.5% to 24.5% as compared with CK. The increase in grain yield was mainly attributed to the significant increase in thousands grain weight. In 2013-2014 and 2014-2015,the thousands grain weight of S4N2 was increased by 3.47 g and 5.97 g as compared with CK. Micro-sprinkling significantly(P<0.05) increased grain filling duration,especially postponed the terminal time of grain peak filling period and thus extended the grain filling peak duration;at the same time,the theoretical maximum grain weight,maximum and average grain filling rates of S4N2 were significantly higher than other treatments. The content of chlorophyll in micro-sprinkling treatments were significantly higher than CK,and the leaf functional period was prolonged in micro-sprinkling,which promoted grain filling and dry matter accumulation in grain. Compared with flooding irrigation,micro-sprinkling treatments decreased the translocation of nitrogen pre-anthesis and its contribution to grain nitrogen but increased the contribution of post anthesis nitrogen to grain nitrogen,especially in stem and leaf. The grain nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen partial productivity,and nitrogen uptake index were also higher in micro-sprinkling treatment than in control,and the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly concentrated on 0-80 cm soil layer in winter wheat growing period under micro-sprinkling conditions,which reduced nitrate leaching to the deeper soil. Comprehensively,it was concluded that high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency can be realized under the optimal nitrogen application rate(90 kg/hm²) and multiple micro-sprinkling condition in winter wheat.

In order to further excavate the related genes of wheat vernalization,explored the regulation mechanism of wheat vernalization,this study screened and cloned an EST sequence from a high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis comparing the transcriptomes with wheat varieties with different developmental characteristics under vernalization and non-vernalization treatment,and named Trx59. The open reading frame (ORF) of Trx59 gene was 372 bp,ecoding 124 amino acids,and contained one thioredoxin domain structure. Expression analysis was conducted by qRT-PCR and the gene function was verification by using VIGS technique. The result showed that the expression level of Trx59 was gradually up-regulated during vernalizaton process;the expression level and time of Trx59 gene in spring variety LC10 was higher and earlier than that in winter variety J841. BSMV:Trx59 recombinant vector was built and inoculated wheat plants of J841. After 14 days of inoculation,the leaves appeared visible light bleaching phenomenon,and the expression level of Trx59 reduced sharply,indicating that Trx59 gene had been significantly suppressed;the spike differentiation process of plants inoculated by BSMV:Trx59 was later than that of the negative control group,deducing that the Trx59 genes may be related to the wheat developmental characteristics.

The paper studied the effects of carbonization temperature on biochar yield and the physicochemical properties from wheat-straw improved the application of wheat-straw biochar,in order to further expound the mechanism of action of wheat straw biochar.The effects of different carbonization temperatures(100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800℃)on wheat-straw biochar yield and the physicochemical properties (porosity condition,the content of total carbon and inorganic carbon,CEC content,oxygen-containing functional group,pH and FTIR) were studied through mionectic carbonization with the heating rate of 20℃/min. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to obtain infrared spectra and the reasons for the changes of biochar physicochemical properties were analyzed.The wheat-straw of low temperature carbonization was acidic,after 400℃,was alkaline. The degree of wheat straw biochar carbonized increased with the increased of carbonization temperature, and the yield decreased from 91.32% to 18.52% in 100-400℃. In the carbonization process,the wheat-straw biochar porosity increased,the structure was loose. Pore size,specific surface area and specific pore volume showed first increased and then decreased trend,and all reached the maximum at 400℃,were 6.675 m²/g,13.992 nm,0.015 cm³/g respectively.In 200-400℃,the content of organic carbon was high. The content of CEC was maintained at a high level in 400-800℃,between 69.13-84.35 cmol/kg.The analysis of infrared spectrum and surface oxygen functional groups showed that,with the increase of pyrolysis temperature,the degree of aromatization of wheat-straw biochar increased,and the structure became more stable. The carbonization temperature of wheat-straw is more ideal at about 400℃.

