OFP is a class of plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of plant organ morphogenesis and response to abiotic stresses.In order to study the characterization of soybean OFP transcription factor family members and their roles in drought stress and salt stress,bioinformatics methods were applied to identify and analyze soybean OFP family members.The results showed that:a total of 41 GmOFPs,named GmOFP-1—GmOFP-41,were identified in soybean;these genes were unevenly distributed on 19 chromosomes of soybean,encoding 152—414 amino acids;subcellular localization predicted that soybean OFP proteins were mainly localized in nucleus,chloroplasts,and mitochondria;a total of 10 conserved motifs were identified in soybean OFP proteins,conservative Motifs 1 and 2 were present in all OFP members.Phylogenetic analysis classified soybean and Arabidopsis OFP proteins into five subfamilies ClassⅠ—Class V,of which soybean OFP family genes were mainly distributed in ClassⅠ and Class Ⅲ.The collinearity analysis revealed that 75 pairs of genes in the soybean genome had collinearity,four pairs of genes had tandem duplications,and only two genes,GmOFP-2 and GmOFP-39,did not have collinearity,which indicated that gene fragment duplication was the main reason for the increase in the number of soybean OFP family members.The expression patterns of GmOFP gene family members under drought stress and salt stress treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR,and the results showed that,compared with the control,16 members out of 41 GmOFP genes exhibited significant differences in gene expression levels after drought treatments,with significant up-regulation of the expression of GmOFP-15,GmOFP-17,and GmOFP-32,while the GmOFP-4,GmOFP-5,GmOFP-6,GmOFP-9,GmOFP-12,GmOFP-21,GmOFP-23,GmOFP-25,GmOFP-26,GmOFP-27,GmOFP-38,GmOFP-39,and GmOFP-40 were significantly down-regulated after drought treatment.Eight members of GmOFPs showed significant differences in gene expression levels after salt treatment,among which GmOFP-7,GmOFP-14,GmOFP-31,GmOFP-32,GmOFP-36,and GmOFP-40 were significantly up-regulated,and GmOFP-1 and GmOFP-15 were significantly down-regulated.The above results suggest that the soybean OFP gene family may have important functions in response to drought stress and salt stress.

To explore the disparities in overwintering rates and yields between Brassica napus L.and Brassica rapa L.in the cold and arid regions of the north,as well as to examine the correlation between diverse agronomic traits,yield,and cold resistance-enhancing traits,it utilized 45 B.napus L.and 22 B.rapa L.varieties as subjects.It conducted a statistical analysis of their overwintering rates,average yields and agronomic traits.It also studied seeding density experiments with B.napus L.and B.rapa L.varieties that exhibited similar yield levels,compared root traits between B.napus L.and B.rapa L..The results indicated that among the 67 varieties tested,the average overwintering rate of B.rapa L.(97.59%) was significantly higher than that of B.napus L.(65.87%).The average yield potential of B.napus L.was higher than that of B.rapa L..For B.rapa L.,which was capable of stable overwintering,increasing the seeding density significantly elevated the number of effective plants but did not augment the average yield.Conversely,for B.napus L.,its lower overwintering rate constrained the increase in the number of effective plants,thereby limiting the average yield.B.napus L.with a high overwintering rate exhibited agronomic traits such as higher branching positions and angular density,fewer secondary branches,total branches,and effective siliques per plant after overwintering.Comparison of root traits between B.napus L.and B.rapa L.showed that enlarged root systems,short hypocotyls,and growth points positioned below the ground surface were advantageous traits contributing to the robust cold resistance of B.rapa L..It proposes that breeding density-tolerance B.napus L.with root traits akin to those of B.rapa L.and with growth points situated below the ground surface represents a pivotal breeding direction for enhancing the overwintering rate of B.napus L.,fostering increased rapeseed yield,and ensuring oil supply stability.

The aims were to study the effect of maize straw returning on soil fertility and productivity under wheat-maize rotation system in North China,and to explore the best way and suitable amount of maize straw returning.From 2021 to 2023,a field split-plot experiment was conducted in Quzhou County,Hebei Province to compare the effects of different maize straw returning methods and amounts on wheat growth,yield composition and soil organic matter content.There were two treatments in the main area,which were cutting and crushing.The sub-area was the amount of straw returning to the field,4 levels,which were 0,0.5,1.0,and 1.5 times of the amount of maize straw in the year.The results showed that compared with straw crushing,the yield of wheat increased by 4.3% under straw cutting treatment,the number of spikes increased by 7.6%,and the harvest index increased by 1.4%,with all significant difference in 2023.The N content of wheat straw was significantly increased by 0.04 percentage points,the N and P uptake of wheat aboveground were significantly increased by 10.8% and 14.3%,respectively(2022),but the K content of wheat straw was significantly reduced by 0.13 percentage points(2023).Cutting treatment could significantly promote the growth of wheat before and after winter,and the NDVI value at jointing stage significantly increased by 11.9%(2022).Soil pH increased by 0.22 units(2023).With the increase of maize straw returning amount,wheat yield and NDVI value at jointing stage showed parabolic model of first increased and then decreased,the N,P and K absorption of above ground wheat showed a significant downward trend,and soil organic matter showed a continuous significant increase trend.Based on the growth potential and yield of wheat,the suitable returning ratio of straw cutting treatment was 58%—62%,and the suitable returning ratio of crushing treatment was 29%—42%.Under the conditions of this experiment,maize straw cutting returning has obvious advantages in promoting wheat growth,and increasing wheat yield.It can be popularized and applied in wheat-maize rotation areas that 58%—62% maize straw is returned into the soil.

To clarify the alterations of rice straw decomposition,nutrients release and chemical components in coastal saline paddy soils under different nitrogen (N) application rate,for optimizing the technology of straw returning and realizing the efficient utilization of straw resources in coastal areas.The experimental site was located in Caofeidian District,Tangshan City,Hebei Province.The decomposition characteristics of rice straw and its lignocellulose,as well as the nutrient release characteristics of N,phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were studied,using a 360-day straw-bag burying method with four different N fertilizer levels,including N0 (0 kg/ha),N1 (225 kg/ha),N2 (300 kg/ha) and N3 (375 kg/ha).Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) method was used to study the dynamic alterations of principal chemical components of the rice straw residues.The results showed that:the decomposition period of rice straw was divided into three stages,namely,rapid decomposition (0—30 d),slow decomposition (30—210 d) and slow decomposition (210—360 d),and the average decomposition rate of rice straw was 72.5% after 360 days with different N application rates.Increasing N application significantly increased the decomposition rate of rice straw.Compared with the N0 treatment,the N1,N2 and N3 treatments,increased the straw decomposition rate by 6.1, 7.4 and 9.2 percentage points,respectively.The trend of straw carbon (C) release rate was similar to that of straw decomposition rate,while the C release rate was only 43.2% at the end of the experiment.The nutrient release rates of rice straw were as follows:K>P>N.The N,P and K rapid release periods of rice straw was in the 0—30th (38.4%),0—60th (63.7%) and 0—15th (76.7%) days after straw decomposition,respectively.Both N and P of rice straw were enriched during the decomposition period.N application significantly increased the release of N from straw during the decomposition period,P in the early (0—15 d) and late (150—360 d) period,and K in the early period (0—15 d).Compared with the N0 treatment,the N1,N2,and N3 treatments,increased the straw N release by 6.6, 11.1, and 14.7 percentage points,P release by 2.2, 4.0, and 5.6 percentage points,and K release by 1.4, 2.1, and 2.8 percentage points,respectively.The lignocellulose decomposition rates of rice straw were as follows:hemicellulose>cellulose>lignin.Increasing N application significantly promoted the cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition rate of rice straw from day 0—90 and the lignin decomposition rate after day 90.Compared with the N0 treatment,the N1,N2,and N3 treatments,increased the cellulose decomposition rate of rice straw by 5.4, 7.3, and 8.4 percentage points, hemicellulose decomposition rate by 4.9, 6.4, and 7.4 percentage points,and lignin decomposition rate by 2.1, 5.1, and 5.7 percentage points, respectively.2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol,hydroxyacetone,2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,acetosyringone,eugenol,n-hexadecanoic acid,p-methylphenol,2,6-dimethoxyphenol,guaiacol,p-ethylphenol,and stigmasta-3,5-diene were the major (>1% relative) chemical components of straw residues during the decomposition period.Correlation analyses showed that straw decomposition rate,C release rate and cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin decomposition rates,were significantly positively correlated with eugenol,acetosyringone and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,while significantly negatively correlated with hydroxyacetone;straw P release rate was significantly positively correlated with hydroxyacetone and significantly negatively correlated with p-ethylphenol,eugenol and acetosyringone;straw K release rate was significantly correlated with p-ethylphenol,eugenol,acetosyringone and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,while significantly positively correlated with hydroxyacetone.In conclusion,increasing N application could promote the decomposition rates of rice straw and its lignocellulosic cellulose,and the nutrients release of straw N,P and K in coastal saline paddy field.The recommended optimal N application rate was 300 kg/ha under straw returning 10 500 kg/ha in coastal saline soils.p-ethylphenol,eugenol,acetosyringone,2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,hydroxyacetone,and stigmasta-3,5-diene could indicate the process of straw decomposition in straw residues.Py-GC-MS technique shows a good capability to monitor the chemical components alterations of straw residues,further deepening the understanding of straw decomposition mechanism.

To investigate the effects of climate warming and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soybean growth and yield,field experiments were conducted using infrared radiation warming systems to simulate temperature elevation.The experimental design included two temperature levels(T0:Ambient temperature;T1:Warming by 2.9 ℃)and two fertilization regimes(SF:Sole inorganic fertilizer;OF:Combined organic-inorganic fertilizer),aiming to examine the impacts of warming and fertilization practices on soybean dry matter accumulation,photosynthetic rate,leaf enzyme activities,and yield.Results demonstrated that compared to ambient temperature,warming shortened the pre-flowering and post-flowering growth periods by 3—4 d,5—6 d,respectively.Warming significantly reduced leaf nitrate reductase(NR)and glutamine synthetase(GS)activities during the pod-filling stage,decreased leaf area index(LAI)by 9.0%—13.7%,and suppressed net photosynthetic rate,collectively leading to 4.1%—19.3% reductions in post-flowering plant height and aboveground dry matter accumulation.In contrast,the combined organic-inorganic fertilization enhanced NR and GS activities,improved post-flowering photosynthetic efficiency,promoted plant growth,and increased the aboveground dry matter accumulation by 4.1%—15.3% compared to sole inorganic fertilization,with a significant interaction observed between NR and alanine aminotransferase activities.Yield analysis revealed that warming caused 9.7%—16.6%,13.3%—19.0% declines in pods per plant and grains per plant,respectively,resulting in 13.7%—21.1% yield reductions.Conversely,organic-inorganic fertilization increased grains per plant by 12.5% and pods per plant by 9.9%—10.5%,achieving 7.6%—10.8% yield improvements.Notably,significant positive correlations were detected among LAI,photosynthetic rate,nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities,and final yield.These findings demonstrate that climate warming inhibits post-flowering photosynthetic efficiency and aboveground growth in soybeans,while integrated organic-inorganic fertilization partially mitigates warming-induced yield losses through enhancing enzyme activities and photosynthetic performance,providing critical insights for adaptive agricultural practices under global warming scenarios.

