Watermelon

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Cloning,Expression Analysis and Expression Vector Construction of CDPK,a Key Gene in Response to Abiotic Stress in Watermelon

SONG Jiaxin, LI Mingxuan, LI Ai, SU Chaijing, ZHANG Weihua, CAI Zeyu, WU Ying

2024, 39(6): 40-46. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20195255

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In order to investigate the function of watermelon calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) in grafted seedlings and abiotic stress environments, this study used RT-PCR technology to clone the ClCDPK(Cla97C01G019720) gene from watermelon grafted seedlings and performed bioinformatics analysis on it. Further designed specific primers with Kpn Ⅰ and Sal Ⅰ enzyme cleavage sites based on the ClCDPK sequence,conducted amplification and double enzyme cleavage, and connected with pCAMBIA1300 to successfully construct the expression vector pCAMBIA1300-35S-ClCDPK for the target gene.Using RT-qPCR technology, the gene expression levels of ClCDPK were measured in self rooted seedlings (ZG) and grafted seedlings (JJ) after being subjected to salt and drought stress, respectively.The results showed that the ORF of ClCDPK gene was 1 647 bp, encoding 548 amino acids. Its protein contained STKc_CAMK and FRQ1 functional domains, and was a hydrophilic protein. Subcellular localization prediction showed that the protein was located in the nucleus. Evolutionary tree analysis of ClCDPK with CDPK from six other plants revealed that it was closely related to CDPK from Cucurbitaceae melons and pumpkins, with protein sequence homology alignment exceeding 92.64%, indicating high homology.The RT-qPCR expression results showed that the expression level of ClCDPK in grafted seedlings was significantly higher than that in self rooted seedlings. With the duration of stress, the expression levels of ClCDPK in grafted and self rooted seedlings first increased and then decreased, and under the same stress treatment, the expression level of ClCDPK in grafted seedlings was higher than that in self rooted seedlings.This study indicated that ClCDPK responded positively to salt and drought stress, and the ability of grafted seedlings to resist stress was higher than that of self rooted seedlings. It is speculated that ClCDPK is one of the key factors in watermelon's response to grafting, thereby improving the salt and drought resistance of watermelon grafted seedlings.

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Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of SHMT Gene Family in Watermelon

SU Chaijing, ZHANG Weihua, SONG Jiaxin, LI Mingxuan, DENG Man, CHI Ming, WU Ying

2024, 39(6): 47-54. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20195203

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Serine hydroxymethyltransferase(SHMT),as an important enzyme involved in basic metabolism,plays an important role in plant cell metabolism,photorespiration and defense activities.To understand the bioinformatics function of the SHMT gene family in watermelon,explore its gene expression characteristics under abiotic stress,and provide a basis for the functional development of watermelon SHMT and the breeding of watermelon stress-resistance genes.Bioinformatics methods were used to identify SHMT family,and RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of ClSHMTs in different tissues and abiotic stresses.The results showed that 8 ClSHMTs gene family members were identified in the whole genome of watermelon,which were unevenly distributed on 6 chromosomes and named ClSHMT1—ClSHMT8 in turn.There were some differences in the physical and chemical properties of each gene family member,such as the number of amino acids,molecular weight,isoelectric point.The protein contained 471—585 amino acids,with molecular weight of 51.87—65.00 ku and isoelectric point of 6.57—8.52,all of which were hydrophilic proteins.The subcellular localization prediction was mainly distributed on mitochondria.Gene structure and protein conserved motifs analysis showed that the ClSHMTs structure consisted of 4—15 exons and 3—14 introns,and all ClSHMTs contained conserved SHMT domains.Furtherly,phylogenetic analysis with 6 species such as cucumber and wheat showed that 50 SHMTs were divided into 3 sub-families,Group Ⅰ—Ⅲ.Promoter of ClSHMTs contained cis-acting elements related to light response,plant hormone response and stress response.The expression pattern analysis showed that 6 ClSHMTs were expressed in different tissues of watermelon,and the expression levels of ClSHMT1,ClSHMT4,ClSHMT5,ClSHMT8 in leaves were significantly higher than those in other tissues.Under low temperature,drought and salt stress,the expression abundance of ClSHMTs varies,but the expression was mainly up-regulated.In conclusion,this study systematically analyzed the SHMT gene family in watermelon,and will provide a reference for the further study of the biological functions of ClSHMTs.

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Physiological Response of Different Heat-tolerant Watermelon Seedlings to High Temperature Stress

ZHANG Liangge, SHI Wenxin, LI Ai, ZHANG Weihua, LIN Ping, XUE Jia

2024, 39(5): 117-127. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20194963

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In order to explore the effects of high temperature stress on different heat-tolerant watermelon inbred lines,heat-sensitive (D27) and heat-tolerant (K53) watermelon seedlings were treated at 42 ℃ for 48 h,and their phenotype,tissue structure,photosynthetic characteristics,antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic regulators were measured and analyzed every 12 h.The results showed that the leaf thickness,fence tissue thickness,sponge tissue thickness and tissue compactness of heat-tolerant K53 were larger than those of heat-sensitive D27 after high temperature stress.The proportion of sponge tissue in the palisade tissue of D27 decreased more than that of K53.With the increase of high temperature stress time,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn),transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of the two inbred lines decreased,and the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) increased.And the change amplitude of D27 was greater than that of K53.Among the four photosynthetic pigment contents,the heat-tolerant type was higher than the heat-sensitive type under high temperature stress at different treatment times.The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) of the two inbred lines increased first and then decreased with the increase of high temperature stress time,and the enzyme activity was the highest at 24 h,and the enzyme activity of K53 was significantly higher than that of D27.After high temperature stress,the relative conductivity of the two inbred lines increased,and the relative conductivity of K53 increased less than that of D27.The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of D27 was reduced;the MDA content of K53 decreased after an increase.With the increase of high temperature stress,the soluble protein content and proline content (Pro) of K53 were significantly higher than those of D27 at 24 h.In summary,the heat-tolerant type K53 had a stronger resistance to high temperature stress than the heat-sensitive type D27.

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Mining Candidate Genes of Rind Hardness in Watermelon by BSA-seq and RNA-seq

ZHANG Jingjing, TIAN Peng, YU Hongchun, LI Bing, GAO Xiurui, LIU Wei, WU Nan, ZHAO Xinze, SONG Xue, LIU Huiru, PAN Xiuqing, WU Yanrong

2024, 39(5): 63-71. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20195074

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In order to identify the key genes controlling rind hardness and breed crack-resistant watermelon varieties.An F₂ segregating population was created using the high-firmness line 901 and the low-firmness line BSH.Both BSA-seq and RNA-seq approaches were utilized to map the genes responsible for rind hardness.The results of BSA-seq revealed an interval region of 2.14 Mb on chromosome 10,spanning from 1 620 000 to 3 760 000,where the intersection of SNPs and InDels identified 150 candidate genes.Among these,two genes showed non-synonymous mutations,and one gene exhibited a frameshift mutation.Correlation analysis between BSA-seq and RNA-seq identified 6 correlated genes,including Cla97C10G187120, Cla97C10G187020,Cla97C10G187430,Cla97C10G187510,Cla97C10G187280,and Cla97C10G186540.Through bioinformatics analysis,the candidate gene Cla97C10G187120 was identified.The result of qRT-PCR indicated that the transcriptome data was reliable.And the relative expression of the candidate gene Cla97C10G187120 was lower in the line 901 than the line BSH.This study lays a crucial foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying watermelon rind hardness.