In order to understand the photosynthetic physiological characteristics and dry matter accumulation of different wheat varieties in Huanghuai area at early growth stage, which could provide basis for screening high photosynthetic breeding parents, Wenmai 6, Zhoumai 18, Aikang 58, Bainong 418 and Bainong 419 were used as experimental materials, the photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content(SPAD), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf area index(LAI) and dry matter accumulation and change rules of the early growth period were studied.The result showed that Bainong 419 exhibited strong photosynthetic and physiological characteristics.The SPAD of Bainong 419 in January 10, January 25, February 10, March 1, was respectively higher 2.75%, 3.55%, 1.43% and 20.50% than Wenmai 6;higher 8.76%, 10.82%, 15.80% and 16.44% than Zhoumai 18;higher 14.19%, 16.16%, 2.05% and 13.74% than Aikang 58 and higher 14.67%, 10.63%, 6.01% and 13.55% than Bainong 418.In four measurement periods, the maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm) and electron transfer rate(ETR)of Bainong 419 were all the highest, significantly higher than Wenmai 6 and were also significantly higher than Zhoumai 18 on January 10, January 15 and February 10;photosynthetic rate was higher 20.75%, 14.08%, 2.91% and 13.40% than that of Wenmai 6;higher 44.49%, 31.67%, 14.96% and 20.10% than Zhoumai 18;higher 76.11%, 28.30%, 9.43%, 17.51% than Aikang 58;higher 49.95%, 82.29%, 31.40% and 20.35% than Bainong 418;LAI was significantly higher than other varieties.The physiological properties of Bainong 419 finally induced more dry matter accumulation at early growth stage.Light photosynthetic physiological characteristics results of different wheat varieties at early growth stage showed that Bainong 419 had the potential as high photosynthetic breeding parent.

In order to understand the spike photosynthetic characteristics and yield traits of several high-yield wheat varieties in Huang-Huai Area,and provide the basis for screening high photosynthetic breeding parents,five wheat varieties(Aikang 58,Bainong 418,Bainong 419,Yumai 49 and Zhoumai 18) were used as experimental materials to study the spike photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll content,maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(Fv/Fm), transverse structure of glume shell and yield traits.The results showed that the spikes of Bainong 419 exhibited strong photosynthetic and physiological characteristics.The photosynthetic rate of Bainong 419 at flowering stage,7 days after flowering and 15 days after flowering was,respectively,14.12%,42.86% and 6.11% higher than Aikang 58;2.69%,4.65% and 4.50% higher than Bainong 418;11.45%,12.08% and 16.24% higher than Yumai 49;and 22.92%,6.35% and 10.64% higher than Zhoumai 18.The contents of chlorophyll A and total chlorophyll in glume shell of Bainong 419 were also the highest.The Chla/Chlb of Bainong 419 was 22.47%,20.04% and 0.41% higher than Aikang 58;5.72%,18.63% and 3.21% higher than Bainong 418;6.14%,25.68% and 0.56% higher than Yumai 49;and 12.35%,21.26% and 2.49% higher than Zhoumai 18,presenting the stronger ability to capture light energy.Fv/Fm's of Bainong 419 in four measurement periods were all the highest.In addition,the glume shell of Bainong 419 had thicker cell tissue,more vascular bundle number,larger circumference and area of great vascular bundle,showing the stronger "flow" ability.The yield results showed that the theoretical yield and actual yield of Bainong 419 were,respectively,25.22% and 14.05% higher than Aikang 58,17.15% and 10.82% higher than Bainong 418,23.74% and 19.28% higher than Yumai 49,and 8.55% and 8.57% higher than Zhoumai 18,the difference being significant.It was concluded that Bainong 419 had stronger spike photosynthetic ability and higher grain yield,and could be used as a high photosynthetic breeding parent.