This study aims to establish a biocontrol bacteria screening system based on root exudates to screen biocontrol strains with strong rhizosphere colonization ability.Using this system,bacterial strains capable of synergistic control of cucumber Fusarium wilt in combination with spent mushroom substrate(SMS)were screened.The chemical composition of cucumber root exudates was modulated by pathogen stress and SMS induction.Chemotaxis,metabolic proliferation,and biofilm formation,which were colonization-related factors,were used as quantitative indicators for the tested strains.Efficient screening of rhizosphere-colonizing bacteria was achieved using capillary assays,96-well plate cultures,and biofilm formation tests.Among 200 bacterial strains isolated from the cucumber rhizosphere,significant differences were observed in chemotaxis,metabolic proliferation,and biofilm formation in response to root exudates.Using this screening system,Bacillus velezensis MTC-5 was screened as an outstanding strain across all screening indicators.Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that MTC-5 strain combined with SMS exhibited enhanced rhizosphere colonization ability and showed significant synergistic effects in disease suppression and plant growth promotion.Field trials revealed that the combined application of MTC-5 strain and SMS achieved a disease control efficacy of 74.5% against cucumber Fusarium wilt,which was 10.7,24.6 percent points higher than the efficacy of SMS or MTC-5 strain alone,respectively.It established a high-throughput biocontrol bacteria screening system based on root exudates,highlighting the critical role of root exudates in bacterial recruitment.The MTC-5 and SMS combination developed through this system demonstrated significant synergistic effects in controlling cucumber Fusarium wilt,providing new insights and technical support for biocontrol bacteria screening and application.

Intramuscular fat deposition,as a key factor affecting meat quality(e.g.tenderness,flavor,and juiciness),is closely related to the regulation of lipogenesis and lipid metabolism by long non-coding RNA(lncRNA).Based on the previous finding that the intramuscular fat content of Tan sheep was significantly higher than that of Dorper sheep and Small-tailed Han sheep,the dorsal longest muscle of these three sheep breeds was used as the target,and differentially expressed mRNAs(DE mRNAs)and lncRNAs(DE lncRNAs)and their related pathways were screened by transcriptome sequencing,with the aim of revealing molecular mechanism of high intramuscular fat deposition in Tan sheep.The results showed:836 DE mRNAs and 832 DE lncRNAs were identified in the Small-tailed Han sheep vs.Tan sheep group;578 DE mRNAs and 700 DE lncRNAs were screened in the Dorper sheep vs.Tan sheep group.The intersection of the two groups fielded a total of 226 DE mRNAs and 308 DE lncRNAs.Target gene prediction for the 308 DE lncRNAs identified 1 475 potential targets,including 687 co_expression(co-expressed)target genes and 788 co_localization(co-localized)target genes.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DE mRNAs revealed fat deposition-related pathways such as regulation of actin cytoskeleton and prolactin signaling pathway,with genes like FGF14 and FGF9 were reported to participate in animal fat metabolism.Enrichment analysis of co-expressed and co-localized target genes identified fat metabolism-related pathways,including the cAMP signaling pathway,prolactin signaling pathway,and insulin signaling pathway.Further functional analysis screened key genes associated with fat metabolism(CREBBP,ATP1B3,PPP1R3C, and PIK3R1),which may play crucial regulatory roles in ovine intramuscular fat deposition.The qRT-PCR results of 6 randomly selected DE mRNAs and 6 randomly selected DE lncRNAs were consistent with transcriptome sequencing data.

To investigate the effect of polymorphisms in the glycogen branching enzyme 1(GBE1)gene on meat quality and flavor traits of Bashang long-tailed chickens.Target fragments were amplified using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and sequenced directly to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in the GBE1 gene.Correlation analysis was performed between the SNPs and meat quality traits.In this study,analysis of 60 individuals revealed four SNP loci in the GBE1 gene(g.96619229T>C,g.96619243T>G,g.96619350C>T,and g.96619544C>T),each exhibiting three genotypes with dominant genotypes identified as TT,TT,CC,and CT,respectively.Chi-square tests confirmed that all loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,with polymorphism information content(PIC)values of 0.262,0.262,0.332,and 0.373,indicating moderate polymorphism(0.25<PIC<0.50).Association analysis demonstrated significant correlations between GBE1 genotypes and meat quality traits.At g.96619229T>C,the TC genotype had higher leg muscle myristic acid content,and CC genotype showed significantly higher mean values of L^* in leg muscle compared to other genotypes.At g.96619243T>G,the TG genotype was associated with higher leg muscle myristic acid content,and the GG genotype displayed significantly higher mean values of L^* than others.At g.96619350C>T,the CT genotype had increased myristic acid content and abdominal fat rate but reduced mean values of L^* in leg muscle At g.96619544C>T,the CT genotype showed higher levels of various fatty acids in the leg muscle and superior slaughter performance traits,including carcass weight,eviscerated weight,abdominal fat weight,and leg muscle weight,while the TT genotype exhibited higher postmortem 24-hour pH in leg muscle compared to other genotypes.Linkage disequilibrium analysis identified strong correlations among the first three SNP loci,resulting in six major haplotypes,with TTC being the predominant haplotype(0.708).These findings indicate that SNPs in the GBE1 gene are significantly associated with meat quality traits of Bashang long-tailed chickens.The strong linkage disequilibrium among intronic SNPs and the identification of TTC as a favorable haplotype provide valuable insights for breeding programs aiming to enhance meat quality in this chicken population.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peanut pod responses to water stress,this study employed pot experiments combined with transcriptomic analysis.Using well-watered conditions as the control, we systematically investigated the effects of periodic drought and waterlogging stress during the flowering-pegging stage on yield,quality,and gene expression in peanut pods. Results demonstrated that both drought and waterlogging stresses significantly reduced peanut pod yield(by 26.43% and 77.69%,respectively)and crude fat content in kernels (by 9.46, 6.71 percentage points,respectively).Transcriptomic analysis further revealed 1 525 and 1 382 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the drought-stress and waterlogging-stress groups compared to the control, respectively, with down-regulated expression being predominant in both sets of DEGs. Specifically, drought stress suppressed six key metabolic processes related to lipid and fatty acid metabolism in peanut pods,with 88.38% of associated genes showing downregulated expression,indicating that lipid metabolic disruption may be the primary cause of yield and quality reduction under drought. Waterlogging stress predominantly interfered with pod metabolism and defense functions by downregulating genes associated with catalytic activity,transmembrane transport,redox reactions,and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.Moreover, KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were significantly affected under both water stress conditions. Key gene validation via qRT-PCR corroborated the RNA-seq data, confirming the reliability of the transcriptomic findings. In summary, this research elucidates the molecular basis of peanut pod response to water stress at the transcriptome level, demonstrating that lipid metabolic disruption is the primary factor underlying yield reduction and quality deterioration under drought stress, whereas peanut pods mitigate the adverse effects of waterlogging mainly by modulating the expression of genes associated with redox homeostasis and metabolic pathways.

To elucidate the mechanisms of cold response and explore superior cold-tolerance gene resources in wheat,this study employed transcriptome sequencing to uncover key regulatory networks underlying wheat cold response,and performed functional validation of the candidate gene TaGGCT18-6A.The results demonstrated that 4 ℃ cold treatments induced 10 893 and 18 784 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in wheat seedlings after 6 h and 24 h cold treatment,respectively.KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEGs in pathways including MAPK signaling transduction and glutathione metabolism.A γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase gene TaGGCT18-6A was cloned through screening key genes in glutathione metabolism.This gene had a length of 1 772 bp,encoding 218 amino acids with conserved GGCT-like superfamily and ChaC core domain.Promoter cis-acting element analysis identified stress-responsive elements such as low-temperature-responsive(LTR)and dehydration-responsive (DRE)elements; consistently,expression pattern analysis showed sustained upregulation of TaGGCT18-6A under 4 ℃ cold treatments. Functional validation in transgenic rice revealed that overexpression lines OE#1, OE#2 and OE#3 exhibited significantly enhanced survival rate,plant height,and biomass. Overexpression lines OE#1 and OE#2 exhibited significantly enhanced plant height, while overexpression lines OE#1, OE#2 and OE#3 exhibited significantly reduced relative electrolyte leakage under -4 ℃ freezing treatments.After 4 ℃ treatment,overexpression lines accumulated higher levels of osmolytes(proline and soluble sugars),decreased malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT).These findings collectively demonstrated that TaGGCT18-6A enhanced plant cold tolerance by regulating glutathione metabolism to improve antioxidant capacity.This study will provide a theoretical foundation and valuable genetic resources for molecular breeding of cold-tolerant wheat.

In order to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on rice yield,nitrogen uptake and soil fertility,the effects of different nitrogen application levels on rice yield,nitrogen use efficiency and soil tillage fertility in the Yellow River Irrigation Area were studied from 2021 to 2023 using rice variety Fuyuan 4 as the test material.Compared with other treatments,the average yield of 360 kg/ha was 9.4 t/ha,which was 182.94% higher than that of no nitrogen treatment,and 40.72% and 26.34% higher than that of 210,240 kg/ha.From the perspective of yield components,the increase in yield was mainly due to the increase of grain number per spike and the number of effective spikes,and excessive nitrogen application would cause the decrease of 1000-grain weight.The average of the 3-year results showed that the nitrogen use efficiency was up to 26.93% with 240 kg/ha of nitrogen,and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.The highest average value of organic matter was 18.60 g/kg after nitrogen application of 210 kg/ha.Compared with the non-nitrogen application treatment,the soil total nitrogen content of each nitrogen application treatment increased by 7.61%—15.67%,and the soil total nitrogen content of the 360 kg/ha nitrogen application treatment decreased with the increase of the experimental year.The total phosphorus content of soil was gradually reduced in the 360 kg/ha nitrogen application treatment,and the total phosphorus content in other nitrogen application treatments was maintained at about 0.85 g/kg.The total potassium content of nitrogen fertilization treatments gradually decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and the total potassium content of the 360 kg/ha nitrogen application treatment decreased by 23.74%,22.16% and 8.85%,respectively,compared with the nitrogen fertilization treatments of 120,210 and 240 kg/ha.Soil available phosphorus increased with the years of the experiment,and the variation range between treatments increased with time.With the increase of nitrogen application rate,soil available phosphorus increased first and then decreased,and the soil available phosphorus of the 240 kg/ha treatment increased significantly in 2023 compared with other treatments.The soil available potassium of each treatment did not change significantly with the test years.By considering crop yield,nitrogen use efficiency and soil fertility,nitrogen application of 240 kg/ha could balance the environment and production requirements.

In order to explore the effect of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer on the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the Loess Plateau of Eastern Qinghai,a field experiment was conducted with continuous cropping of potato(Qingshu 9).This field experiment was established in 2022 with five treatments,i.e.no fertilizer(CK),100% chemical fertilizer(T1),30% organic fertilizer+70% chemical fertilizer(T2),50% organic fertilizer+50% chemical fertilizer(T3),and 70% organic fertilizer+30% chemical fertilizer(T4).Soil contents of organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and soil-microbial biomass ecological stoichiometry were determined.The results showed that compared with 2022,the contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in each fertilization treatment in 2023 showed an increasing trend,while the CK treatment showed a decreasing trend.Among different soil layers,the content of each index gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth.Among different treatments,according to the content of each index,the order was T3>T4>T2>T1>CK.In the 0—30 cm soil layer,the contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus under T3 treatment were 6.88%,17.65%,17.88%,84.71%,77.01%,65.67%,80.07%,54.91% higher than those of CK,respectively.The soil C∶N and C∶P in each soil layer were the highest in the CK treatment.Among the four fertilization treatments,soil C∶N,microbial biomass C∶N and C∶P were the lowest in the T3 treatment.In addition to the 0—10 cm soil layer in 2023,the soil C∶P in each soil layer was also the lowest in T3,while the microbial biomass N∶P in the T1 treatment was the lowest among all fertilization treatments.Soil C∶N and C∶P increased with soil depth.Correlation analysis showed that organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly positively correlated with each other.In summary,the substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer can not only change the soil nutrient and soil microbial biomass content,but also change the soil ecological stoichiometry characteristics,and the treatment with 50% organic fertilizer+50% chemical fertilizer has the best effect.

