In order to explore the effects of combined application of amino acid fertilizer and urea on soil active organic carbon components and enzyme activities in pepper,and to clarify the fertilization mode to increase the content of soil active organic carbon components in pepper.Seven treatments were set up,including no fertilization(CK),single application of urea(N0),80% urea + 20% amino acid fertilizer(N20),60% urea + 40% amino acid fertilizer(N40),40% urea + 60% amino acid fertilizer(N60),20% urea + 80% amino acid fertilizer(N80)and single application of amino acid fertilizer(N100).The changes of soil physical and chemical properties,soil active organic carbon content and enzyme activity under each treatment were studied.The results showed that the combined application of amino acid fertilizer and urea could effectively increase the contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,organic matter,enzyme activity,organic carbon and its active components in soil.The content of soil organic carbon increased with the increase of amino acid fertilizer application,and the content of soil active organic carbon components and enzyme activity increased first and then stabilized or decreased slightly with the increase of amino acid fertilizer application.The soil easily oxidized organic carbon content,particulate organic carbon content,microbial biomass carbon content,cellulase activity,catalase activity and amylase activity of N60 treatment were the best:in 0-20 cm soil layer,compared with CK treatment,they were increased by 105.50%,19.43%,142.60%,126.57%,22.28% and 308.20%,respectively.In the 20-40 cm soil layer,compared with CK treatment,it increased by 39.75%,59.32%,59.00%,130.27%,33.24% and 342.16%,respectively.Correlation analysis showed that soil total organic carbon and active organic carbon components were significantly positively correlated with enzyme activity.It can be seen that the combined application of amino acid fertilizer and urea can effectively improve the soil active organic carbon content and enzyme activity in pepper,and the treatment of 40% urea combined with 60% amino acid fertilizer has the greatest potential for improvement.

MADS-box transcription factors are widely found in plants and play important roles in plant growth and development and secondary metabolism.To investigate the expression of MADS-box transcription factor family in different accumulation periods of capsaicin.MADS-box transcription factor family was identified by using transcriptome data from different accumulation periods of capsaicin,and their functions were preliminarily analyzed.Subcellular localization,conserved motifs,phylogenetic tree and chromosomal localization of members of the MADS-box transcription factor family of chili peppers were carried out.The results showed that a total of 95 MADS-box transcription factors were identified in the Capsicum annuum L.transcriptome data;containing 105-395 amino acids;with molecular weight ranging from 11.55-44.46 ku;with theoretical isoelectric points ranging from 5.16-10.01;mainly expressed in the nucleus,and all of them contained MADS conserved structural domains,and phylogenetic analysis showed that MADS proteins could be divided into eight subfamilies.There were 73 CaMADS family members localized to 12 chromosomes.There were 26 differentially expressed MADS-box genes,six of which were up-regulated during C1 vs C2 and down-regulated during C2 vs C3.Based on KEGG enrichment and protein interactions,it was predicted that CaMADS13 might be involved in lignin synthesis in chili peppers.CaMADS24 might be involved in the synthesis of capsaicin and lignin synthesis precursor,coumaroyl-coenzyme A.Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify the MADS-box family of transcription factors in chili peppers,which provides data reference and theoretical basis for in-depth study of the molecular mechanism of action in the secondary metabolism of capsaicin.

In order to study the mechanism of PSY1 gene in different ripe fruit colors of peppers, Y15016,Y15016-2,SP01,SP02 and Z1 were used as materials,and the functional properties of PSY protein and the expression of PSY1 gene in different fruit color materials of pepper were studied and analyzed by combining some bioinformatics methods.The results showed that the full-length PSY1 gene could be cloned in all five pepper varieties,and there was no difference in sequence.Gene structure analysis showed that the PSY1 gene contained six exons and five introns with a total length of 2 844 bp,and its CDS contained 1 260 bp and encoded 419 amino acids.Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the PSY protein of pepper was the closest to the homologous PSY protein of tomato and tobacco of the same family.The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of PSY1 gene in the five materials was lowest in the root tissue and highest in the leaf tissue.Besides,the PSY1 gene was expressed in all the tissues of these materials.The expression level of orange mutant Y15016-2 was higher than that of wild-type Y15016,while that of yellow mutant SP02 was significantly lower than that of wild-type SP01.At different stages of fruit development,the expression of PSY1 gene increased with the development of fruits,except for the decrease in stage Ⅲ,and reached the maximum value at the maturity stage(Ⅳ—Ⅴ)of different fruit color materials.The results of PSY1 gene promoter analysis showed that there was no difference in the sequences in the test materials.The results suggest that the differential expression of PSY1 gene may play an important role in the formation of peppers with different fruit colors.