The adult plant resistance gene Lr12 exhibits excellent resistance in production systems.To fine map and develop reliable molecular markers for Lr12,a cross was made between the susceptible variety Thatcher and the resistant near-isogenic line RL6011 containing the Lr12 gene.The F₁ generation resulting from this cross was self-pollinated to generate F₂ individual plants and F_2∶3 families.Field evaluations were conducted using a mixture of five highly virulent leaf rust pathotypes (PHTT, THKS, THTT, PHTS, and PHKS) to inoculate F₂ individual plants and F_2∶3 families for adult plant resistance assessment and genetic analysis of resistance.Subsequently,genotyping was performed using a 16K liquid chip on 10 resistant and 10 susceptible individuals from the F₂ generation to identify SNP markers closely linked to Lr12.This enabled the determination of the chromosomal physical interval containing the resistance gene,the development of SSR molecular markers,and the construction of a genetic linkage map.The results indicate that the segregation ratio of resistance to leaf rust in 3 494 F₂ individuals derived from the RL6011(Lr12)/Thatcher cross was consistent with a 3∶1 ratio ( {\mathrm{\chi }}_{3:1}^2=0.14;P=0.71). In the assessment of 685 F_2∶3 families, the segregation ratio among resistant individuals, resistant heterozygous individuals, and susceptible individuals conformed to a 1∶2∶1 ratio ( {\mathrm{\chi }}_{1:2:1}^2=2.01;P=0.37), suggesting that Lr12 is a dominant gene and the population segregation follows Mendelian single-gene inheritance patterns. Genetic linkage map analysis localized the adult plant leaf rust resistance gene Lr12 between SSR molecular markers YK12817 and YK12928,within a genetic interval of 0.38 cM.This corresponds to a physical interval of 2.09 Mb within the physical range of 579.44 Mb to 581.53 Mb on chromosome 4BL of the Chinese Spring reference genome(IWGSC.Ref.V1.0).These findings provide a solid basis for predicting candidate genes.

In order to study the function and molecular mechanism of wheat calmodulin-like protein gene(CML) in plant stress response,one CML gene TaCML79 was cloned in wheat based on electron cloning and RT-PCR.Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of TaCML79 was 588 bp,encoding 195 amino acids of protein containing two typical and one incomplete EF-hand domains,with predicted molecular weight of 20.45 kDa and isoelectric point of 4.6.Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that TaCML79 was closely related to the ObCML35 and OsCML10,with 84.6% and 86.8% identity respectively.The expression of TaCML79 was induced or inhibited by heat shock,NaCl,osmotic and cold stress in root and shoot tissue,suggesting that TaCML79 might be closely related to plant resistance to abiotic stress.

Draft sequencing data of common wheat can be used to analysis a target section of single chromosome from genome-wide in wheat.A powdery mildew resistance gene,Pm43,was assigned on the long arm of wheat 2D chromosome by Shanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Molecular Improvement.Bioinformatics methods were used to determine the position of Pm43 in the physical map,genetic map and genome map in wheat.The results provided a reference to the fine mapping or the candidate genes determining ofPm43.By aligning the sequences of flanking markers,the Pm43 was mapped on the 79-99 cM of C-2DL3-0.49 section,which was between 2DL_9835990 and 2DL_9823315 in genomic region.Using the conserved motifs of cloned resistance genes in wheat as a probe,89 RGA (Resistance gene analogues)-scaffolds were retrieved from the target region,and 36 scaffolds were containing SSR loci.Then SSR markers were developed.Applying the resistant (R) parent CH5025 carried Pm43,the susceptible (S) parent Taichang 29 and two R/S bulks of F₂ population crossed by CH5025 and Taichang 29,the linkage of developed SSR markers and Pm43 was detected.Four polymorphic markers were screened and further defined the target region between PK_9908430 and NBS_9908778.Then by cluster analysis,one PK sequence and one NBS sequence which had the highest homology with cloned Pm were screened,and their homologous RGA expressed sequences were found from Aegilopstauschii and rice genome.