To explore the expression pattern of potato gene StEXLB1a and provide a theoretical basis for the resistance to potato disease,based on the previous research of the Laboratory of Plant Resources and Molecular Biology at Northeast Agricultural University,the study using the Atlantic variety of potato as material, cloned the StEXLB1a gene, and preliminarily analyzed its bioinformatics, expression pattern, and disease resistance. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of StEXLB1a gene was 768 bp,encoding 255 amino acids.The annotation indicated that it belonged to the extend protein family genes.Subcellular localization showed that the protein was localized to the cell wall.Among different tissues of potato,StEXLB1a gene expression was highest in leaves,followed by roots and stems,and lowest in flowers and tubers.The expression level of StEXLB1a gene changed significantly under various stress treatments,such as hormone(indoleacetic acid,gibberellin,abscisic acid),stress(high temperature,low temperature,salt,drought),fungal disease dry rot(Fusarium avenaceum),bacterial disease soft rot(Erwinia carotovora subsp,Ecc)and bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum,RS).The overexpressed transgenic potato plants were inoculated with the dry rot pathogen Fusarium avenaceum,and the transgenic plants were more seriously infected than the wild-type plants.The enzyme activities of active oxygen scavenging system in overexpressed plants were significantly changed,POD and SOD activities were inhibited,MDA content was higher than that of wild-type plants,and the damage degree of plants was aggravated.The results showed that transgenic potato plants with overexpression of StEXLB1a had lower resistance to dry rot than those with wild type.

Catalase(CAT)plays a critical role in plant resistance against biotic stresses.To investigate the functions of StCAT1 and StCAT3 in potato defense against Alternaria solani infection,this study cloned the cDNA sequences of StCAT1 and StCAT3 via RT-PCR.Sequencing results demonstrated that both genes were 1 479 bp in length,encoding 493 amino acids.Phylogenetic tree construction revealed that StCAT1 shared high homology with SlCAT1 from tomato,while StCAT3 exhibited high homology with both SlCAT3(tomato)and SpCAT3 from wild tomato.Following A.solani infection for 6 days,the expression of StCAT1 and StCAT3 was significantly upregulated by approximately 3.9-fold and 8.7-fold,respectively.A co-silencing vector targeting both StCAT1 and StCAT3 was constructed,and transient co-silencing was achieved using virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).qRT-PCR screening identified an effective co-silenced potato line(VIGS-3)with suppressed StCAT1 and StCAT3 expression.Upon A.solani inoculation,the silenced line exhibited 42% larger lesion areas compared to the control,indicating that co-silencing StCAT1/StCAT3 compromised potato resistance to early blight.DAB(3,3'-diaminobenzidine)staining further demonstrated that H₂O₂ accumulation in co-silenced leaves was significantly elevated,with staining intensity being 3.8-fold higher than that in the control.These results demonstrate that StCAT1 and StCAT3 regulate H₂O₂ homeostasis to mediate potato resistance against A.solani,providing a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of CAT genes in potato-pathogen interactions.

To explore the association between STAT3 single nucleotide polymorphism and lactation traits of sheep,414 lactating sheep were selected as test subjects,the expression of STAT3 in seven tissues including mammary gland was detected by RT-qPCR,the single nucleotide polymorphism of STAT3 was detected by sanger sequencing,STAT3 was typed by Penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system PARMS,and the effect of the nucleotide sequence variation of the gene on milk performance traits was analysed.RT-qPCR results revealed that STAT3 expression was highest in lungs,followed by liver and mammary tissues,and lowest in spleen.A total of five novel SNPs,c.22+537 C/T,c.22+658 C/T,c.318+126 C/G,c.417+360 G/A and c.417+395 T/C,were identified in the sheep STAT3,and three genotypes were detected at each SNP locus.Association analysis revealed that ewes with the genotype CC at the c.318+126 C/G locus had a higher milk fat rate than those with GG,and CC-type at the c.22+537 C/T locus,CC-type at the c.22+658 C/T locus,GG-type at the c.417+360 G/A locus,and TT-type at the c.417+395 T/C locus all had higher milk fat percentage and dry matter content.The haplotype combination H1H7 exhibited significant positive effects on milk fat percentage,dry matter content,and ash content.Additionally,the average daily milk yield of individuals carrying the haplotype combination H1H2 was increased by 0.266 kg compared to those carrying H1H7.In conclusion,the five nucleotide variation sites of STAT3 screened in this study may provide a theoretical basis for molecular selection of milk performance traits in milk sheep.

In order to clarify the regulatory network of oil accumulation in Brassica napus and breed oilseed rapeseed varieties with high oil content.The seed transcriptome data of four rapeseed inbred lines at 25,35,and 45 days after flowering were used to identify candidate genes affecting oil content by transcriptome analysis and correlation analysis.Consequently,a total of 1 530 genes were identified exhibiting differential expression across all three period,comprising 986 up-regulated genes and 544 down-regulated genes.GO enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes detected 83 lipid biosynthesis genes,79 lipid degradation genes,21 lipid transporter genes and 80 transcription factors.To further analysis of these differentially expressed transcription factors,genes including BnTT8,BnGL2,and BnNAC082 were identified.Combined with the oil content data of 50 semi-winter rapeseed in three different regions over two years,four SNPs were identified in the exons region of the BnNAC082-A03 significantly associated with oil content using genome-wide association studies.Two haplotypes were detected in the region of this gene and BnNAC082-A03_Hap1 corresponding accessions showed significantly higher oil content than that of Hap2.Additionally,it utilized these transcriptomic data to construct co-expression analysis network,and in the sub-network revealed that BnNAC082-A03 was directly connected with BnTT8-A09 and BnGL2-C06,forming a potential molecular regulatory network affecting seed lipid accumulation.

To address issues such as shallow soil layers,upward movement of the plowpan,and soil salinization in the saline-alkali soils of the West Liaohe Plain,field trials were conducted in Huatugula Town,Horqin Zouyi Middle Banner,Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,from 2020 to 2021.Two tillage methods(traditional rotary tillage and powder ridge plowing),two irrigation quotas(2 100,2 700 m³/ha),and mulching and shallow burial measures were set up,resulting in six experimental treatments:2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+traditional rotary tillage+shallow burial(CK×NM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+traditional rotary tillage+mulching(CK×DM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+shallow burial(FA×NM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FA×DM),2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+shallow burial(FB×NM),2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FB×DM).The effects of powder ridge plowing and mulching treatments on soil properties,structure,saline and alkaline content,and maize yield in the 0—40 cm soil layer under different irrigation quotas were analyzed. The result showed that compared to the CK×NM treatment, in the 0—40 cm soil layer, the soil bulk density decreased by 8.4%—22.9%, the total soil porosity increased by 4.9—14.8 percentage points, and the soil three-phase ratio R value decreased by 34.6%—88.2% under powder ridge plowing + mulching treatment,among them, the bulk density, total porosity, and three-phase ratio R value of the soil treated with FB×DM treatment were significantly reduced by 20.0%,-13.1 percentage points, and 88.2%, respectively;soil moisture content after sowing increased by 5.5—12.1 percentage points in the 20—40 cm soil layer, soil hardness increased by 33.4%—397.5% in the 7.5—17.5 cm soil layer,among them, the soil moisture content, hardness of the FB×DM treatment increased significantly by 12.1 percentage points, 214.3%,respectively;CO₂ flux of the FB×DM treatment increased significantly by 496.4%.Compared to the CK×NM treatment, the powder ridge plowing+mulching treatment reduced the soil pH value, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and total salt content in the 0—40 cm soil layer, with reduction rates of 0.7%—10.9%, 2.5%—67.5%, 24.3%—68.7%, and 10.3%—81.0%, respectively. Among them, the soil pH value, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and total salt content of the FB×DM-treated soil were significantly reduced by 10.9%, 48.2%, 59.2%, and 80.0%, respectively.Maize germination rate, ear fresh weight, and yield were increased by 13.2—20.1 percentage points,52.5%—68.2%, and 22.4%—45.5%, respectively,among them, the germination rate, ear fresh weight, and yield of the FB×DM treatment were significantly increased by 20.1 percentage points,68.2%, and 45.5%, respectively, compared to the CK×NM treatment. Considering the comprehensive improvement effects and maize yield, it is concluded that the 2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FB×DM) is a more suitable cultivation mode for saline and alkaline land in the West Liaohe Plain.

To investigate the effects of delayed sowing on the growth,development,grain yield and quality of wheat,Yunong 907(YN907)and Yunong 922(YN922),two new high yield and high quality wheat varieties,were selected as experimental materials.Three sowing dates were established:October 22nd(S1,the conventional sowing date),October 31st(S2,delayed sowing by 9 days),and November 9th(S3,delayed sowing by 18 days).The study investigated the effects of delayed sowing on the phenological stages,grain yield and flour quality of wheat,and analyzed the relationship between temperature characteristics and wheat yield,and quality under delayed sowing conditions.The results indicated that compared with the conventional sowing date, the full growth period of YN907 and YN922 was shortened with the delay of sowing date in both years. The accumulated temperature before winter and the average daily temperature before heading decreased with the delay of sowing date, while the average daily temperature and effective accumulated temperature after heading increased. The effective accumulated temperature of the full growth period showed a downward trend. The effective accumulated temperature of the full growth period of YN907 and YN922 in S3 treatment was 243.95,222.10 ℃·d lower than that in S1 treatment in 2022—2023, and 136.30,189.40 ℃·d lower in 2023—2024, respectively. The yield and its components decreased with the delay of sowing, with a yield reduction of 6.45% to 17.26%. Compared with the conventional sowing date, the wet gluten content and protein content increased under the delayed sowing conditions.Under the background of climate warming and the scale-up of the agricultural operation,the sowing date of wheat can be adjusted to adapt to the temperature change.YN907 and YN922 had the highest yield on October 22nd.Delaying the sowing date to October 31st could maintain the higher yield level and increase the grain protein content.When the sowing date continues to be postponed,the grain protein content will be significantly increased but the yield will be significantly decreased.

IQM(IQ-motif containing protein),a plant-specific calmodulin-binding protein,plays crucial roles in plant growth,development,and responses to various stresses.In order to study the characteristics and potential functions of the maize IQM gene family,bioinformatics approaches were used to identify IQM genes in the maize whole genome,and protein properties,phylogenetic relationship,gene structure,chromosome location,gene replication,cis-acting element,tissue-specific expression and expression patterns under various stresses were investigated.A total of 11 ZmIQMs genes were identified in the whole genome of maize,named ZmIQM1 to ZmIQM11 based on their chromosomal locations.ZmIQMs genes could be classified into three subfamilies,with genes within different subfamilies exhibiting similar structures.Segment duplication was found to play a major role in the amplification and evolution of the ZmIQMs gene family.Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of ZmIQMs gene contained multiple hormone and stress response elements.The expression pattern of ZmIQMs genes was investigated,and it was found that ZmIQMs genes had different expression patterns in different tissues,and the expression levels of several ZmIQMs genes were changed under different abiotic and biotic stresses.qRT-PCR results showed that under drought stress,the expression of ZmIQM3,ZmIQM4 and ZmIQM10 was up-regulated, and ZmIQM3,ZmIQM4,ZmIQM5,ZmIQM10 and ZmIQM11 responded to Cochliobolus heterostrophus infection.The results showed that ZmIQMs genes played an important role in stress response.