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The Influence for Water and Nitrogenous Fertilizer Interaction on Quality, Yield and Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen for Facility-cultivated Watermelon in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia

YANG Wanbang, WANG Xiaoyuan, YU Rong, DU Huiying, LIU Shengfeng, TIAN Mei, GUO Song, WEI Zhaohui

2024, 39(4): 154-161. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20194490

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In order to screen out suitable water and nitrogen combinations for watermelons in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia, different water and nitrogen treatments were designed to study the effects of water and nitrogen interaction on SPAD value of watermelon leaves, fruit quality,yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization. The results showed that SPAD values were higher by W1N4,W2N3,W2N4,W3N3 and W3N4 treatment,the quality was better under nitrogenous fertilizer amounts at N2 and N3.The yield was the highest under W3N4 treatment,reaching 76 565.36 kg/ha and increased by 8.34% to 37.57% compared with other treatments significantly.Followed by W3N2 and W3N3 treatment.Compared with other levels,when the irrigation water level was W1,the water use efficiency of facility watermelon irrigation was higher.Among them,the irrigation water use efficiency of W1N3 and W1N4 treatment was higher,reaching 43.91,45.32 kg/ha respectively,while it was significantly increased by 14.00% to 56.40% from other treatments.Fruit nitrogen accumulation and total nitrogen accumulation under W3N4 treatment were all the highest compared with other treatments significantly,increasing by 22.75% to 192.36% and 17.00% to 123.39% respectively compared with the other treatments.Partial factor productivity of nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate under W3N2 treatment were all the highest compared with other treatments significantly.Partial factor productivity of nitrogen increased by 11.00% to 343.68%separately compared with the other treatments and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate increased by 3.34 to 10.02 percentage points compared with other treatments.The correlation analysis showed that SPAD,the center of soluble solids,Vc,yield,irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen accumulation,were all significantly positively correlated with each other,and they were significantly negatively correlated with partial factor productivity of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency,the edge of soluble solids was positively correlated with nitrogen accumulation of the plants,and negatively correlated with partial factor productivity of nitrogen and nitrogen use efficiency.To sum up,the watermelon had better quality when nitrogenous fertilizer amounts were N2(80 kg/ha) and N3(160 kg/ha),the yield-increasing effect was the best under the combination of water amount for W3(2 200 m³/ha)and nitrogenous fertilizer amount for N4(240 kg/ha).The interaction between high amount of irrigation water and nitrogenous fertilizer application is beneficial to the nitrogen absorption in watermelon,and the interaction between low nitrogen application amount and high nitrogenous fertilizer amount is conducive to utilization of nitrogen fertilizer.

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Cloning and Expression Analysis of Glutamate Decarboxylase GADs from Watermelon

LI Mingxuan, LIU Ying, YANG Baiming, ZHANG Fan, SONG Jiaxin, SU Chaijing, ZHANG Weihua, WU Ying

2023, 38(6): 18-25. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20194340

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Glutamate decarboxylase(GAD)is a cleavage enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamic acid,plays a key role in GABA synthesis pathway and has an important influence on plants' resistance to abiotic stress.Three watermelon GAD gene family members(Cla97C01G007270,Cla97C01G007290 and Cla97C04G079700)were screened by the association analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomes.On this basis,three watermelon GAD family genes were cloned,named ClGAD1,ClGAD2 and ClGAD3 respectively,and their bioinformatics and expression patterns were analyzed.The results showed that the CDS of ClGAD1,ClGAD2 and ClGAD3 were 1 524,1 497 and 1 497 bp,respectively,and the number of amino acids encoded by them was 507,498 and 498,respectively.All three proteins were hydrophilic proteins and were located in mitochondria.It was highly conserved,and the conserved domain was glutamic acid decarboxylase.Its promoter region contained a large number of CAAT-box and TATA-box,as well as corresponding elements related to adversity stress such as MYB and MYC.The secondary structures of the three GAD proteins were mainly α-helix and random coil.The tertiary structures were all homohexamer structures.Phylogenetic tree showed that members of GAD gene family were closest to GAD of Momordica charantia and Arabidopsis thaliana.qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the highest expression levels of ClGAD1 and ClGAD2 were showed in stems,while that of ClGAD3 was showed in flowers.The expression levels of ClGAD1,ClGAD2 and ClGAD3 were the highest under salt stress for 12,24 and 48 h,respectively.Under cold and drought stress,the expression patterns of the three GAD genes were similar,and all of them were expressed in large quantities in the early stage of stress,and the expression of ClGAD3 under abiotic stress was higher than that of the other two family members.The full-length cDNA of three GAD genes in watermelon was obtained,and their bioinformatics and expression patterns were analyzed,which provided an experimental basis for enriching the abiotic stress resistance gene resources of watermelon.

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Transcriptome Sequencing and Gene Expression Analysis of Watermelon Peel with Different Firmness

ZHANG Jingjing, LI Bing, SHI Yufan, GAO Xiurui, PAN Xiuqing, SONG Xue, WU Yanrong

2022, 37(3): 44-52. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20192957

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In order to analyze the molecular mechanism of different watermelon peel firmness,and provided a theoretical basis for discovering key genes related to watermelon peel firmness,the high firmness(901)4-1-1-M and low firmness BSH with similar growth period but significant difference in peel hardness were used as experimental materials.The peel with the maximum difference 30 days after pollination was selected for transcriptome sequencing analysis and the Illumina HiSeq^TM sequencing platform was used to analyze the molecular mechanism of different watermelon peel firmness,Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the sequencing results.A total of 1 085 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by transcriptome sequencing,including 555 up-regulated genes and 530 down-regulated genes.Gene Ontology(GO)analysis showed that 1 085 DEGs were significantly enriched in cell components,molecular functions and biological processes,including cell wall,cell periphery,external encapsulation structure,extracellular region,tetrapyrrole skeleton,redox enzyme activity,transferase activity and pectin esterase activity.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)analysis indicated that 19 DEGs,including Cla97C04G075800,Cla97C02G044950,Cla97C09G165820,Cla97C10G195660,Cla97C01G025380,etc.,were enriched in the most significant enrichment biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid,which eventually lead to the metabolites of Syringyl lignin,5-Hydroxy-guaiacy lifnin,Guaiacy lifnin and P-Hydroxy-phenyl lifnin.The correlation coefficient of DEGs expression levels by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq data was 0.791,which indicated that the transcriptome test data were reliable.This study explained the reason of watermelon peel firmness difference between(901)4-1-1-M and BSH from the transcriptional level.

