Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Yield Formation and Physiological Regulation of Double Cropping Late Rice

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195954

Abstract

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on yield formation and its physiological regulation mechanisms in double cropping late rice,it utilized a long-term fertilization experiment(initiated in 1981)in red paddy soils of Jinxian.Four typical treatments were selected:no fertilization(CK),single application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium(NPK),double dose of NPK(HNPK),and combined organic-inorganic fertilization(NPKM).Comparisons were made on double cropping late rice yield,dry matter accumulation,chlorophyll dynamics,and differential gene expression in leaves at fullheading and filling stages in the 42nd year of long-term fertilization.Results showed that long-term fertilization resulted in yields ranked as NPKM>HNPK>NPK>CK,with HNPK and NPKM treatments significantly surpassing NPK,showing increases of 29.63% and 57.18% respectively.Compared with NPK,both NPKM and HNPK significantly improved yield components:effective panicles,grains per panicle,and grain density increased by 16.98%—46.42%,8.68%—15.26%,3.69%—7.37%,respectively.Regarding dry matter accumulation,NPKM and HNPK significantly enhanced dry matter weight at all growth stages and promoted translocation of stem-leaf dry matter to panicles from filling to maturity.The contents of chlorophyll in NPKM and HNPK treatments were significantly higher than those in CK and NPK treatments at all stages,and NPKM delayed the decay of chlorophyll from filling stage to maturity stage.Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between yield and dry matter accumulation from tillering to heading(△DM1)and filling to maturity(△DM3),while showed extremely negative correlation with chlorophyll reduction from grain filling to maturity(△S3).Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that long-term fertilization significantly affected gene expression in leaves during fullheading and filling stages,with differentially expressed genes primarily enriched in photosynthesis,carbon/nitrogen metabolism,signal transduction,and stress-related pathways.In conclusion,long-term fertilization regulates gene expression and combined organic-inorganic fertilization improved yield components,enhanced early-stage dry matter accumulation,promoted assimilate translocation from vegetative organs to panicles during grain filling,maintain higher chlorophyll levels,and delayed leaf senescence post-grain filling.This comprehensive mechanism achieves yield enhancement through strengthening source(enhancing photosynthetic capacity),expanding sink(increasing dry matter storage),and facilitating flow(promoting assimilate transport).

Key words: Double cropping late rice, Long-term fertilization, Yield, Dry matter accumulation, Chlorophyll, Differently expressed genes(DEGs)

CLC Number:

HU Zhihua, WU Jianfu, HU Dandan, SONG Huijie, WU Yan, LIU Kailou, CHENG Kun, LI Daming, XU Xiaolin. Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Yield Formation and Physiological Regulation of Double Cropping Late Rice[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(1): 111-121. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195954.

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Figures/Tables 10

Tab.1 Soil fertility in 2022 for each treatment

处理 Treatment	pH	有机碳/ (g/kg) Organic carbon	全氮/ (g/kg) Total nitrogen	全磷/ (g/kg) Total phosphorus	全钾/ (g/kg) Total potassium	碱解氮/ (mg/kg) Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen	速效磷/ (mg/kg) Available phosphorus	速效钾/ (g/kg) Available potassium
CK	5.54±0.30	17.73±0.61	1.97±0.19	0.43±0.03	11.20±0.53	173.54±17.23	3.80±0.57	44.67±3.06
NPK	5.52±0.34	18.43±1.07	2.38±0.07	0.67±0.05	12.42±0.03	190.50±28.76	6.82±0.74	51.33±4.16
HNPK	5.48±0.40	18.27±0.91	2.45±0.12	0.86±0.06	12.13±0.58	210.67±14.95	21.33±2.10	55.26±5.29
NPKM	5.52±0.28	22.76±0.38	2.86±0.07	1.44±0.08	12.08±0.31	257.89±16.83	73.21±3.06	63.71±2.00

Tab.2 The fertilization application of each treatmentkg/hm²

处理 Treatment		化肥			有机肥
处理 Treatment		N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
早稻	CK	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.00
Early rice	NPK	90	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.00
	HNPK	180	90	150	0.0	0.0	0.00
	NPKM	90	45	75	123.1	9.0	60.75
晚稻	CK	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.00
Late rice	NPK	90	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.00
	HNPK	180	90	150	0.0	0.0	0.00
	NPKM	90	45	75	90.0	55.1	66.15

Fig.1 Effect of long-term fertilization on the yield and yield components of late rice Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P<0.05 level.The same as Fig.2-4.

Fig.2 Effect of long-term fertilization on tillering and ear formation of early rice

Fig.3 The characteristics of dry matter accumulation of late rice under the long-term fertilization TS.Tillering stage;FHS.Full heading stage;FS.Filling stage;MS.Mature stage.The same as Fig.4.

Fig.4 Effect of long-term fertilization on the chlorophyll content of the late rice leaf

Fig.5 The correlation of yield,chlorophyll,dry matter of late rice under long-term fertilization S1,S2,S3,S4,DM1,DM2,DM3 and DM4 represent the SPAD value of leaves and total dry matter weight of late season rice at tillering stage,fullheading stage,filling stage and mature sage,respectively;△S1,△S2,△S3,△DM1,△DM2,△DM3 represent the changes of SPAD and total dry matter of early season rice from tillering to fullheading stage,fullheading to filling stage,filling to mature stage,respectively;DMT represents the dry matter transported from stem and leaf to ear from full heading stage to mature stage respectively,the *and ** in the circle indicate significantly correlated at P<0.05 and P<0.01 level.

Fig.6 The DEGS in leaves of late-season rice at full heading and filling stage under long-term fertilization

Fig.7 The KEGG enrichment statistics of late rice leaves DEGs at fullheading stage under long-term fertilization

Fig.8 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs at filling stage of late rice leaves under long-term fertilization

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