The effects of different nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement measures on ammonia volatilization and crop yield in fluvo-aquic soil of wheat-maize rotation system were studied to provide guidance for rational fertilization and agricultural environmental protection.A long-term nitrogen reduction was carried out since 2016 at the experimental station of Xuchang fluvo-aquic soil area in Henan Province.No nitrogen fertilizer control(CK),conventional nitrogen fertilizer(100N),20% nitrogen reduction(80N),and 20% nitrogen reduction combined with straw returning(80NS),nitrification inhibitor(80NI),and biochar(80NB)were set up.The soil physical and chemical properties,annual ammonia volatilization characteristics and wheat and maize yield of different treatments were studied from 2021 to 2022.In the wheat season,the pH value of 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments was significantly higher than that of 100N treatment.The organic matter content significantly increased, while the soil bulk density significantly decreased in the 80NS and 80NB treatments, compared with the 80N and CK treatments, respectively. At the base fertilizer stage of wheat,the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments was significantly lower than that of 100N by 28.71%,35.61% and 22.99%,respectively.During the topdressing stage of wheat season,the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS and 80NB treatments was significantly lower than that of 100N by 14.94% and 17.58%,respectively.The ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS and 80NI treatments was significantly increased by 22.27% and 27.69% compared with 80N.During the whole growth period of wheat,the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in different nitrogen treatments accounted for 1.31%-2.47% of the nitrogen application rate,showing 100N> 80NB> 80NS> 80NI> 80N.In the maize season,compared with the accumulation of ammonia volatilization under 100N treatment,80N and 80NS treatments significantly decreased by 37.14% and 29.63%,respectively,and 80NI treatment significantly increased by 60.83%.Compared with 80N treatment,the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in 80NI and 80NB treatments increased significantly by 155.79% and 44.05%.The accumulation of ammonia volatilization in maize growth period accounted for 5.81%-14.86% of nitrogen application rate,showing 80NI> 100N> 80NB> 80NS> 80N.The wheat yield results indicated that compared with 100N treatment,80N treatment significantly reduced the yield by 16.67%,while 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments did not significantly reduce the yield.Maize yield data showed that there was no significant difference between 100N treatment and four nitrogen reduction treatments.In summary,the application of nitrification inhibitors,straw and biochar on the basis of reducing nitrogen by 20% in the experimental fluvo-aquic soil can effectively improve soil fertility and stabilize crop yield.However,nitrification inhibitors and biochar significantly increase the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in maize season,which needs special attention in actual production.

To explore the effects of nitrogen application rate on nitrogen uptake and translocation characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and the formation mechanisms of yield and quality in soft wheat under weak light stress during the after anthesis stage,under pot conditions,the soft wheat variety Quanmai 725(QM725)was used as the material,and the ¹⁵N tracer method was used.Two nitrogen rates were set in the experiment,namely N1(N 120 kg/ha),N2(N 180 kg/ha),and two shading treatments were set at the wheat filling stage(7-35 d after anthesis)under each nitrogen application rate,namely CK(no shading),SH(30% shading).The relationship between nitrogen application rate and grain yield and quality of soft wheat under weak light after anthesis was analyzed,and the effects of different nitrogen application rates on nitrogen accumulation,transport,grain yield and quality of soft wheat under weak light after anthesis were studied.The results showed that compared with the control,under the conditions of N1 and N2,the nitrogen accumulation of plants at flowering stage and vegetative organs at maturity stage was significantly reduced by weak light treatment after anthesis,and the proportion of nitrogen from fertiliser was significantly higher than that from soil nitrogen,while the proportion of nitrogen accumulation in grains at maturity stage from soil nitrogen was significantly higher than that from fertiliser nitrogen.Under the same nitrogen application rate,the proportion of basal nitrogen fertiliser was greater than that of topdressing nitrogen fertiliser.Under the same weak light treatment conditions,compared with N1,N2 increased the accumulation of fertiliser nitrogen at flowering stage,the accumulation of total nitrogen and fertiliser nitrogen at maturity stage,and the accumulation of total nitrogen,fertiliser nitrogen and soil nitrogen at maturity stage.Under N1 and N2 treatments,the nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen production efficiency,grain number per spike,1000-grain weight and grain yield of wheat decreased significantly with the decrease of light intensity after anthesis.The content and accumulation of protein and starch in soft wheat grains increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer.However,under the same nitrogen application rate,weak light stress reduced the starch content,protein and starch accumulation in grains.Weak light stress after anthesis significantly affected the nitrogen accumulation of soft wheat plants,reduced the transport efficiency of storage substances from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis,resulting in a decrease in the contribution rate of vegetative organs to grains,which was not conducive to the overall nitrogen transport efficiency of plants.With the increase of nitrogen application rate,the nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen harvest index,nitrogen production efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat were significantly improved.Under the same nitrogen application rate of N1 and N2,after anthesis weak light stress significantly reduced the accumulation of protein and starch in soft wheat grains,which in turn affected the formation of grain weight,resulting in a decrease in yield.

Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a devastating fungal disease that seriously threatens the safety of wheat production.Marker-assisted selection(MAS)and pyramiding of resistance genes represent efficient strategies for FHB-resistant breeding.To establish a high-throughput screening system for FHB resistance genes and enhance wheat resistance in Sichuan Province,we performed genome-wide genotyping using a 100K SNP array on 14 Sichuan wheat varieties(lines)along with three FHB-resistant genetic materials.Based on the reported genetic linkage intervals of major FHB resistance genes(Fhb2,Fhb4,Fhb5),we identified SNPs co-segregating with Fhb5 or linked to Fhb2,Fhb4,and subsequently developed kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers.Results showed that the genetic relationship of 17 wheat varieties(lines)could be clustered into two major groups:two northern wheat-derived resistant materials(NMAS070 and NMAS069)formed an independent cluster distinct from the Sichuan varieties(lines)while the remaining 15 varieties(lines)were clustered together and subdivided into two subgroups.Functional gene profiling revealed FHB-resistant parents carried superior resistance loci,whereas agronomic parents harbored favorable alleles for yield and quality traits.Through SNP screening,we identified 8 critical SNPs within the linkage intervals of Fhb2,Fhb4 and the co-segregation region of Fhb5.These SNPs enabled the successful development of 4,2,and 2 high-specificity KASP marker systems for Fhb2,Fhb4 and Fhb5,respectively.Validation experiments confirmed all KASP markers achieved precise genotyping and were effectively implemented in molecular breeding for FHB-resistance.This study established a high-efficiency KASP marker system for Fhb2,Fhb4 and Fhb5,providing a robust technical platform for improving FHB resistance breeding of wheat varieties in Southwest China.

The ubiquitination pathway is one of the key signaling pathways in response to drought stress.In order to clarify the biological function of E3 ubiquitin ligase TaSINA101 gene in response to drought stress,the TaSINA61,TaSINA101 and TaSINA105 genes were cloned from JM47,an excellent drought-resistant wheat cultivar,and their sequence characteristics were analyzed by bioinformatics methods,and the expression levels of the three genes in wheat roots and leaves were detected by qRT-PCR under PEG-6000,NaCl,low temperature and ABA treatments.The heterologous expression of TaSINA101 in transgenic rice was used to analyze the biological function of TaSINA101 in response to drought stress.The results showed that the TaSINA61,TaSINA101 and TaSINA105 genes contained one intron and two exons,and the encoded proteins were composed of 282 amino acids.The qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that the expression of these three genes was induced by various abiotic stresses such as drought stress in roots and leaves.Phenotypic analysis of TaSINA101 transgenic rice under drought stress showed that the leaf fresh weight and dry weight, maximum root length, average root diameter and leaf relative water content of transgenic rice lines OE-1, OE-2 and OE-3 were significantly lower than those of wild type,while the relative conductivity of leaves of transgenic rice lines OE-1 and OE-2 was significantly higher than that of wild type.Therefore,TaSINA101 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in rice.This study provides a basis for in-depth analysis of the biological function of TaSINA101 gene in wheat.

Muscle formation depends on the interplay of various cellular and extracellular signals and factors.This study investigates the regulatory relationship between Myocyte enhancer factor 2A(MEF2A)expression levels and promoter methylation at both tissue and cellular levels,to provide theoretical references for the genetic development of Guanling cattle.Guanling cattle were used as experimental subjects.Initially,the expression levels of the MEF2A in Guanling cattle tissues were analyzed in conjunction with their promoter methylation status.Subsequently,overexpression and interference vectors of the MEF2A gene were successfully transfected into primary myoblasts of Guanling cattle,and the effects of MEF2A expression level changes on promoter methylation levels were analyzed.The results showed that the MEF2A expression levels in various tissues of young Guanling cattle were higher than those in adult cattle,while the methylation rate of MEF2A in young cattle tissues was lower than that in adult cattle,with DNMT1 expression trends consistent with this.Additionally,increased MEF2A expression led to a decrease in its methylation rate,whereas decreased MEF2A expression resulted in an increase in its methylation rate.This study confirms from both tissue and cellular perspectives that the expression level of the MEF2A gene in Guanling cattle is negatively correlated with its methylation rate,providing a theoretical basis for genetic marker-assisted genetic improvement of cattle.

In order to analyze the alterations in the expression profile of circular RNA(circRNA)in chicken liver cancer cells line(LMH)infected by fowl adenovirus serotype 4(FAdV-4),and the regulatory role of circRNA in the FAdV-4 infecting process,transcriptome sequencing was carried out on FAdV-4-infected LMH cells and uninfected ones.Enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG signaling pathways was executed for differentially expressed circRNAs,and five randomly selected circRNAs were verified by Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR).The results demonstrated that the circRNAs in the infected and uninfected groups were distributed on the preponderance of chromosomes,and their lengths were mainly concentrated between 300 and 1 000 bp.Differential expression analysis identified 72 circRNAs,with 32 showing significantly upregulated expression levels and 40 presenting downregulated expression levels.GO functional analysis revealed that the genes from which the differential circRNAs originated were mainly enriched in processes such as cellular processes,metabolic processes,catalytic activity,and nucleic acid-binding transcription factor activity.KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed circRNAs were primarily enriched in the Notch signaling pathway,RNA degradation,and the MAPK signaling pathway.The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of the five verified circRNAs were consistent with the sequencing results,further validating the reliability of the sequencing results.This study analyzed the expression profile of circRNAs in FAdV-4-infected LMH cells and screened out differentially expressed circRNAs,providing data support for exploring the functions of circRNAs during the FAdV-4 infection process and the interaction mechanism between the host and FAdV-4.

To improve the growth,yield,and quality of cantaloupe under extreme high temperature weather in Turpan,Xinjiang,the effects of spraying prohexadione-calcium(PCa)on the physiological growth of cantaloupe under high temperature stress were investigated,distilled water(CK)and PCa with concentrations of 20(PCa1),50(PCa2),100(PCa3),150 mg/L(PCa4)were sprayed on cantaloupe leaves.Through comprehensive analysis of indicators such as photosynthesis,reactive oxygen species content,antioxidant enzymes,antioxidant substances,vine length,stem thickness,yield,and quality of cantaloupe under high temperature stress,the optimal concentration of PCa suitable for foliar spraying of cantaloupe in the region was found.The results showed that as the concentration of PCa increased,the chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b, $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$,H₂O₂,and stem diameter of cantaloupe gradually increased at different stages,with increases of 9.25%-36.29%,4.25%-49.92%,21.45%-334.55%,5.36%-109.41%,and 2.33%-20.69% compared to CK,respectively;and MDA gradually decreased,with a decrease of 7.37%-48.83% compared to CK,respectively.Spraying PCa increased photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species in cantaloupe under high temperature stress,reducing the damage of high temperature to cantaloupe biofilm.PCa1,PCa2,and PCa3 treatments increased the levels of soluble protein,soluble sugar,PRO,SOD,POD,AsA,GSH,yield,soluble solids content,and soluble sugar content of the fruit in cantaloupe under high temperature stress compared to CK.Among the three treatments,PCa2 treatment showed better performance in terms of various indicators.Spraying PCa at an appropriate concentration significantly improved the osmotic regulation substances,antioxidant enzymes,antioxidant substances,and yield and quality of cantaloupe under high temperature stress,enhanced its heat resistance,and achieved increased yield and quality of cantaloupe.Although PCa4 treatment increased the yield of cantaloupe,it reduced the content of soluble solids and soluble sugars in the fruit.High concentrations of PCa delayed the growth of cantaloupe and affected its quality at harvest.Therefore,PCa2 treatment in production is the best treatment to achieve heat resistance,yield increase,and quality improvement of cantaloupe under high temperature stress.It is recommended that the optimal concentration for spraying PCa in this area is 50 mg/L.