In order to study the effects of NaCl stress with different concentrations on physiological characteristics and gene expression of TaNHX1,two new wheat varieties (Luyuan 502 and Qingmai No.6)were used as the experimental materials.Physiological indexes of seeds germination rate,seedlings fresh weight,roots vigor,plasmalemma permeability,MDA content and Na⁺ content of the two wheat varieties were determined under above 100 mmol/L NaCl stress of 50,100,150 and 200 mmol/L,and compared the relative expression of tolerant gene TaNHX1 in roots and stem base of wheat through RT-qPCR method.The results showed that the seeds germination rate of Qingmai No.6 was more than that of Luyuan 502 under above 100 mmol/L NaCl stress.Low concentration NaCl stress had significant promoting effect on seedlings growth of Qingmai No.6,and the seedlings fresh weight of Qingmai No.6 significantly decreased under NaCl stress of 150 mmol/L,while that of Luyuan 502 began to decreased significantly under NaCl stress of 100 mmol/L.The roots vigor of Luyuan 502 decreased significantly more than that of Qingmai No.6 under high concentration NaCl stress.Under the same concentration NaCl stress,the leaf plasmalemma permeability and MDA content of Luyuan 502 were significantly more than that of Qingmai No.6,it indicated that NaCl stress had less damage on leaf cell membrane of Qingmai No.6.Na⁺ content of roots and stem base of Qingmai No.6 were all significantly more than that of Luyuan 502 under high concentration NaCl stress,it indicated that Na⁺ exclusion capability of roots and stem base of Qingmai No.6 was significantly more than that of Luyuan 502,which could effectively restrict Na⁺ transporting to shoot.The TaNHX1 gene of Luyuan 502 and Qingmai No.6 respectively reached the highest expression level under NaCl stress of 100,150 mmol/L.It indicated that Qingmai No.6 is more salt tolerant than Luyuan 502,and the maximum concentration of salt tolerance of Luyuan 502 is 100 mmol/L,while that of Qingmai No.6 is 150 mmol/L.

This study to Laiyang in Chao Soil Region long-term positioning straw of wheat-maize rotation as research object,applying nitrogen fertilizer were studied under the condition of straw returning and the single application organic fertilizer on wheat and maize yield and grain quality of influence.At the same level of nitrogen fertilizer,the two crop straw returning to field application of nitrogen fertilizer (WCN) treatment of wheat,corn grain crude fat content compared with a quarter of straw to field nitrogen fertilizer (WN) treatment significantly increased by 5.72% and 9.49%.The proportion of straw was more conducive to improve the crude fat content of grain.WCN processing wheat,corn grain protein content than those of the other two season straw (WC) treatment significantly improved 32.53%,72.44%,showed that the proportion of nitrogen bigger was beneficial to improving the protein content.Single application of organic fertilizer and two season straw returning to field application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly improve the yield of wheat and maize.Different straw returning treatment on wheat grain lysine,cystine acid,alanine had little effect,the corn grain cystine acid,glutamic acid,glycine has little effect,except for aspartic acid,leucine,valine,lysine lysine,cystine acid,alanine,long-term different straw also fields of other amino acids.To sum up,the application of nitrogen fertilizer on the basis of straw returning to the field can get higher yield and improve grain quality.

To improve the efficiency of high quality wheat breeding program,clarify the composition of HMW-GS and Gliadin in the early generation,296 lines from the wheat maize cross were analyzed useing SDS-PAGE method in this experiment,along with this Gliadin were analyzed useing A-PAGE method.A statistics showed that female parent Heng 09-6324 carried null,7+9,2+12 subunits,and were 1BL/1RS translocation lines with Sec-1 characteristic band.Male parent Shiluan 02-1 carried 1,7+9,5+10 subunits,and were non 1BL/1RS translocation.Six types of HMW-GS all originated from parents were identified from 296 DH lines.The frequency of subunits 5+10 which positively related to bread baking quality was 35.13%.A statistics showed that in the A-PAGE the type of translocation of the DH lines accounted for 54.05%,and the percent of lines with subunits 1 and 5+10,but non Sec-1 translocation were 15.20%,these lines could be used as new germplasm for quality breeding.The paper indicated that that the method of half-seed SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE which could be used to identify and select excellent plants in early generation breeding effectively.