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Effects of NO on Root Physiology and Mineral Content of Watermelon under Aluminum Stress

XIAO Jiachang, ZHENG Kaimin, MA Junying, ZHENG Yangxia

2021, 36(6): 116-123. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20192297

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To study the alleviating effect of exogenous Nitric oxide(NO) on the root system of watermelon under aluminum stress,watermelon variety Zaojia 84-24 was used as the experimental material,and the effects of different concentrations(50,100,200,500 μmol/L) of NO on the physiological and mineral content of watermelon root under aluminum stress were studied by applying nitroprune(NO donor) under high concentration of aluminum stress(1 200 μmol/L). The results showed that the root electrolyte leakage and the content of malondialdehyde increased under high Al ion stress,and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) were significantly decreased in order to maintain the osmotic equilibrium by significantly increasing the content of proline and soluble sugar in the root. Aluminum stress inhibited the absorption of Ca,Mg,Fe and P,promoted the absorption of K,Zn and Al,but the content of Cu had not changed significantly. After the addition of exogenous NO,the root electrolyte leakage and the content of malondialdehyde decreased,the degree of plasma membrane peroxidation decreased,the content of soluble sugar in the root decreased significantly,and the content of proline increased significantly. The activities of SOD,POD and CAT increased first and then decreased with the increase of NO concentration. NO not only promoted the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen by increasing the activity of nitrate reductase,but also promoted the absorption of Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu and P by watermelon roots,and inhibited the accumulation of Zn,Al and K contents by roots. The addition of L-NAME,an endogenous inhibitor of NO,eliminated the alleviating effect of NO on aluminum stress in watermelon and even inhibited it. These results indicated that exogenous SNP could alleviate oxidative damage of watermelon roots under Al stress,and alleviate the effects of Al toxicity by affecting the absorption of nutrient elements by roots.

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The Antifungal and Plant Growth-Promoting Effect and Components Analysis of the Volatile Organic Compounds from an Endophytic Bacterium S258

LUO Xiaoyu, SHAN Chenyang, JIA Zhaozhao, ZHANG Xin, LIN Ling

2021, 36(5): 198-203. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20192376

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In order to further utilization of the endophytic antagonistic bacterium S258 isolated from cotton root for biological control, especially to use the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) produced by the strain to control plant disease, Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were used as the target pathogenic fungi, and Arabidopsis thaliana was used as the indicator plant, the antifungal activity of the VOCs from the strain against pathogenic fungi and the growth promoting activity against plants were determined by the dual culture on two-section of a Petri dish. The results showed that the VOCs from the endophytic bacterium S258 could inhibit the mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi and at the same time promoted the plant growth. Compared with the negative control E. coli DH5α, the growth inhibition rate of the VOCs against Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were 80.9% and 10.1%, respectively. Compared with the blank control without bacteria, the fresh weight per plant of Arabidopsis thaliana treated by the VOCs was 5.3 times that of the blank control. The VOCs from the endophytic bacterium S258 were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Then the compositions of VOCs were analyzed by GC-MS. The VOCs were identified by NIST and WILIY mass spectrometry databases as 30 monomer compounds, belonging to alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aldehydes, esters and heterocycles. According to the peak area of total ion current graph, dimethyl disulfide and indole were most abundant among these compounds. In conclusion, the endophytic bacteria S258 can produce volatile organic compounds with antifungal and growth-promoting activity, which is an important microbial resource for the development of biocontrol products, and its volatile organic compounds also have high research and application value.

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KASP Assays of Disease Resistance Genes from 130 Watermelon Varieties and Germplasms in Hebei Province

ZHANG Jingjing, ZHANG Haiying, PAN Xiuqing, XU Yong, REN Yi, GAO Xiurui, LI Bing, SHI Yufan, DANG Jige, YANG Mingzhu, WU Yanrong

2019, 34(2): 110-116. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.201751582

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This study aimed to screen the watermelon varieties and germplasms resistant to fusarium wilt, anthracnose and powdery mildew in Hebei Province, and analyze the related resistance genes, which could provide a reference for breeding disease-resistant varieties. The modified CTAB method was used to extract the DNA from watermelon bud, and the DNA concentration was determined by Ultramicro spectrophotometer. After the DNA was diluted to 2-10 ng/μL, they were detected by KASP. The molecular markers of resistance to fusarium wilt, anthracnose and powdery mildew of watermelon were developed by XU Yong's team. The resistant genes related to fusarium wilt, anthracnose and powdery mildew of watermelon were identified by high-throughput KASP markers. Totally 130 watermelon materials were tested, including varieties or advantaging combinations (Xingyan No.7, Meijia, Meisheng, Guifei, 17-11 and so on) that have been approved or will be approved in Hebei Province in recent years, and some excellent germplasms (Huazaolü,JB-1,JB-3,901xin and so on). 3Kang302 was used as the disease-resistant control and GBZG as the susceptible control. The result showed that 33 materials contained fusarium wilt resistance gene Fon-1, 19 contained anthracnose resistance gene AR1, 7 contained powdery mildew resistance gene PM1, 5 contained Fon-1 and AR1, 1 contained AR1 and PM1, and 1 contained all three resistance genes(Fon-1, AR1 and PM1). According to the result of KASP, the materials were clustered, and divided into 4 categories:12 materials resistant to powdery mildew without detection signal or with heterozygous resistance, 67 resistant to powdery mildew or susceptible to at least two diseases, 38 resistant to fusarium wilt or anthracnose, and 13 resistant to fusarium wilt or anthracnose or powdery mildew without detection signal or with heterozygous resistance.

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Effects of Different Concentration of Burdock Oligosaccharide on Growth and Resistance to Fusarium wilts in Watermelon

ZHANG Yufeng, DONG Liang, SONG Xiaozong, WANG Jiangtao, GUO Honghai, LUO Jiafa

2016, 31(S1): 340-344. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2016.S1.057

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Pot experiment was used to study the effects of Burdock oligosaccharide on the growth,disease index and physiological index in watermelons. In order to ascertain the appropriate concentration of Burdock oligosaccharide inducing the resistance to Fusarium wilts in watermelon. The results suggested that after treated with Burdock oligosaccharide of concentration from 5 to 50 mg/L,the watermelon disease index decreased by the efficacy 22.48%. The fresh weight of per seeding,seeding height,CAT activity,POD activity and SOD activity increased by 4.83%-53.10%,0.14%-22.81%,9.89%-32.62%,24.69%-59.77%,6.19%-12.61% respectively. MDA content and O₂^· generation rate decreased by 2.63%-23.53% and 7.11%-18.53% after treated with Burdock oligosaccharide at the concentration range from 5 to 30 mg/L. But MDA content and O₂^· generation rate increased by 3.79% and 5.10% when the concentration of Burdock oligosaccharide was 50 mg/L. Comprehend all the data above,the appropriate concentration of Burdock oligosaccharide applied to watermelon was 20-30 mg/L.

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Screening,Identification and Activity Analysis of Antagonistic Bacteria Against Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon from Chrysanthemum coronarium rhizosphere

KANG Jinlei, HAN Xu, ZHANG Shiqi, WANG Bingqing, YANG Wenjie

2016, 31(S1): 447-452. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2016.S1.076

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To investigate the roles and effects of Chrysanthemum coronarium in disease controlling on watermelon wilt induced by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Niveum (FON).An antagonistic bacterium was isolated from root exudate of Chrysanthemum coronarium rhizosphere.This antagonistic bacterium exhibited significantly ability to watermelon wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum (FON) based on the plate confrontation experiment.The TK-3 bacterial strains could antagonize Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum (FON).In a pot-test, Fusarium wilt of watermelon were reduced by TK-3 strain treated in watermelon were 48.7% of control in 30 days.The results of morphological,physiological and biochemical characterization,and 16S rDNA-based molecular identification showed that the isolated antagonistic bacterium was Bacillus amylolique-faciens.Production of antibacterial metabolites experiments showed strain TK-3 had the ability of IAA production,siderophore production,NH₃ production,proteolytic activity and phosphate solubilization,but could not produce HCN.Results indicated that strain TK-3 had a great potential on bio-control application.