The effects of tillage depth and organic fertilizer rates on photosynthetic characteristics,yield formation,and economic benefits of wheat were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for fluvo-aquic soil or similar soil types.The two-factor split-plot field experiment was conducted in the typical fluvo-aquic soil area of Qihe County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province from 2022 to 2024,where the tillage depth 15-20 cm(D1)and tillage depth 30-35 cm(D2)were assigned to the main plots,and the organic fertilizer rates of 800(L),1 200(M),and 1 600 kg/ha(H)were assigned to the subplots.The photosynthetic characteristics,aboveground dry matter accumulation characteristics and yield composition,in wheat were tested in fluvo-aquic soil under different tillage depths and organic fertilizer rates.Both D2M and D2H treatments were beneficial to improve the yield and yield components of wheat,and the spike number,kernels per spike,1000-grain weight,and grain yield significantly increased by 5.5%-8.5%,3.5%-12.1%,6.7%-13.2% and 6.6%-12.8%,compared with other treatments,respectively.D2M and D2H treatments also stabilized or increased the above-ground dry matter accumulation at jointing,anthesis,and maturity stages by improving the above-ground dry matter accumulation rate at each growth stage,which was 9.0%-22.1%,8.9%-25.8% and 10.7%-24.3% higher than averaged across the two years of other treatments,respectively.Compared with D1,D2 was more conducive to promoting the effect of organic fertilizer on the SPAD of leaves at different growth stages.Under D2M and D2H treatments,higher chlorophyll content could be maintained from the mid- to late-filling stages.Under M and H organic fertilizer application rates,the Pn of leaves at different growth stages of D2 was significantly higher than that of D1.At jointing,booting,flowering,mid-filling,and late-filling stages,on average over the two years,D2M and D2H increased significantly by 12.0% to 16.7%,13.7% to 16.8%,13.8% to 19.7%,20.2% to 25.8%,and 24.6% to 44.8%,respectively,compared with D1M and D1H.Under the same organic fertilizer application rates,the difference in leaf LAI between the two tillage depths gradually increased with the progression of the growth process.D2M and D2H performed best at anthesis and mid-filling stages,increasing by 13.2% to 27.2%,and 13.4% to 29.4%,respectively,compared with other treatments on average over the two years.In conclusion,both D2M and D2H treatments could enhance the photosynthetic characteristics of plants and the above-ground dry matter accumulation ability,thereby optimizing the yield components and achieving the drastically improvement of wheat yield.However,there were no significant differences in the indices between D2M and D2H treatments.Therefore,considering resource conservation,this study suggests that the combination of a tillage depth of 30-35 cm and an organic fertilizer application rate of 1 200 kg/ha can achieve wheat high yielding.

To investigate the effects of different dosages of biochemical fulvic acid (BFA) on the improvement of soda saline-alkali soil and the response mechanism of maize growth,a pot experiment was conducted using soda saline-alkali soil from Inner Mongolia as the test soil and maize Dongdan 181 as the test variety.Four BFA application rates were set as 0(CK),2(FA2),4(FA4),8 g/kg(FA8).Soil nutrients,microbial diversity,maize salt tolerance,biomass,and other indicators were measured.The results showed that compared to the CK,soil pH decreased with increasing BFA dosage.The soil available phosphorus content increased significantly after the application of BFA,but there was no significant difference among the three treatments of FA2,FA4 and FA8 at 30,62 and 80 days after sowing.Soil salinity increased with the increase of BFA dosage,with an increase of 23.30%—89.32%.Soil exchangeable potassium content increased with increasing BFA dosage,while exchangeable calcium content gradually decreased.The proportion of <0.053 mm silt and clay fractions in the soil decreased by 6.49,9.92 and 13.97 percentage points under FA2,FA4,and FA8 treatments,respectively,compared to the CK treatment.Meanwhile,the proportion of 0.053—0.250 mm aggregates increased by 5.90,8.99 and 13.75 percentage points,the proportion of 0.250—2.000 mm aggregates increased by 0.55,0.87 and 0.21 percentage points,while the proportion of >2.000 mm aggregates increased by 0.04,0.06 and 0.01 percentage points,respectively,under the FA2,FA4,and FA8 treatments relative to the CK.Soil microbial diversity was significantly higher than that of CK after the application of BFA,but the FA8 treatment was lower than the FA4 treatment.The Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in both shoots and roots of maize was lower under FA2 and FA4 treatments than under the CK treatment,while the FA8 treatment increased the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in the shoots.Maize biomass significantly increased in the mid-to-late growth stages under FA2 and FA4 treatments,while biomass significantly decreased under the FA8 treatment.In summary,the application of 2 g/kg or 4 g/kg of biochemical fulvic acid can positively reduce the alkalinity of soda saline-alkali soil,increase the content of available phosphorus in the soil,improve soil structure,improve soil microbial diversity,and enhance maize salt tolerance and biomass.However,exceeding this dosage range will significantly increase soil salinity and inhibit maize growth.

This study explored the relationship between cotton GhERF14 gene and Fusarium oxysporum pathogenicity,analyzed the molecular mechanism of F.oxysporum pathogenicity,and tentatively explored the response of cotton GhERF14 gene to Fusarium wilt disease and its regulatory effect on related resistance genes,to provides some theoretical basis for breeding new cotton cultivars resistant to wilt.Gene cloning and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)were used to construct the non-conserved domain interference vector pTRV2-GhERF14.Using Real-time fluorescence quantification(qRT-PCR)technology and VIGS technology,the expression characteristics of GhERF14 and downstream genes related to lignin,ethylene(ET),jasmonic acid(JA),salicylic acid(SA),antioxidant enzymes and disease progression-related protein(PR)were analyzed after F.oxysporum stress and hormone treatment,and the role of GhERF14 in the process of cotton disease resistance was analyzed.The results indicated that inhibition of GhERF14 gene expression could significantly reduce the synthesis of jasmonic acid(JA),salicylic acid(SA)and ethylene(ET)and the expression of genes related to the signaling pathway.After GhERF14 gene silencing by VIGS technology,cotton plants were more susceptible to Fusarium wilt.These results suggested that GhERF14 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction of F.oxysporum.

Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)is a post-transcriptional gene silencing technique widely used in plant gene function research.However,there are few reports on the establishment of a VIGS system for cabbage in China.The aim of this study was to establish a PCVA/PCVB-mediated gene silencing system using phytoene desaturase(PDS) as an effective visual indicator gene in cabbage.Cabbage,Chinese cabbage,and radish were used as plant materials.The PDS gene was silenced by constructing the PCVA-PDS vector.The PCVA/PCVB-PDS-GFP vector was then generated and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens,which was used to infect cabbage and tobacco epidermal cells via injection and to perform vacuum infiltration in cabbage seedlings.Real-time Quantitative PCR was used to study the applicability of the VIGS system in cabbage,and the system was also applied to another representative Brassicaceae crops-Chinese cabbage and radish.The results showed that green fluorescence could be observed on the cell membranes of cabbage and tobacco leaf cells after infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformed with PCVA/PCVB-PDS-GFP.After 14 d of vacuum infiltration in cabbage seedlings,photobleaching appeared on the new leaves,with the affected area gradually expanding.Real-time Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression of PDS homologous genes in the experimental groups decreased 3.2-fold and 1.7-fold compared to the control group,respectively.After infecting Chinese cabbage and radish seedlings,whitening of the leaf veins and some leaves was observed,along with some leaf curling.In conclusion,the photobleaching observed in cabbage leaves after PDS gene silencing demonstrates that the VIGS system effectively replicates and spreads within cabbage plants.The whitening of leaves in Chinese cabbage and radish also indicates that the VIGS system can be applied to other Brassicaceae crops,thus expanding the application scope of this silencing system.The establishment of the cabbage VIGS system provides a theoretical foundation for functional gene studies in Brassicaceae crops.

Fat storage inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FITM2) plays an important role in regulating lipid storage and skeletal muscle energy metabolism.To scan the polymorphisms of the FITM2 gene in sheep and investigate its relationship with growth traits in Hu sheep,the experiment selected 1 128 healthy and disease-free,genetically well-documented Hu sheep as the experimental group,and used the FITM2 gene in sheep as the research object.First,the expression differences of the FITM2 gene in different tissues were analyzed using qPCR technology.Then,the genetic polymorphisms of the FITM2 gene in sheep were detected using PCR amplification,Sanger sequencing,and AQP (allele-specific quantitative PCR-based genotyping assay).Finally,the association between the genetic polymorphisms and growth traits was analyzed.The research results showed that the FITM2 gene was expressed in different tissues of Hu sheep,with the highest expression level in the tail fat and significantly higher than that in other tissues.The gene polymorphism detection results showed that there was a C>T mutation at position 72704027 in the first intron of the FITM2 gene.The results of correlation analysis showed that the 100,120 d body weight,140,160 d body height,80,120,140,160 d body length,and 100 d chest circumference of CC genotype individuals were significantly higher than those of TT genotype individuals.In summary,the FITM2 gene g.72704027 C>T mutation site in sheep can be used as a candidate molecular marker related to growth traits in Hu sheep,providing a theoretical basis for the genetic breeding work of Hu sheep.

To investigate the role of the BnMLP2 gene in drought tolerance in ramie,the BnMLP2 gene encoding a metallothionein-like protein in ramie was obtained by analyzing ramie transcriptome data using Zhongzhu-1 as the material.The BnMLP2 gene was screened and cloned from the ramie transcriptome data,and bioinformatics analyses were conducted,including sequence alignment,domain prediction,and subcellular localization prediction.Fluorescent Quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression profile of the BnMLP2 gene in different tissues of ramie and to explore its expression changes under drought stress.The BnMLP2 gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana to construct transgenic plants.Under drought stress conditions,phenotypic,physiological,and biochemical differences between transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis were compared,along with the expression of stress-related genes.The results showed that the open reading frame of the BnMLP2 gene in ramie was 243 bp in length,encoding 80 amino acids.BnMLP2 had the closest amino acid sequence homology to metallothionein(MT)or metallothionein-like protein (MLP) from Malus domestica,both belonging to the metallothionein family; it contained the PFAM01439 domain and belonged to class Ⅱ metallothionein,with a predicted subcellular localization in the cytoplasm.The BnMLP2 gene was expressed in all tissues of ramie,and its expression was significantly induced by drought,especially in stems.Under drought stress,transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing BnMLP2 exhibited stronger drought tolerance compared to wild-type plants,as evidenced by significantly increased root length and fresh weight,enhanced antioxidant enzyme and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (γ-GCL) activities,and accumulation of more proline (Pro),glutathione(GSH),glutathione disulfide (GSSG),and phytochelatins (PCs) to regulate intracellular ion homeostasis.The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA)and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)in transgenic lines were significantly lower than in wild-type plants,at 55% and 80% of wild-type levels,respectively.In addition, the content of sodium and potassium ions in transgenic Arabidopsis under drought conditions was 4.4 times and 1.4 times higher than that of the wild type, respectively. Overexpression of BnMLP2 induced increased expression of three stress-related genes,AtMT1a,AtNCED3,and AtWRKY40,with maximum expression levels of 1.5,1.9,and 2.8 times those in wild-type plants,respectively.These results suggest that the BnMLP2 gene enhances the tolerance of Arabidopsis to drought stress.