The yield formation and the water consumption characteristics of winter wheat under micro-irrigation were studied with flooding irrigation as control in combined irrigation area of well and canal. The purpose is to provide technical support for the application of water saving technology in this area. 4 micro-irrigation treatment(the water amount were 90,135,180,225 mm respectively) and 1 flood irrigation control treatment were set. The result showed that the highest grain yield and spike number was get when the irrigation amount was 180 mm,and grain number per spike and grain weight were also higher in this irrigation amount. The irrigation amount was maximum for flood irrigation treatment,but the yield had no advantage. The water consumption amount increased with the increasing of irrigation amount,especially when the irrigation amount more than 135 mm the water consumption amount increased rapidly,while the water use efficiency decreased obviously when the irrigation amount more than 180 mm. The higher leaf area index could be obtained when the irrigation amount was 180 mm,and the crop growth rate was faster and the dry matter accumulation was higher in this irrigation amount. Higher leaf SPAD value was not get under less or more irrigation amount,while the keeping green time for leaf was longer when irrigation amount in the range of 135 mm to 180 mm. So the micro-irrigation amount should be controlled in less than 180 mm in this year type. Compared with the flood control,the grain yield was higher,and irrigation water amount and water consumption amount were decreased by 148 mm and 123 mm,respectively,and WUE increased substantially within the 180 mm irrigation amount.

WRKY proteins are a large super family of transcription factors(TFs)and exist mainly in plants. It has been well documented that WRKY TFs play important roles in plant growth and development,and responses to stresses. In order to deeply understand the gene function of WRKY,a novel WRKY gene,named TaWRKY71a, was isolated from common wheat. The coding sequence of this gene was predicted with the bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore,qRT-PCR assay was performed to investigate the tissue-specific expression of TaWRKY71a,and its expressed patterns under various abiotic stresses and signaling molecules treatments. The results showed that TaWRKY71a gene encoded a protein with 355 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis showed that TaWRKY71a contained one WRKY domain and C₂H₂ zinc-finger structure. Based on bioinformatics analysis,TaWRKY71a was located in the nucleus. The potential secondary structure for the protein included about 28.17% alpha helixes,16.34% extended strand,4.79% beta turn and 50.70% random coil as predicted with softwares. The phylogenic tree indicated that TaWRKY71a shared high similarity to WRKY71 from Aegilops tauschii, Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor and WRKY40 from Arabidopsis. TaWRKY71a expressed differentially in various organs such as leaves,roots,stems,flowers and seeds of wheat. After treatment with ABA,NaCl and PEG, TaWRKY71a showed higher expression levels than control. The fact implied that it might be involved in stress signaling pathways. The results will provide a basis for further functional studies of TaWRKY71a.

T type male sterile wheat line is a valuable material for heterosis study and utilization.In order to make the morphological and cytological characteristics of T763A clear, as well as provide reliable basis for the selection of restorer lines, we used male sterile line T763A, maintainer line 763B and restorer lines(Tm3315B, Tm504B and TP731B) as materials.The external morphology and pollen grain production(Acetic Acid Magenta, I₂-KI and DAPI) were observed;the karyotype of all the materials was identified by molecular marker technology and A-PAGE, with Chinese spring and Secale cereale L. as control materials.The results showed that the pollen sterility type of male sterile line T763A was stained as spherical abortive;the mature pollen grains were shrunk out of shape and had little inclusion, mean while, the pollen grains were infertile;the sterility of T763A occurred between late uninucleate and binucleate stage;all the materials were non 1B/1R;the restoring capability of the three restorer lines was high, and among them, Tm504B was the best restorer line of T763A, the reasons for this might in connection with the type of cytoplasm of T763A and the gene counts of the restorer lines.