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Detection of Viruses Infecting Cucurbit Vegetables in Shandong and Identification of Subgroup of the Cucumber mosaic virus Isolates

SUN Xiaohui, WANG Shusen, GAO Lili, QIAO Ning, LIU Yongguang, ZHAO Jing, ZHU Xiaoping

2016, 31(2): 211-217. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2016.02.034

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In order to detect and identify the viral causing agent that infecting cucurbit vegetable plants in Shandong, 867 cucurbit plant samples of suspected viral diseases from 11 vegetable planting areas in Shandong were collected during July to August, 2014.9 primer pairs specific to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV) and Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) were used respectively to perform PCR detection.The results showed that viruses carried rate was 34.8%, 10.4%, 20.0%, 41.7%, 27.0%, 7.8%, 2.6%, 1.7%, 0 and 0.9% respectively.The natural infection of these viral diseases except PNRSV in Shandong was confirmed, and the incidence of CMV and TMV were higher than others.Two or more than two viruses mixed infections were also very common in field.At the same time, those CMV positive samples from 11 regions were selected for subgroup classification.Coat protein(CP) gene and the whole RNA3 nucleotide sequences were determined.Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses were performed.The results showed that the CMV isolates of cucurbit vegetables in Shandong area were all members of CMV subgroup IB with the highest similarity to a South Korea isolate As(AF013291), no other strains were found.

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Identification of Bacillus sp. Pb-4 and Its Unitilization for Antimicrobial Activity

GUO Jun, WU Ailian, YAN Min, LI Wei, CHI Xiurong, DING Yuchuan, JIAO Xiaoyan

2016, 31(2): 224-230. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2016.02.036

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A bacillus strain, named as Pb-4, which showed significant antagonistic activity against to many plant pathogenic fungi.The study was in order to determine the taxonomic status and antimicrobial mechanism of Pb-4.The strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphological and physiological properties and its 16S rRNA sequence.The antibacterial activity was characterized by plate two-way cultivation.Antibacterial compound from the identified strain was separated and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, diethyl ether and benzene abstract.Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated that not only has antibacterial activity against F.oxysporum tomato, F.oxysporum cucumber, F.oxysporum watermelon and F.oxysporum green pepper;but also against Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Valsa ceratosperma.The bacteria liquid of the Pb-4 strain showed that strong antifungal activity against spore germination and hyphal growth of tomato wilt pathogen.The bacteria fluid to fusarium wilt diseases of tomato inhibition of growth rate was 93%. The antimicrobial activity of 100, 121℃ high temperature treatment of untreated bacteria liquid of 98.9% and 80.1%.From the bacteria liquid extract of proteins, enzymes, and antibiotic active substances, had strong growth inhibition effect for Fusarium oxysporum.The results can provide a strong theoretical basis for the wide application of Pb-4 in the prevention and control of agricultural pathogenic bacteria.

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Establishment and Optimization of Two-dimensional Electrophoresis System of Watermelon Root

ZHANG Man, YANG Xing-ping, XU Jin-hua, LIU Guang, YAO Xie-feng, LI Ping-fang

2015, 30(S1): 51-54. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2015.S1.009

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An efficient and suitable two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE) system for proteomic analysis of watermelon roots was established by optimizing the isoelectric focusing conditions,sample loading,the pH gradient of IPG strips and staining methods.Results showed that the optimized system for watermelon roots were as following steps:total protein of watermelon roots was extracted by TCA/acetone precipitation,lysis Buffer contained 7 mol/L Urea,2 mol/L Thouirea,4% CHAPS(m/V),1% Cocktail(V/V),65 mmol/L DTT and 2% pH 4-7 IPG Buffer,13 cm pH 4-7 IPG strips was used to separate the proteins,loading protein samples was 800 μg,IEF condition was 48 000 Vh,12.5% gel concentration and followed by staining with colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250.

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Study on the Construction of Core Collection in Mini-watermelon

LIU Zi-ji, ZHU Jie, DANG Xuan-min, ZHAN Yuan-feng

2015, 30(S1): 61-65. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2015.S1.011

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Abundant genetic resources could provide broad genetic foundation for plant breeding and genetic research.However,the drastic increase of genetic resources in recent years brought great difficulties for the preservation and utilization of germplasm.The construction of core collection has facilitated the research and utilization of genetic resources.410 mini-watermelon germplasm were used to construct core collection based on 6 fruit traits.The genotypic values were predicted by mixed linear model.The genetic distances among germplasm were calculated based on genotypic values.The unweighted pair-group average method was used for clustering analysis.The core collections of mini-watermelon were constructed with 20% sampling proportion.The genetic variations among core collections were evaluated through comparing mean,variance,range and coefficient of variation.The results showed that the Mahalanobis distance and deviation sampling were better than the Euclidean distance and preferred sampling,respectively.82 core resources acquired based on the Mahalanobis distance and deviation sampling could preserve the genetic diversity of the initial collection,which could provide important theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of mini-watermelon germplasm.

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Genetic and Correlation Analysis of Watermelon Main Fruit Characters

SHANG Jian-li, LÜ Pin, WANG Ji-ming, MA Shuang-wu

2015, 30(S1): 87-91. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2015.S1.016

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The aim of this study was to clarify the genetic and correlation analysis of watermelon main fruit characters,such as fruit shape and flesh colour.The genetic population was developed with B132-8 as maternal plant crossed with B133-4 as paternal plant,we selected 92 F₂.With standard collection,data of fruit shape,fruit ratio,over color pattern of fruit surface,flesh colour,flesh lycopene content,ground colour of seed surface and 1000-seed-weight were collected and statistically analyzed with SPSS 17.0.The results showed that the hereditary feature of qualitative character was manifested by fruit shape,flesh colour and ground color of seed surface.However,the segregation ratio of F₂ wasn't in accordance with Mendelian genetic segregation law,it was only 1 : 3 : 1.There existed qualitative character inheritance in over color pattern of fruit surface and 1 000-seed-weight and dominant inheritance in rack and small seeds.Hereditary feature of quantitative character was manifested by fruit ratio and flesh lycopene content with normal distribution in F₂.The result of correlation showed that fruit shape had highly significant positive correlation with fruit ratio.Flesh color had significant correlation with fruit shape and fruit ratio.

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Effect of Assessing the Feasibility of Using Physiological and Biochemical Parameters to Assess Thymol for Watermelon Seeds to Improve Germination Characteristic

XUE Yan-feng, LI Min, CHEN Jian, ZHANG Meng, SHI Zhi-qi

2015, 30(S1): 235-240. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2015.S1.042

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The seeds and seedlings of watermelon were handled by the various concentrations of thymol in order to assess the safety of germination and growth thymol on watermelon seed.There will be provide the theoretical basis for the product used to prevent the watermelon wilt disease.The results showed that the changes of germination energy,germination percentage,germination index and vigor index were no significant difference less than 300 mg/L thymol concentration,whereas it markedly decreased with the rising of the thymol concentration.The effects of thymol on the growth and chlorophyll content were same to the germination.When the thymol concentration was less than 300 mg/L,the growth and chlorophyll content were no significant difference compared with the control (except for the fresh weight).Under the treatment of thymol soaked seeds the root activity gradually reduced with the increase of thymol concentration.The root activity significantly increased compared to the control in 100 mg/L thymol concentration.In 200 mg/L thymol concentration the root activity was higher than the control,whereas there was no significant difference compared to the control.The root activity decreased with the rising of the thymol concentration.The SOD activity significantly increased less than 300 mg/L thymol concentration,whereas it markedly decreased with the rising of the thymol concentration.The POD activity had the same trend as the CAT activity.In 100,200 mg/L thymol concentration the POD and CAT activities were higher than the control,whereas there was no significant difference compared to the control.From the correlations analysis of seed germination parameters and physiological and biochemical indexes with the thymol concentrations knew that it was a negative correlation relationship between seed germination parameters and physiological and biochemical indexes with the higher thymol concentration.All the results showed that the germination and growth were not affected less than 300 mg/L thymol concentration being used to prevent the watermelon wilt disease.