The purpose of this study was to screen the candidate genes and key pathways related to traits at first laying through transcriptomic analysis of liver tissues on laying and non-laying Kangle yellow chickens,and to provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanisms of laying traits regulation in the liver of chickens.It also provides certain reference for the selection and breeding of Kangle yellow chickens.Three individuals of liver tissues at 154 days of age that had started laying (Group H) and had not started laying (Group L) were selected.Total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol method,and transcriptome sequencing was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform.Differentially expressed genes between the two groups were identified.The differentially expressed genes were subjected to functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction analysis.Nine candidate genes were randomly selected,and their expression levels were verified by qRT-PCR in the livers of the nine individuals.A total of 21 465 genes were detected to be expressed in the liver tissues,and a total of 227 differentially expressed genes were identified,among which 48 were up-regulated and 179 were down-regulated.The qRT-PCR validation results showed that the expression trends of nine genes in the two groups of individuals were basically consistent with the RNA-Seq results,and they showed a decreasing or increasing trend in the H,M(to be laid),and L three groups.Six candidate genes for the age at egg-laying trait were initially identified,namely VTG1,VTG2,VTG3,APOV1,RBP,and RNF186.The five crucial signaling pathways were fat digestion and absorption,cholesterol metabolism,ECM-receptor interaction,estrogen signaling pathway,D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism.Six genes and five key signaling pathways were preliminarily identified related to the traits at the first laying of Kangle yellow chicken.

In order to investigate the effects of different mulching measures on soil moisture and heat status and yield of winter wheat in northwest dry area,winter wheat Kangzhuang 974 was used as test material.From September 2022 to July 2023,three different coverage treatments including wheat straw strip covering three rows(M3),four rows(M4)and five rows(M5)and plastic film covering(PM)treatment were set up in the experimental base of Gansu Agricultural University,The open field(CK)was used as the control.The results showed that:compared with CK,the soil water storage of 0—200 cm during the whole growth period of winter wheat was significantly increased by mulch,the average increase of straw strip mulch was 13.22%,the increase range was M3>M4>M5,and the PM increased by 19.65%.The soil moisture increasing effect of mulch increased gradually with the progress of growth stage,and the maximum increase was 37.53—87.76 mm at maturity stage.It decreased with the deepening of soil layer,and the increase of 0—20 cm was the largest,ranging from 5.10—9.48 mm.Mulching significantly reduced the total water consumption and total water consumption intensity during the whole growth period,and the influence of mulching on water consumption and total water consumption intensity during the later growth period was most obvious.Compared with CK,wheat straw strip mulching significantly reduced the soil temperature of 0—25 cm during the whole growth period by 1.60—2.70 ℃,and M3 treatment had the largest decrease.The maximum decrease occurred at the grouting stage(3.67 ℃),and the maximum decrease between soil layers(3.01 ℃)occurred at 5 cm.Compared with CK,PM significantly increased the soil temperature from 0 to 25 cm during the whole growth period by 1.50 ℃,and the overwintering period and 5 cm had the largest increase,which were 2.20,1.79 ℃,respectively.The temperature of straw mulch increased at 7:00 at wintering stage,jointing stage and ripening stage,and the temperature increased and decreased at other times.PM temperature increased at all time except at 14:00 in grouting stage and ripening stage.Compared with CK, the yield and water use efficiency of M5 and PM were increased by 8.67%, 26.49% and 0.96, 2.94 kg/(ha·mm), panicle number was the most significant factor(CV=17.67%).Yield was significantly positively correlated with spike number(r=0.754^**),WUE(r=0.891^**)and soil temperature(r=0.723^**),and significantly positively correlated with grain number per spike(r=0.522^*).Banded mulching of wheat stalk can achieve both ecological and economic benefits,and M5 is more conducive to the formation of yield.

This study explored the effects of full-width uniform seeding on the canopy light energy utilization characteristics,dry matter accumulation and transport of winter wheat in saline-alkali land,and clarified the physiological mechanism of high yield and high efficiency,to provide theoretical and practical basis for the promotion of full-width uniform seeding of winter wheat in the Yellow River Delta.In the growing season of winter wheat from 2022 to 2024,Jingyou 368 wheat variety was used as the material,and two seeding patterns of full-width uniform seeding and conventional drill seeding were set up.The differences of yield,dry matter accumulation,dry matter transport,canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception amount and radiation use efficiency under different seeding patterns were analyzed,and the correlation analysis was carried out.The results showed that the yield and spike number of wheat under full width uniform seeding were higher than those under conventional drilling seeding.The full-width uniform seeding achieved extremely significant increases of 18.35% and 46.97% from 2022 to 2023,and 18.71% and 47.21% from 2023 to 2024,respectively.Under the full-width uniform seeding,the wheat stem & tillers number was higher than that under the conventional drilling seeding.From 2022 to 2023,full-width uniform seeding significantly increased the tiller number by 58.83%.From 2023 to 2024,full-width uniform seeding extremely significantly increased the tiller number by 57.30%.The dry matter accumulation of wheat at anthesis stage,dry matter accumulation at maturity stage and dry matter translocation of vegetative organs before anthesis under full-width uniform seeding were higher than those under conventional drilling seeding.From 2022 to 2023,full-width uniform seeding achieved extremely significant increases of 75.78%,41.70% and 109.69%,respectively,and from 2023 to 2024,full-width uniform seeding achieved extremely significant increases of 71.23%,40.81% and 98.07%,respectively.The leaf area index,canopy photosynthetic active radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of wheat under full-width uniform seeding were higher than those of conventional drilling seeding.The full-width uniform seeding in 2022—2023 achieved extremely significant increases of 58.36%,4.11% and 47.17%,respectively,and the full-width uniform seeding in 2023—2024 achieved extremely significant increases of 59.78%,4.11% and 44.00%,respectively.In summary,the full-width uniform seeding of wheat in saline-alkali land improves the canopy light energy utilization performance and tiller productivity by shaping a reasonable population structure and improving the seedbed environment,which is conducive to the formation of plant photosynthetic products and the increase of spike number per unit area,and ultimately achieves high yield of wheat.Therefore,full width uniform seeding is a better seeding pattern for stable and high yield of winter wheat in saline-alkali land of the Yellow River Delta.

Plant sodium-hydrogen antiporter(NHX,Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter)plays a crucial role in plant sodium and potassium ion balance and cellular pH regulation.In order to investigate the relationship between salt tolerance and ScNHXs,it was conducted to identify and analyze the ScNHXs by bioinformatics process,and to examine the expression pattern of ScNHXs under salt stress by RT-qPCR,which can provide the reference information for the investigation of the potential functions of ScNHXs as well as the mining of salt tolerance genes in rye.A total of 10 rye NHX gene family members(ScNHX1—ScNHX10)were identified,and the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they could be divided into two subfamilies,Vac and Endo,containing four and six genes,respectively.Physicochemical property analysis of the encoded proteins showed that most of the molecular weight ranged from 27.92 to 59.72 ku,the number of amino acids from 253 to 546 aa,and the isoelectric point between 5.17 and 8.81,with most of proteins being classified as acidic proteins.Signal peptide prediction indicated the absence of signal peptides in the members,and transmembrane structure analysis revealed that all members possessed transmembrane structures.The subcellular localization prediction indicated that ScNHXs were located in the plasma membrane and vesicles.Spatial structure prediction showed that their secondary structures mainly consisted of α-helices and irregular convolutions.Gene structure and motif analyses revealed that the number of exons of the ScNHXs varied from 13 to 24,and all of them possessed a conserved Na⁺/H⁺ exchange structural domain.In addition,cis-acting element analysis revealed that numerous elements related to hormone response and abiotic stresses were found in the promoter region of ScNHXs.Analysis of rye transcriptome data revealed significant differences in the expression patterns of ScNHXs in different tissues of rye.RT-qPCR analysis showed that ScNHXs responded differently to different concentrations of NaCl stress,and were able to persistently respond to salt stress over a long period of time.In summary,ScNHXs may be involved in the biological regulation during salt stress in rye.

The hexameric Paf1 (RNA polymerase Ⅱ associated factor 1) complex is a crucial transcription regulator in eukaryotes.Paf1-regulated expression of specific genes in plants is closely related to diverse biological processes including growth,development,and stress responses.In order to get information on the responses of Paf1 to abiotic stresses in common wheat,homologous sequence searches were performed to identify all of the genes encoding each of the Paf1 subunits in the wheat genome.mCherry fusions of the wheat Paf1 subunit proteins were expressed in protoplasts and tobacco leaves for determination of protein subcellular localization by fluorescence microscopy.qRT-PCR assays were conducted to profile the expression of wheat Paf1 subunit genes in response to different abiotic stresses.The results showed that,in wheat,five of the Paf1 subunits,TaVIP3,TaVIP4,TaVIP5,TaVIP6,and TaPHP,were each encoded by one set of homeologous genes while the sixth subunit TaVIP2 was encoded by two sets.Plant VIP2 sequences had an N-terminal proline-rich region with variable length,and wheat TaVIP2 sequences had an additional glutamine-rich region.Protein subcellular localization assays revealed the nuclear localization of TaVIP2,TaVIP4,TaVIP5,and TaVIP6 proteins and the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of TaVIP3 and TaPHP proteins.Gene expression analyses revealed similar tissue-dependent constitutive expression variations and similar stress-induced expression patterns of wheat Paf1 subunit genes.These genes coordinately responded to the stress of high temperature by expression upregulation and to the stresses of salt and drought by expression downregulation.Collectively,our results suggested the involvement of expression regulation of Paf1 subunit genes in the responses of wheat to abiotic stresses.

In order to investigate the effects of conservation tillage techniques on soil nutrient and enzyme activity indicators,as well as ecological stoichiometry characteristics in black soil areas,this study used a 3-year positioning experiment method,with tillage (A-A) as the control,to investigate the changes in total nutrients soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus(TP) and enzyme activities of β-D-glucosidase(βG),leucine aminopeptidase(LAP),N-1,4-acetylglucosidase(NAG),acid phosphatase(ACP)and their ecological stoichiometry characteristics in black soil under rotary tillage (B-B),conventional no tillage (C-C),and no tillage and straw mulching with original crop (0-0) treatments.The results showed that no tillage with straw mulching significantly increased soil SOC,TN,and TP content compared to tillage;except for C/N,the C/P and N/P ratios of straw mulching in no tillage with straw mulching were higher than those in tillage.The soil SOC and TN content of rotary tillage and conventional no tillage were relatively reduced compared to tillage,while the C/N,C/N,and N:P values all significantly increased in the second year.Compared with tillage,the activities of four enzymes were significantly increased under the no tillage and straw mulching treatment.In the third year,rotary tillage significantly increased ACP and βG by 22.05% and 50.00%,respectively,compared with tillage.Rotary tillage,conventional no tillage,and no tillage with straw mulching all significantly increased soil enzyme C/P.The vector angles of soil enzyme activity under the tested cultivation methods were all less than 45 degrees,indicating that soil microorganisms in the experimental area may be limited by N;the length of enzyme vector increased significantly with age,indicating an increased degree of restriction by C.The results of principal component analysis,grey relational analysis,and correlation analysis showed that no tillage with straw mulching had the most significant impact on soil nutrient content and enzyme activity.In summary,the no tillage and straw mulching with original crop technology measures have a good improvement effect on activating soil nutrients and enzyme activity,as well as maintaining soil ecological stability.