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Effect of Aluminum Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Watermelon Seedlings

ZHENG Yang-xia, JIA Song-tao, ZHAO Ying-peng, ZHANG Wei-wei, SUN Yuan-xiu, QIU Shuang

2015, 30(4): 150-156. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2015.04.026

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In the study,two watermelon varieties Zaomiwang (ZM) and Zaochunhongyu (HY) seedlings were used as materials to investigate the effect of aluminum(Al) on growth and physiological characteristics under different Al concentrations (0,250,500,1 000,1 500 μmol/L) treatment in order to find out the impact of aluminum stress on photosynthetic characteristics of watermelon.Changes in root length and biomass results showed that ZM was more sensitive to Al than HY.Effects on photosynthesis for the followed three aspects:Chlorophyll content of HY increased in the Al treatment.Chlorophyll content of ZM was higher than contrast only when Al concentration was 250 μmol/L.Chlorophyll a/b content of HY intended to decrease as long as the Al concentration increased;In the Al treatment,when concentration lower than 500 μmol/L the stomatal conductance (Gs),intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci),net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of ZM was effected more obviously than those of HY.When Al concentration was above 1 000 μmol/L,the value of these four items all intended to fall down;Changes of Chlorophyll fluorescence in these two watermelon variety in the Al treatment (without Al³⁺=250 μmol/L concentration) were as follow:original fluorescence (Fo),maximum fluorescence (Fm),potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo),photochemical maximum efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) and the ability of leaves to transform energy Y(Ⅱ) decreased,while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased,and leaves maintained a high actinic light energy distribution by adjusting the heat dissipation;In addition,photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and electron transport rate (ETR) decreased.At Al³⁺≤250 μmol/L concentration,the four parameters of HY:Fo,Fm,Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm was more stable;with aluminum concentration increases,the electron transfer rate was less affected,NPQ relatively constant,that is able to maintain a constant light protection.

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Screening on Chilling Tolerance Appraisal Index of Watermelon

WANG Wei-wei, YANG Xing-ping, FAN Shu-ying, LIU Guang, ZHANG Man, XU Jin-hua

2014, 29(6): 163-171. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2014.06.028

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12 different genotypes of watermelon seedings were studied in low temperature stress treatment,and selected three different cold tolerant watermelon materials.The cold tolerance of 3 watermelon materials seeds during the germination were analyzed with five different temperature, study of low temperature,weak light resistance in watermelon seedings and the change of growth characteristic,photosynthesis and physiological and biochemical characteristics under low temperature,to develop an efficient,comprehensive appraisal index and evaluation method for cold-resistance watermelon,the purpose of this study was to provide theoretical basis for the actual production breeding for low temperature,weak light watermelon germplasm resources.The results showed that the chilling injury index of each genotype was different under different processing time.It is concluded that each type of cold resistance strength through the determination of chilling injury index in 6 and 8 days treatment,and choose Hongyeyihao as cold tolerant germplasm,moderately cold resistance varieties gerplasm Kangbingsumi and cold sensitive germplasm Chenglan.Under 15 ℃,Hongyeyihao germination rate,relative germination rate,length of radicle and relative radicle were the highest,15 ℃ can be used as a watermelon seed germination period of low temperature resistance identification of appropriate temperature; Date of the beginning of seed germination and relative germination rate,relative radicle length can be used as a watermelon bud good low temperature resistance appraisal indicators.After low temperature treatment,plant growth,photosynthetic rate decreased,the enzyme activity of leaves increased,MDA content increased,the change range of each index associated with varieties of low temperature treatment intensity and its cold resistance.Plant height,leaf area,plant fresh weight,root dry weight,the leaf net photosynthetic rate(Pn),Chl a/b ratio,MDA content as watermelon varieties of resistance to low temperature screening appraisal indicators.

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Study on Three Factors of Inducting Tetraploid Mini-watermelon by Tissue Culture

SHI Xiao-yun., SHEN Shu-xing, CHEN Xue-ping, ZHANG Cheng-he

2007, 22(S2): 103-106. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2007.S2.026

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Immature cotyledons of diploid mini-watermelon inbred-line 21,90,141,149,157 were used for inducing tetraploid by tissue culture.The effects on double rate treated by different colchicine concentration,treating time and regenerate ways were studied.Results indicated that: the tissue could regenerate sigle bud,crowed buds or callus.Without colchicine inducing the tissue had high ability of regenerating buds directly.Otherwise the buds were restrict,and the numbers of calluses were more than that of buds.The tissue type and quantities were related to gene type,colchicine concentration and treating time.The calluses were easy to different plants induced by suitable colchicine concentration.To identify the plants,we got rather high propotion of tetraploid induced by 0.03% colchicine in 9 days or by 0.05% colchicine in 7 days,and high double rate by way of callus.

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Studies on RAPD Markers Linked to Yellow Peel of Watermelon Fruit

WANG Ri-sheng, LI Li-zhi, FANG Feng-xue, GUO Wen-feng, LI Yangrui

2007, 22(S2): 107-109. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2007.S2.027

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In order to develop rapidly superior yellow peel of watermelon fruit,the individual plant was created in the isolated population of BC₁ using watermelon with black peel fruit(H97) as femal parent and one with yellow as male parent(2605).The molecular markers linked to the yellow peel trait were isolated from the preceding plants of BC₁ with RAPD technology in combination with BSA method.The result showed that a marker of AI09-1500 was obtained,and the cross-over value was 17.2%.

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The Study on the Cultivation Technique Model for Interplanting Gourd with Oilsunflower in Hetao Irrigable Region

YANG Wun-yao, ZHANG Xiong, XUAN Ji-chun, ZHANG Jian-zhong

2004, 19(S1): 141-143. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2004.z1.032

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According to different cultivation model of flatten culture and furrow drilling in raising gourd,the yield and output value of interplanting gourd with oilsunflower were analysed.The furrow drilling cultivtion technique model was put forward to be a positive method to incrase output value per unit area,and this method must be applied on a large area.

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Studies on Niveum fusarium Wilt Forma Specialis and Its Control

Huang Zhongsheng, Yang Yuru, Zhu Xiaodan, Wang Zhiqing, Geng Bencong

1992, 7(4): 117-122. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1992.04.021

Abstract (208) PDF (461) RichHTML

Sixty collections of watermelon plant parts affected by wilt diseases were obtained from ten provinces (cities),i. c. Heilong Jiang, Beijing, etc. The isolations and cultures showed that these specimens belonged to species of Fusar him oxysponm Schlecht, F. solani (Mart. ) Sacc. and F, equiseti (Corda) Sacc. Pathogenicity tests were carried out by inoculating these species separately to seedlings of watermelon, varieties. The results showed that F. oxysporum could cause severe infection to the sec-dings, while the other two could cause no infection. Cross inoculation, tests using the F. oxysporum isolated from cucumber, muskmelon and watermelon were conducted on the seedlings.lt is concluded that the watermelon isolate belongs to F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum (E.F.Smith) Snyder et Hans. During 1989-1990, integrated control of watermelon wilt was carried out. The effects were significant(90.91%- 92.70%) with high yield increases (58.93%-64.93%)

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Study on the Development of the Male Sterile Anther in Watermelon G₁₇AB Line

LIU Hai-he, ZHANG Yan-ping, MA De-wei

2002, 17(S1): 88-92. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2002.z1.019

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The cytological and histochemical observation on the male sterile anther in watermelon G 17 AB line was made,it showed,the tapetum of the male sterile anther was abnormal,consequently,the meiosis of the microspore mother cells was abnormal,the abortion occurred before the tetrads formation,there was no any pollen formation in the anther chambers.The contents of polysaccharide and protein in the male sterile anther were lower.