The aim was to elucidate the effects of different foliar fertilizer nitrogen application amounts on nitrogen accumulation,translocation,and utilization in maize.This experiment was conducted in 2021—2022 using a randomized block design,with maize variety Lihe 1 as the research object.No fertilization treatment (CK),conventional root fertilization treatment (CF),foliar nitrogen reduction treatment of 20% (LF1),foliar conventional nitrogen application treatment (LF2),and foliar nitrogen increase treatment of 20% (LF3) were set up to analyze the differences in nitrogen accumulation,translocation,and utilization of maize under different nitrogen fertilizer application amounts,no fertilization and conventional root fertilization.The results showed that the nitrogen accumulation in maize stems and leaves showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the advancement of the growth stage,reaching the maximum value at the tasseling and silking stage.The nitrogen accumulation per plant gradually increased with the advancement of the growth stage and reached its maximum value at mature stage,the nitrogen accumulation per plant was highest in the LF2 treatment.The proportion of nitrogen distribution in leaves was highest before the silking stage;after the silking stage,the proportion of nitrogen distribution in grains gradually increased,reaching its peak at mature stage.The CK had the lowest proportion of nitrogen accumulation in grains,while the LF1 treatment had the highest proportion of nitrogen distribution in grains in 2021,and the LF3 treatment had the highest proportion of nitrogen distribution in grains in 2022.The nitrogen transport rate and the contribution rate of nitrogen transport to grains first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amounts,the nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen utilization efficiency decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amounts;in 2021 and 2022,the nitrogen utilization efficiency of LF1 treatment,LF2 treatment,and LF3 treatment was higher than that of CF treatment,and the nitrogen utilization efficiency of LF1 treatment was the highest.The nitrogen absorption efficiency of foliar nitrogen application treatment for two years was higher than that of CF treatment.There were no significant differences in ear length,ear thickness,and ear row number among the treatments.CK had the longest bald tip length,and the row number and hundred grain weight of each nitrogen application treatment were higher than those of CK.CF treatment had the highest biological yield,while LF1 treatment had the highest grain yield and harvest index.The grain yield of each treatment was significantly higher than CK,and the harvest index decreased with increasing nitrogen application amounts.Therefore,maize can achieve better growth effects under LF1 foliar nitrogen application in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.

To investigate the transcriptome differences between resistant and susceptible varieties of cauliflower after inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (Xcc),and to identify genes associated with cauliflower resistance to black rot disease,the susceptible variety Y1-2 and the resistant variety EC-247 of cauliflower were selected as the research subjects.Total RNA was extracted from cauliflower leaves at 0,1,3,and 5 days post-inoculation with Xcc,respectively.High-throughput parametric transcriptome sequencing was then conducted utilizing the Illumina RNA-Seq platform,followed by Real-time Quantitative PCR for validation of selected differentially expressed genes(DEGs).DEGs associated with disease resistance were screened and analyzed.The findings revealed that 6 355 genes exhibited significant differential expression between resistant and susceptible cultivars across the four time points.KEGG enrichment analysis focused on plant disease resistance pathways,identifying 47 genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions and 61 genes related to plant hormone signaling.Cluster analysis of these gene expression levels disclosed specific genes,including one CDPK,four CMLs,one PTK,one CaM,one RLK,and one SGT1 in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway,and three auxin-responsive protein genes,a TIFY gene,an indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase gene,two brassinazole-resistant protein genes,and a Shaggy-associated protein kinase zeta gene in the plant hormone signaling pathway.Notably,the expression of these genes was significantly higher in resistant varieties compared to susceptible ones,indicating their active response to pathogen infection at various time points.The results indicated that these differential genes might be related to disease resistance in cauliflower,which provided important genetic resources and scientific basis for molecular breeding of disease resistance in cauliflower.

Preliminary transcriptomic analysis identified ZmRAV1 as a candidate gene involved in maize's response to drought stress. To further investigate its function, this study cloned the ZmRAV1 gene, conducted bioinformatics analysis of its coding sequence, and overexpressed this gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. The function of ZmRAV1 was validated by assessing the phenotypes and physiological and biochemical indices of the transgenic Arabidopsis lines under drought conditions. The results showed that the ZmRAV1 gene had a total length of 1 176 bp and encoded 389 amino acids.It had the highest proportion of irregular coils in its secondary structure and was a hydrophilic protein that did not contain signal peptides and was non transmembrane.Subcellular localization indicated that the protein was located in the nucleus.ZmRAV1 exhibited high conservation across different species.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ZmRAV1 shares the closest evolutionary relationship with its homolog in Miscanthus sinensis, showing a high degree of homology. After drought stress treatment,the root length of Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing ZmRAV1 during germination was significantly higher than that of wild-type (WT)lines.In the seedling stage,WT showed withering or even death after drought stress,while the survival rate was lower than that of overexpressing lines.Moreover,the POD and SOD activities of ZmRAV1 overexpressing lines were higher than those of WT after drought treatment,indicating that overexpression of ZmRAV1 gene could enhance Arabidopsis thaliana's resistance to drought stress.

The tail type of sheep is a complex trait formed by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors.circRNA is closely related to lipogenesis.To investigate the effect of circular RNA(circRNA)on the tail fat deposition of sheep,transcriptome sequencing and differential expression analysis of sheep tail fat were performed.Candidate circRNA associated with sheep tail fat were screened,and the regulatory network diagram of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA associated with sheep tail fat deposition was constructed,the selected circRNA were located,and their functions were verified.The results showed that a total of 679 differentially expressed circRNA were detected in the transcripts of adipose tissue of two different tail types of sheep,of which 422 were up-regulated and 257 down-regulated.Moreover,GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis was performed on differentially circRNA target genes,which involved many biological development processes such as DNA metabolism,anatomical structure development,catabolic process,autophagy,carbohydrate absorption process,cell proliferation and lipid metabolism related to fat deposition.Target gene enrichment was involved in cell growth and apoptosis,cell motility,transport and catabolism,signal transduction,transcription and translation,amino acid anabolism and other functions,suggesting that these circRNA may participate in the deposition process of sheep tail fat through the above pathways.The selected differential circRNA_0018 was localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization and verified in the precursor adipocytes.The results showed that circRNA_0018 was a true and stable cytoplasmic ring molecule,and functional verification of circRNA_0018 showed that it could promote adipocyte differentiation.circRNA_0018 may be involved in the process of fat deposition and lipid metabolism in sheep.

To analyze the variability of the novel Goose astrovirus(GAstV)in Lu'an,Anhui Province and to express the VP27-VP34 fusion protein,the gout samples were collected from a farm in Lu'an.After confirming positivity via RT-PCR,the virus was isolated by passage culture in goose embryos.Then,the isolated strain was subjected to an animal regression test,whole genome amplification sequencing and genetic evolution analysis.Subsequently,the VP27-VP34 fusion protein of the isolated strain was induced and expressed,and purified recombinant protein was used to immunize 6-week-old female BALB/c mice to produce polyclonal antibodies.Serum antibody titers were assessed using agar diffusion methods,and the specificity of the polyclonal antibodies was detected by indirect immunofluorescence(IFA).The specificity of the antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence(IFA),and the titer of the prepared antibody was detected by the agar diffusion method.The results showed that one strain of GAstV,named AH-2021 strain,was isolated from clinical samples.The animal regression test showed obvious urate deposition on the surface of the heart and liver of goslings,and the kidney was white and swollen.Genetic evolution results revealed that AH-2021 belonged to GAstV-1,showing 98.0%—99.0% identity with other GAstV-1 strains in GenBank.The recombinant expression vector pCold-TF-VP27-VP34 was induced by IPTG to obtain the target protein,and SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 110 ku,which mainly existed in the form of supernatant.IFA results showed that the polyclonal antibody was able to specifically recognize the GAstV,and the agar diffusion results showed that the titer of polyclonal antibody was up to 1:16.In conclusion,a strain of novel GAstV AH-2021 was isolated from gouty goslings,and animal regression tests showed that the novel Goose astrovirus was the pathogen causing gout in goslings,and a polyclonal antibody to the VP27-VP34 fusion protein was prepared.

To clarify the effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture dynamics changes and maize yield under the condition of straw return to field in the black soil area along the foothills of Daxing'anling,based on six consecutive years of tillage positioning experiments,this study analyzed the effects of seven types of tillage methods,namely,full-crushing and deep-tillage (SCD),full-crushing and shallow-tillage (SSS),full-crushing and deep-tillage (SCS),full-crushing and re-harrowing (SCR),full-crushing and rotary tillage (STR),full-crushing and no-tillage (NTS),and conventional tillage without returning straw to the field (CK)on soil moisture characteristics,water consumption,water use efficiency,and agronomic traits and yield of maize in the 0—60 cm soil layer at different growth stages of maize in each treatment.The results showed a bimodal pattern of soil quality moisture content in 2022 and 2023.0—10 cm soil layer soil quality moisture content was significantly higher than that of CK,and the NTS treatment had the highest soil quality moisture content in several periods.10—20 cm soil layer soil quality moisture content was lower than that of CK in the SSS and NTS treatments at the jointing stage,and soil quality moisture content was higher than that of CK in the 20—40 cm and 40—60 cm soil layers in 2022 and 2023 for all the treatments.In 2022 and 2023,maize plant height in all treatments except NTS treatment was significantly higher than CK at different growth stages.The SCD treatment was the tallest and the NTS treatment was the shortest at mature stage.Leaf area index (LAI) varied little among treatments at seedling stage of maize,STR treatment had the highest LAI after the jointing stage,and all treatments had significantly higher LAI than NTS treatment at the big trumpet stage.Dry matter accumulation in all treatments except for the SCS,NTS treatment was significantly higher than in CK,and dry matter accumulation was highest in the SCD treatment and lowest in the NTS treatment at mature stage.All tillage treatments increased maize yield and water use efficiency compared with CK,but the SCD treatment was significantly higher than CK.Comprehensive analysis of the indexes showed that the two tillage methods of full-crushing and deep-tillage and full-crushing and shallow-tillage were favorable to improve soil structure,maize yield and water use efficiency in the black soil area along the foothills of Daxing'anling.

In order to study the synergistic regulation characteristics of plant growth regulators on canopy-root traits of spring maize and to further reveal the lodging resistant mechanism of the plants,in 2021—2022,with the maize varieties Dika 159(DK159)and Xianyu 335(XY335)as experimental materials,at two planting densities of 75 000,90 000 plants/ha,plant growth regulator treatment (PGR) and water control (CK) were set up to analyze and compare the canopy structure,stem basel internode characters,root morphological characteristics and physicochemical properties of root bleeding sap under different treatments.The results showed that PGR had regulatory effects on both the maize canopy and roots.After PGR treatment,plant height,ear height and center of gravity height decreased,the mean leaf tilt angle above ear increased,light transmittance of ear layer increased by 23.59% on average,light transmittance of basel layer increased by 18.60% on average,and stem quality of basal internode was significantly improved.At the same time,the total root number,root length and root dry weight of PGR treatment increased,the root width at 10 cm below the surface increased,the root bleeding sap flow and nutrient flow increased,and the root morphological characteristics and transport capacity were obviously optimized.The flow of CTK and IAA in the root bleeding sap increased,while the flow of GA decreased.PGR effectively reduced the occurrence of stem lodging and root lodging through the synergistic regulation of canopy and root system,the field lodging rate of maize decreased from 13.43% to 6.47%,and the average yield of maize increased by 16.10%,thus achieving stable and high yield.