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Phenolic Acids in Decomposing Residuces of Watermelon

Lü Wei-guang, YANG Guang-chao, LIU Ling, ZHANG Chun-lan, SHEN Qi-rong, LI Shuang-xi, ZHENG Xian-qing

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-7091.2012.z1.031

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Variation of phenolic acids during decomposition of residuces of watermelon was studied by means ofmoist and aerobic cultivation． The results showed that watermelon residues of root， stem and leaf contained somekinds of phenolic acids such as p-coumaric， vanillic， ferulicacid． The contents of p-coumaric acid in root and stemwere the highest， and followed by that of ferulic acid． The content of p-coumaric acid in leaf was the highest， followed by that of cinnamic acid． The total phenolic acids contents are in a decreasing order， leaf， stem and root． Thetotal phenolic acids contained in the root and stem reached the maximum after 30 days of decomposition， while theleaf in 20 － 30 days． The total phenolic acids contents reached a stable and minimum state after 40 － 50 days．

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Research on Genotype in Fruit Cracking of Watermelon

JIANGHai-kun, YUANXi-han, ZHANGZhen, SUXiao-jun, XUHai, SONGBo, CHENLong-zheng, ANLin-hai, SHANQi-wei, ZHANGQi-an

https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2009.S1.027

Abstract (359) PDF (378) RichHTML

Resistance to fruit cracking in the 14 gene -types watermelon was evaluated under opening and protected conditions.Grades, symptoms characters and rating of fruit -cracking in watermelon are drawn up.13 (92.86 %)of them crack under two conditions.According to the comprehensive evaluation,the variance of the susceptibility indices were significant in opening field (F =5.783＊＊,F0.01 =1.90,df =13)and protected field (F =10.721 8＊＊,F0.01 = 1.90,df =13).The correlation coefficients of susceptibility indices in both conditions were significant (r =0.937＊＊,r0.01 =0.661 4,df =13).x -101 has the immunity to fruit -cracking with good quality,and can be potentially used in the breeding program as the resistant parents to the f ruit -cracking.

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Study on Genetic Diversity and Relationship in Watermelon Germplasms by AFLP Analysis

LIYan-mei, DUANHui-jun, MAZhi-ying

https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2007.S1.043

Abstract (303) PDF (380) RichHTML

57 watermelon materials were analyzed using AFLP.The results showed that 709 AFLP bands were ampli??fied using 18 primer pairs, among them, 440( 61. 4%) bands were polymorphic. Based on DNA bands, the similarity coefficient were calculated and their average value was 0. 70, ranging from 0. 24 to 099,which indicated that relationship wasclose and their genetic base was narrow among materials of watermelons.When all of the polymorphic bands were analyzedby cluster analysis, 57 watermelon materials were classified into 2 groups. Group included 1 wild watermelon material, andgroup, 56 watermelon materials fell into it. Among the group introduced watermelon materials were clustered together aswell as the F1 and parent materials. In addition, this study demonstrates that AFLP fingerprint ing has higher resolution andcan reveal the difference of cult ivars, so it is an efficient tool.

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Allelopathic Effects of the Root Exudates in the Watermelon and Rootstocks on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum

GUO Shang, ZHANG Zuo-gang, TIAN Yong-qiang, WANG Jian-ming, YAO Yan-ping

2010, 25(6): 160-163. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2010.06.030

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To understand disease-resistant mechanism of the rootstock, the root exudates in two rootstocks RBNG, YSXG and watermelon CTHL were collected and their effects on Fusarium oxysporum f.sD.niveum were tested.The re. suits indicated that the root exudates in two rootstocks had stronger inhibitory activity to spore germinations and mycelial growths than that in watermelon；Three kinds of root exudates could enhance the content of MDA in the mycelium, SOD activities.POD activities and soluble protein descended treated with the root exudates in the rootstocks and wa. termelon.But the decreased radio of the fornler was lager than the latter.Besides.the content of soluble sugar in the mycelium decreased treated with the root exudates in the rootstocks and submited the tendency of drop first and in. creased again treated with the root exudates in the watermelon.

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Inheritance Analysis and Molecular Marker of the Subgynoecious Trait in Watermelon

ZHANG Qin-ying, LIU Jun-wei, LIU Li, JIAO Ding-liang, GUO Fu-chang, GUO Min

2009, 24(1): 138-142. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2009.01.031

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The objective of this Experiment was to investigate the inheritance of subgynoecious trait in watermekn.Five F₁ combinations, one F₂ segregation population, one backcross population(BC₁R34)and one transferred subgyrxeciousline( BC₄S₃) were developed by crossing, selfing and backcross betwe subgynoecious line( BG1) and other watermelon inbred lines,respectively. All the plants of F₁populations expressed monoecious, similar to their male parents; F₂ populationsegregated into two phenotypes normal monoecious type and subgynoecious type in ratio of 1: 3 throughx²test;as wellthe plants of backcross population BC₁R34 complet dyexpressed morx>ecious. In addition, trarrferxed sudgynoecious lineBC₄S₃was suhgynoecimr type that proprced high female flower,proportion to 77.9%.These results irxlicated that sugnoecious in watermelon was controlled by a single recessive gene. According to the frequen listridution of female,proportion in F₂, it was considered that there might be other genes modifief this subgyrxecious trait. Two pairs ofNILs, BG1 versus BG2, and BC₄S₃ versus R34 was studied lry the RAPD technique out of 333 random primers. A specificamplified fragment s1454_ 1100 in subgynoecious line was found out through verifing the F₂individuals.

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Identfication and Inheritance of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Watermelon

XU Xiang-li, GONG Guo-yi, GUO Shao-gui, XU Yong, LU Xiang-yang, PENG Zhen-xing, ZHANG Hai-ying

2008, 23(4): 37-40. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2008.04.009

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The cross of watermelon PI482246,which is resistant to powdery mildew disease, and Zhongxin 1,which is susceptible to powdery mildew disease, were used to construct F₂, BC_1.1 and BC_1.2progeny populations?The inheritance of resistancewas analyzed with Podosphaera xanthii race-France purified and identified from a collection of powdery mildew using spore spraying method in greenhouse. The results of cross tests indicated that the resistance carried by PI482246 to powdery mildew race-France was controlled by a single recessive gene and the resistance was incomplete recessive.

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Comparison of Versatility and Polymorphism of SSRs in Three Cucurbitaceae

LI Nan, ZHANG Hai-ying, CHEN Nian-lai, WANG Yong-jian, XU Yong, GONG Guo-yi, GUO Shao-gui

2008, 23(4): 110-114. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2008.04.026

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In this study,by PCR amplification with the genomic DNA of three mapping parents,940 SSRs primers were tested for analysis their versatility and polymorphism in melon,cucumber and watermelon. The results indicated that these SSR primers had some versatility in the above crops. The minimum SSR transferability was higher than 24 %,show-ing some similarity in the genome of these crops.But these SSR primers also had strongly genus specialty,their polymor-phism level was very low,the ratio of common polymorphism SSR primers among these crops was lower than 1 %.

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Effects of Benzoic Acid and Cinnamic Acid on Radicle Growth, Microstructure and Ultrastructure of Watermelon

SUN Hui-jun, SUN Ling-qiang, WANG Qian

2006, 21(S1): 77-80. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2006.z1.019

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Inhibitory effect is one of the important factors causing the problem in continual watermelon mono-cropping system. The study was about the effects of main inhibitory substance-benzoic acid and cinnamic acid on radical growth, microstructure and ultrastructure of watermelon. Benzoic acid and cinnamic acid significantly effected watermelon radicles elongation. With the increasing of benzoic acid and cinnamic acid concentration, the growth speed was decreased, and the radicles were short. Through the observation to the root tip microstructure and ultrastructure it was found that benzoic acid and cinnamic acid could result to root tip nuclei irregular, nucleolus abnormal, and cytoplasm sparse. Vacuoles became more and bigger. The Effects of benzoic acid treated on vacuoles was more significant than cinnamic acid treated. But to nucleolus, the effects of cinnamic acid treated was more significant than benzoic acid treated.

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Study on Genetic Differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum

DUAN Hui-jun, GUO Xiao-min, LI Xi-huan, WU Li-qiang, MA Zhi-ying

2006, 21(S1): 158-161. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2006.z1.038

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Fifty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum were RAPD analyzed by using 21 random primers. The result showed that 134 RAPD bands were amplified, among them, 113 (84.3%) bands were polymorphic. Genetic similarity coefficients within the isolates were among 0.45～0.93, there existed a low degree of homogeneity between most of them. When all of polymorphic bands were analyzed by cluster analysis, 50 isolates were classified into 6 groups: Both RG Ⅰ and RG Ⅱ included 1 isolate, respectively, from Qinhuangdao and Xinjiang; RG Ⅲ and RG Ⅴ existed 2 isolates, respectively, from Qinghuangdao, Chengde and Langfang, Cangzhou; RG Ⅵ, It concluded 5 isolates which came from Tangshan, Shijiazhuang, Handan and Xinjiang areas; the others isolates belonged to RG Ⅵ. The result further demonstrated that there existed greater genetic differentiation among watermelon wilt isolates.

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A Primary Study on the Infections of Watermelon and Cucumber Seedlings by Isolate 8601 of Cotton Fusarium under Artificial Inoculation

Luo Xicheng, Gu Tiesheng, Shi Linqi

1989, 4(S1): 159-162. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1989.z1.028

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Strain 8601 of cotton Fusarium has been isolated from cotton plants with fusarium wilt in field. Young roots of watermelon and cucumber are respectively inoculated with the wilt isolate after its purification.After their emergence from sterilized soil, the seedlings show typical symptoms of wilt. Their cotyledons become yellow, plants dwarfish and vascular bundles brown. Heavily infected plants wither and isolates can be found in plants making a symptomless showing Fusarium which can infect cotton seedlings by artificial inoculation can be isolated from roots and stems of infected watermelon and cucumber plants.The results suggest that the strain of cotton fusarium may infect seedlings of watermelon and cucumber. This discovery may be of great significance to the production of watermelon and cucumber.

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Effect of Environmental Factors on Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon

1993, 8(S1): 142-142. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1993.z1.030

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西瓜枯萎病（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp niveum）引致的寄主反应明显不同于感染类似病害的其他植物如棉花、番茄等，西瓜显症后往往在3~5d内死亡，本文报告了环境因素如温度、湿度、蒸腾速率等对病害的影响。1 材料与方法1989~1990年在重病地区（前作发病率75%以上）分两地设置试验：（1）高官寨试验于1989年4月20。

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Effect of Aqueous Extract of Watermelon Peel on Seed Germination

HU Mian-hao, YUAN Ju-hong, AO Yan-song

2008, 23(S2): 40-42. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.2008.S2.008

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The biology effect of seed germination of watermelon was invest igated. Inhibiting effect of aqueous extract under low concentration on seed germinat ion and radical length was smaller; The germination and radical length was sig?? nificantly inhibited with increasing of aqueous extract concentration.

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A Study on Building up the Regenerate System of Watermelon

Hao Lixin， Wang Huaiming

1998, 13(3): 112-115. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1998.03.022

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An effective system for vegetative propagation and culture has been successfully set up by using cotyledons from five watermelon(Citrullus vulgaris) cultivars.High frequency shoot regeration(46 6—94%) was obtained from 6 day old cotyledons of cultivars cultured on medium containing MS+BA5mg/L+IAA0 5 mg/L.Buds elongated on MS medium containing KT 0 2mg/L.The MS medium with 0 1mg/L NAA was used for rooting and the rate of root induction was also above 80%.

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Inhibition Effects of Antagonist Stain B96-Ⅱ to Different Fusarium Wilt and Its Main Inhibiting Substance

MA Li-ping, QIAO Xiong-wu, GAO Fen, HAO Bian-qing

2006, 21(4): 99-102. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2006.04.025

Abstract (240) PDF (377) RichHTML

A antagonistic strain of Bacillus sp(B96-II) against Fusarium wilt was isolated from compost extract.Further tests proved that the B96-II could effectively inhibit the development of 3 Fusarium wilts in cucumber,water melon,paprika,etc.The phenomena of conidia lysogenesis,conidia wall destruction,inhibition,and deformation of hyphal growth were observed.The inhibition rates of conidia germination of the above mentioned pathogens were 56.2%,57.3%,and 54.7%,and the inhibition rates of germination tube growth were 88.5%,87.5%,and 79.5%.Chitinase was detected as one of the main inhibiting substances.

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Effects of the Different Factors on Vigor Power of the Watermelon Pollen

GUO Shang, WANG Xiu-ying

2006, 21(3): 91-94. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2006.03.021

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Effects of the temperature,nutrition and storage on the vigor power of the watermelon pollen were studied through the pollen cultivation and microscope observation.The results were showed as follows:the germinating temperature of the watermelon pollen is 8-48℃,8℃ and dry environment was advantage to pollen storage for short times.The lower temperature and longer time of treatment was disadvantage to the germination of pollen.The germination of the big and nourishing bud is better.The study provides a reference for the productive practice and scientific research.

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The Influences of Different Host Plant to Development and Reproduction of Carmine Spider Mite, Terany chus Cinnabarinus

Liu Xiaochun, Wu Kongming

1988, 3(4): 86-91. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1988.04.016

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The influences of six host plant which included soybean,mungbean,watermelon,cotton,sesame,and maize to development and production of T.cinnabarinus were investigated at laboratory in 1987.The results showed there were much different in the mean generation time,innate rate of increase,net reproductive rate and the day of double population for reared on different host plant.Laboratory studies show that the mite prefer to mungbean,soybean,cotton,maize and sesame in order.In this case,that the cotton,can be interplant or intercorpped with sesame and maize,and not suitable for mungbean or watermelom for the purpose of reducing demage of carmine spider mite.