Soil nitrogen(N)cycling enzyme activity serves as a crucial indicator for characterizing soil fertility and N transformation.To investigate the effects of long-term application of fertilizers on the soil enzyme activities correlated with N cycling in rhizosphere soil of double-cropping rice fields in southern China,our project was based on a continue 37-year fertilization localization field experiment,including four fertilization treatments:without fertilizer as a control(CK),single fertilizer(MF),rice straw residue and mineral fertilizer(RF),and 30% organic manure and 70% mineral fertilizer(OM).The activities of N cycling enzymes in the rhizosphere soil were measured,and their correlation with soil chemical properties was analyzed.The results were as follows:compared to MF and CK treatments,OM and RF treatments significantly increased the contents of total N(TN),organic carbon(SOC),ammonium N($\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$),nitrate N($\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$)and microbial biomass N(SMBN)in rhizosphere soil,and also increased rice yield.The urease(Ure)and nitrite reductase(NiR)activities of rhizosphere soil in OM and RF treatments were significantly higher than those in MF and CK treatments.The RF treatment significantly increased rhizosphere soil hydroxylamine reductase(HyR)activities compared to the other three treatments,by 21.7%,13.0%,and 8.7%,respectively.This finding shown that OM treatment significantly increased protease(Pro),nitrogenase(Nit),nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrous oxide reductase(Nos)in rhizosphere soil compared to RF,MF and CK treatments.In comparison to MF treatment,OM treatments increased Pro,Nit,NR and Nos activities in rhizosphere soil by 20.0%,26.1%,426.1% and 26.7%,respectively.Nonetheless,the activity of nitric oxide reductase(Nor)on rhizosphere soil was considerably higher in the CK treatment than in MF,RF and OM treatments.Pearson correlation analysis revealed a substantial positive correlation between soil NR,NiR,Nit,Nos,Ure,Pro and soil TN,SOC,$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$,$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$,SMBN as well as rice yield.Soil Nor activity was observed to have a significantly negative connection with soil TN,SOC,$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$,$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$,SMBN and rice yield.The findings presented above showed that soil chemical properties and yield were substantially related to rhizosphere soil N cycling enzyme activities.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that the first order axis could explain 93.34% of the enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil and soil $\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$,TN and SOC contents were the key factors affecting the pattern of rhizosphere soil enzyme activities.Therefore,the long-term application of organic materials such as organic manure and rice straw can enhance soil chemical and biological characteristics,stimulate soil N cycling enzyme activities,and effectively fertilize paddy soils by partially replacing chemical fertilizers.

In order to provide production advice of high-quality upper tobacco leaves,field experiment was carried out to elucidate the effects of nitrogen application on the growth,development,carbon and nitrogen metabolism of upper leaves of different tobacco varieties.Three treatments,37.5(LN),75.0(MN)and 112.5 kg/ha nitrogen application rate(HN)were conducted with NC89 and Yunyan 87 as the test varieties.The effects of different treatments on the agronomic traits,photosynthetic characteristics,leaf tissue structure,key enzymes activity of carbon and nitrogen metabolism,and chemical composition of the upper leaves of were studied.The results showed that the leaf length,leaf width,leaf area,and leaf dry mass of the upper leaves of both varieties were significantly improved with the increased of nitrogen application rates.At 115 days after transplanting(DAT),the leaf area of NC89 and Yunyan 87 of HN were significantly increased by 63.10% and 68.43% compared to LN,respectively.Increasing nitrogen rate improved the leaf chlorophyll content of NC89,the leaf chlorophyll content of HN was 6.67%—37.50% higher than that of LN,respectively.The leaf net photosynthetic rate was notably improved by increasing nitrogen rate of Yunyan 87,especially at 70 DAT and 80 DAT.The leaf palisade tissue,leaf spongy tissue,and leaf thickness were markedly promoted with the increased nitrogen application rate on 85—115 DAT.The palisade tissue and spongy tissue thickness of LN and MN were almost stable from 95 to 115 DAT,but HN improved by 9.82%—14.08% and 10.72%—13.72% respectively.The leaf carbon content and leaf carbon and nitrogen ratio of both varieties were significantly decreased by reduced nitrogen rate,while leaf nitrogen content significantly increased.The activities of invertase,sucrose phosphate synthase,sucrose synthase,and glutamate synthase of both varieties were increased with the increased nitrogen application rate.HN decreased the amylase activity of Yunyan 87,but increased that of NC89.At 115 DAT,the amylase activity of HN of Yunyan 87 was 27.53% lower than MN,while HN increased amylase activity by 33.86% and 21.74% compared to LN and MN of NC89,respectively.The activity of glutamine synthetase of Yunyan 87 significantly increased with the increased nitrogen application rate,while there was no significant difference among different treatments of NC89.The content of flue-cured tobacco leaf reducing sugar and total sugar were reduced,but the content of nicotine and total nitrogen were improved with increased nitrogen application rate.Under the same nitrogen application rate,the content of flue-cured tobacco leaf nicotine,total nitrogen,and potassium of Yunyan 87 were higher than NC89,while the content of reducing sugar,content of total sugar(except LN),sugar and nicotine ratio,and nitrogen and nicotine ratio were lower than NC89.The effect of nitrogen application rate on upper leaves of tobacco varieties is difference.Increasing nitrogen application rate could promote the growth,development and carbon metabolism,reduce sugar and nicotine ratio and nitrogen and nicotine ratio,and improve the coordination of chemical components of NC89.However,increasing nitrogen application rate could lead to excessive nitrogen metabolism,delay the transformation from nitrogen metabolism to carbon accumulation metabolism,and cause late maturity of Yunyan 87.

To clarify the regulatory effect of nitrogen(N)fertilizer reduction and postponing on the productivity of wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The annual N fertilizer experiment of summer maize and winter wheat was established of four N application systems:annual N fertilizer application 400 kg/ha of traditional farmer treatment(F₄₀₀),10% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FN),20% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FH),and 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FL)from 2020 to 2023 at Jiyang Experimental Base of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Jinan.The grain yield,aboveground N accumulation characteristics,N use efficiency,and the nitrate residue after harvest in the 0—200 cm soil layer of wheat-maize double cropping system were tested,in order to provide the theoretical basis for further optimization of N fertilizer management in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The results indicated that N fertilizer postponing was optimized the grain yield of summer maize and winter wheat under the condition of N reduction,and the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased by 9.2%—18.1%,13.5%—20.5%,and 11.1%—19.1%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN.N fertilizer postponing improved the N accumulation rate,and promoted aboveground N accumulation at wheat-maize different growth stages,and the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased plant N accumulation by 5.7%—12.3% and 5.0%—12.8% under silking and maturity,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH,as well as 8.2%—17.2% in grain N accumulation.For winter wheat,FL and FH treatments were significantly higher than F₄₀₀ and FN at jointing,anthesis,and maturity,and the averaged across the three years,FL and FH significantly increased by 23.4%—28.1%,20.7%—26.3%,and 12.6%—20.8%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN and FH,at the same time the grain N accumulation under FL significantly increased by 16.4%,15.0% and 5.8%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN.N fertilizer postponing optimized the N use efficiency of wheat-maize double crop system,the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased N uptake efficiency by 4.8%—57.7% and 32.0%—72.4% of summer maize and winter wheat,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH;and FL significantly increased N partial factor productivity by 68.8% and 40.4% in summer maize,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN,as well as by 38.4%—71.8% in winter wheat compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH.At harvest of summer maize and winter wheat,the soil nitrate residue was mainly enrichment in the 0—40 cm soil layer under four N application systems,the averaged across the three years,accounted for 40.0%,38.9%,44.9%,42.5% and 37.3%,36.9%,46.7%,38.3% of the 0—200 cm soil layer,respectively.In addition,the obvious accumulated effects in 0—200 cm soil layer nitrate residue under F₄₀₀ and FN treatments at harvest of summer maize and winter wheat,but there was the relative balance was achieved under FL and FH treatments.In conclusion,a 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer by N fertilizer postponing could optimize plant N accumulation characteristics and realized synergistic improve grain yield and N use efficiency.Therefore,FL treatment was an optimal N application system for realizing the collaborative target of high-yield,high-efficiency,and environment-friendly of wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins are important in plant photosynthesis and abiotic stress response.To study the characteristics of GhLhcb2A1 and its expression patterns and functions in low temperature and drought response in upland cotton,full-length CDS of GhLhcb2A1 gene was cloned from the leaf cDNA of Jimian 262 by PCR.Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to learn the basic characteristics of the gene.The expression patterns and functions in low temperature and drought response were evaluated by qRT-PCR and virus-induced gene silencing.It was shown that the length of GhLhcb2A1 CDS was 798 bp,encoding 265 amino acids.GhLhcb2A1 was highly expressed in leaves and was significantly up-regulated in leaves and roots under low temperature and drought treatment.Compared with the control,its expression maximized at 3 h under low temperature and drought in leaves with 17.42 and 30.03 folds increase respectively,whereas maximized at 6 h under low temperature and 12 h under drought in roots with 11.65 and 65.04 folds respectively.Subcellular localization assay verified that GhLhcb2A1 was expressed in the chloroplasts of cells.Compared with the control plants,GhLhcb2A1 silenced plants showed a more severe phenotype of water loss and dryness under both low temperatures and drought.The accumulated malondialdehyde content in the leaves of the silenced plants was significantly higher than that of the control,while the proline content and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly lower than those of the controls,suggesting that GhLhcb2A1 silenced plant reduced the resistance to low temperature and drought.The above results implied that this gene played a positive role in regulating low temperature and drought response.

The aim was to clarify the effects of different nitrogen application levels on soil organic nitrogen fractions and nitrogen use efficiency in maize fields in the central-western region of Inner Mongolia,so as to provide a reference for the scientific management of soil nitrogen and sustainable development of modern agriculture.Six nitrogen application levels were set up,N0(0 kg/ha),N8(120 kg/ha),N12(180 kg/ha),N16(240 kg/ha),N20(300 kg/ha),and N24(360 kg/ha).The dynamic changes with effects of nitrogen application on soil total nitrogen content,particulate organic nitrogen content,light fraction organic nitrogen content and heavy organic nitrogen content,as well as maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed at different soil layers at pre-sowing and post-harvest.The results showed that soil total nitrogen,particulate organic nitrogen,light fraction organic nitrogen,and heavy fraction organic nitrogen content decreased with deepening of the soil layer at the same nitrogen application level;soil total nitrogen content at pre-sowing increased with the nitrogen application levels.Soil total nitrogen content in the N16,N20,and N24 treatments was significantly higher than that in the N0,N8,and N12 treatments at post-harvest.Soil particulate organic nitrogen content of N16 treatment was highest in the 0—10 cm,10—20 cm,and 20—40 cm soil layers at pre-sowing,with 0.14,0.13,and 0.09 g/kg,respectively.At post-harvest,N16 treatment had the highest content in the 10—20 cm,20—40 cm,and 40—60 cm soil layers,with 0.19,0.10,and 0.09 g/kg,respectively.The highest increase of soil light fraction organic nitrogen content of 37.27% was in the N16 treatment,and the highest increase of soil heavy fraction organic nitrogen content of 7.35% was in the N24 treatment,followed by the N16 treatment,at 6.84%.The N16 treatment had the highest maize biological yield of 31 443.50 kg/ha;the highest maize economic yield of 18 526.47 kg/ha;and the nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer application levels,N16 treatment in the nitrogen harvest index was the highest, at 79.20%.In conclusion,the more suitable nitrogen fertilizer application level in the central-western region of Inner Mongolia should be maintained under 240 kg/ha,in order to achieve the best soil nitrogen management ang crop yield.