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1981, 1(1): 53-57. https://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.1981.01.012

Abstract (159) PDF (140) RichHTML

多倍性现象是高等植物新物种形成的主要方法之一。发现和培育优良的多倍体新品种，也是果树品种改良的有效途径之一。据有关资料报道，在葡萄、苹果、西洋梨、洋李、西瓜等树种中均已有多倍体品种存在。但这方面的研究资料尚少，多倍体品种也为数不多，尤其中国梨各系统中，尚未见报道。

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A Preliminary Study of Watermelon Continuous Cropping Barrier and Its Countermeasure

Ding Jincheng, Yu Yirong, Ju Yuling, Ma Xaingyou

1989, 4(4): 82-87. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1989.04.016

Abstract (352) PDF (287) RichHTML

The continuous cropping of watermelon induces deterioiation of soil or disorder of nutrient, particularly reduces the nutrient of P, K and made the soil poor with micronutricnt such as Mg, Fe, Mn etc. In this case physiological barrier usually occurres, the plants show growth retard, resistance reduces, and the wilt and nematode diseases severely happen. So a great deal of plants die. Therefore diseases and physiological barrier are the main factors of continuous cropping barrie of watermelon. Utilization of complex pharmacon that mixed with fungicide soil amendment, macronutrient and micronutrient, will not only effectivley control the wilt, but also promote plant growth, made early-ripe for 2-3 days, increase the weight of single fruit by 9-12%, and raise the content of sugar by 1.5-2,0%.

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A Study on the Increase of Induction Frequency of Tetraploid Watermelon

Tan Suying, Huang Xiuqiang, Liu Jiwei

1993, 8(4): 12-15. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1993.04.003

Abstract (237) PDF (251) RichHTML

The experiments for increasing the induction frequency of tetraploid watermelon were made with three methods of colchicine treatment, with 6 diploid varieties of watermelon as materials. When the small leaves were peeled off and the bare growth tips were treated with colchicine drops, the variation frequency (the number of variated plants/the number of suvival plants) was 52%, and the treatment efficiency (the number of variated plants/the number of treated plants) was 30.4%. When the bare growth tips were daubed with Lanolin paste mixed with colchicine, the variation frequency and treatment efficiency were 61% and 29.4%, respectively. When the growth tips were covered with small leaves they were immersedinto colchicine solution, the variation frequency and treatment efficiency were 39.1 % and 23.7%, respectively. The mentioned methods were much better than the conventional methods.

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Growth Responses of Cotton, Corn etc. to the Inoculation of VAM Fungi

Pan Xinglai, Sherwin Lopez, Dacid C.Coleman

1993, 8(2): 78-82. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1993.02.016

Abstract (256) PDF (254) RichHTML

In 1989, 7 crops in 328 steriled pots with sandy soil (P deficient) were inocu ared with the mixture of 5 species of VAM fungi (3 spores per cm₃ of soil)and grown in the gree house for about 70 days.The results showed that, with the VAM inoculation, much, greater growth was obtained in cotton (947%), corn (74, 2%), soybean (272.8%), tomato (124.9%), and hot pepper (552%), but no significant growth enhancement in watermelon and rape was found.Probably the G.macrocarpum species is capable of reproducing more spores.

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An Analysis on Isozyme and Soluble Protein in Watermelon

Cao Wanhong, Zhao Yanru

1994, 9(2): 64-71. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1994.02.013

Abstract (354) PDF (120) RichHTML

Certain isozyme systems and soluble proteins were analyzed for Jinghn 1 hybrid and its parent plants.The results showed that peroxidase,esterase and soluble proteins changed with the growing stages and nutrition status during seed germination.However there were no differences between the hybrid and its parents in the isoenzymes of peroxidase,esterase,catalase and amylase in the same germination period,and no differences were found in the soluble protein maps of the hybrid and its maternal parent.Analyses on 6 cultivars of watermelon, African watermelon and gourd indicated that African watermelon and gourd were obviously different to the 6 cultivars of watermelon on the maps of peroaldase and esterase.Among 6 cultivars of watermelon some differences were found in peroxidase isozyme,while no significant differences were found in esterase isozyme.Peroxidase isozyme can be used in the identification of some cultivars of watermelon.

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A New Hybrid Watermelon-Jingkang 2

Zhou Fengzhen

1995, 10(2): 38-42. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1995.02.008

Abstract (235) PDF (279) RichHTML

Jingkang 2 has good quality, beautiful shape, hard skin and high resistance to fusarius Wilt and anthracnose. Its parent lines were bred by means of cross, composite cross and back crosses followed by selection for better disease resistance and agronomic characters for several generations.

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Absorption and Distribution of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium in High Yield and Quality Watermelon

Shao Zhanhong, Li Zongquan, Wang Weian, Zhao Hongxian, Wang Xiannao, Cui Zhenguang, Zu Yaoting

1996, 11(3): 112-116. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1996.03.022

Abstract (315) PDF (494) RichHTML

During 1987-1989 field experiments showed that watermelon absorbed little N,P,K during the seedling stage but it gradually took more when the vining stage.A significant linear relation was found on the N absorption from vining to the first harvest,with the regression equation being:y=0.1419 x-5.3878,r=0.9971 ** .The plant gradually absorbed more P after setting and took even more K during flowering and fruiting stages.N P and K primarily contributed to the development and establishment of leaves and they also supported the growth of stems and roots before fruiting.After setting,N,P,K were gradually concentrated in the fruits.

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Preliminary Study on Low Temperature Tolerance in Watermelon Seedling

Xu Yong, Wang Yongjian, Zhang Feng, Zhang Lirong

1997, 12(2): 93-96. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.1997.02.018

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In Beijing watermelon seedlings are often affected by low temperature in early spring.It is imperative to study the effects of low temperature on watermelon seedlings.Cold tests at the 3 leaf seedling stage were conducted in growth chambers maintained at 0℃,10℃,or 15℃ temperature with 100μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1 or 200μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1 light intensity.The results showed that there were significant difference on cold tolerance among the different watermelon cultivars.The wild watermelon germplasms PI482322,PI482261,PI282299,PI482308,PI494528,PI494532 appeared to be cold resistant.The cultivated cultivars were commonly cold sensitive.The leaves of the cold sensitive cultivars growing at low temperature displayed mosaic like variegation,shrinking,yellowing or wilting.The chilling symptoms were significantly activated by the higher light intensity.The optimum selecting condition for cold tolerance on watermelon seedlings was 10℃ temperature and 100 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1 light intensity or 15℃ temperature and 200 μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1 light intensity.

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Relationship Between Germination and Growth of Pollens of Autotetraploid Watermelon and Endogenous Hormones

TAN Suying, HUANG Zhenguang, LIANG Yi, LIU Wenge, HUANG Xiuqiang

2000, 15(4): 73-78. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2000.04.015

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By the research of in-vitro culture of pollens, and by the germination and growth of pollens on the styles, the results were that: 1. The germination ratio of pollen of autotetraploid watermelon was low by self-pollination;2. The growth of the pollen tubes in styles was slow;3. During the germination and growth of pollens, there were some abnormal phenomenon: the blinding of pollen tubes, the swelling as balls at the topes of pollen tubes, and two-tube from one pollen. By the determinations of endogenous hormones, the reasons of above abnormal phenomenon were explained as: 1. The content of zeatin-nucleoside in the female organs and pollens of autotetraploid watermelon was too high;2. The ratio of auxins (IAA and GA3) to growth inhibitor(ABA)was low;3. The results also affected by the reaction between pollens and styles.

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