In order to investigate the physiological stress response mechanism of pepper fruits to UV-B radiation and further elaborate the mechanism of fruit quality deterioration in vegetables in high UV-B radiation areas,the young fruits,green fruits and red fruits of UV-sensitive variety Huamei 105 and UV-resistant variety Ledu long pepper were selected as test materials. The effects of different UV-B radiation duration (dose)of 0 (CK),2,4 and 6 h on fruit growth and development,prototype protection and nutrient quality related substances content were studied. The results showed that with the extension of radiation time,the single fruit weight and transverse diameter of Huamei 105 decreased significantly at the green and red fruit stages,which inhibited the fruit growth. The contents of protective substances Vc and total phenol in fruits of the two varieties at each growth stage increased gradually as the extension of treatment time,while the contents of soluble protein decreased gradually. The contents of Vc and total phenol significantly increased after 6 h,and the contents of soluble protein decreased the most. The contents of Vc,total phenol and soluble protein of Huamei 105 changed greater than those of Ledu long pepper. With the extension of radiation time,the content of soluble sugar showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,while the content of cellulose showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. In conclusion,UV-B had little effect on the indexes in the young fruit stage of the two varieties. High-dose UV-B could significantly inhibit the growth of the UV-sensitive varieties at the green and red fruit stages,and significantly increase the contents of Vc,total phenol,cellulose and other substances in the two varieties,and significantly reduce the contents of soluble protein and soluble sugar. However,low dose UV-B could significantly increase the soluble sugar content,and the increase or decrease amplitude was higher in UV-sensitive varieties than in UV-resistant varieties. Therefore,lower than 1/4 lethal dose of UV-B can promote fruit quality,and higher than 1/2 lethal dose of UV-B can make pepper fruit quality start to deteriorate.

In order to explore the response of ARP to low temperature stress in ornamental pepper,and provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research on gene function in ornamental pepper under low temperature stress.This study cloned homologous ARP gene from ornamental pepper using RT-PCR technology,named CfARP,and analyzed their expression in different tissues of ornamental peppers and under low temperature treatment;Using bioinformatics analysis to study gene protein coding,physicochemical properties,and genetic relationships,and using qRT-PCR technology to detect the expression level of CfARP in different tissues of ornamental pepper and under low temperature treatment.The results showed that the CDS sequence of the CfARP gene was 342 bp,with 100% homology with Zunla 1.It could encode 113 amino acids and contained a conserved Auxin-repressed domain;protein physicochemical analysis revealed that the molecular weight of CfARP protein was 12.156 ku,its isoelectric point was 10.22,and the average coefficient of hydrophilicity was -0.913.It was preliminarily predicted that CfARP was a hydrophilic protein;compared with other species' ARP amino acid sequences,it was found that CfARP was highly conserved in Solanaceae plants.The Real-time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR results showed that the expression level of CfARP gene was the highest in the stems of ornamental pepper,followed by roots,and relatively less in leaves and flowers;the expression level of CfARP gene continuously increased with the increase of low-temperature treatment duration.It was preliminarily speculated that CfARP had a certain role in the response of ornamental pepper to low temperature stress.

To explore the relationship level between CaMADS6 expression and floral organ development of pepper,CaMADS6 was cloned for bioinformatics prediction from the sterile line 9704A and the maintainer line 9704B,and the spatiotemporal expression characteristics of this gene were analyzed.The results showed that the CaMADS6 cloned from 9704A and 9704B had the same coding sequence,with a full length of 744 bp and encoding 247 amino acid residues.CaMADS6 protein had the relative molecular weight of 28.67 ku and theoretical isoelectric point of 8.98.It was a hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure.The secondary structure of CaMADS6 consisted of 57.49% α-helices,8.91% extended chains and 28.74% irregular coils.The CaMADS6 protein shared 100% homology with CaFUL2,which possessed a typical MADS-box characteristics.CaMADS6 was expressed in different organs of 9704A and 9704B at different developmental stages and the expression was the highest in flower buds,followed by leaves and stems,and almost no expression in roots.The expression of CaMADS6 in stems of 9704A was significantly lower than that of 9704B at seedling,flower bud and adult stages,and the expression of CaMADS6 in leaves was significantly lower than that of 9704B at the adult stage.The expression level of CaMADS6 in flower buds of 9704A was extremely significantly higher than that of 9704B at flower bud and adult stage,and its expression level was 2.2 and 3.5 times higher than in 9704B,respectively;CaMADS6 gene was expressed in different parts of flower organs of 9704A and 9704B,and the expression of CaMADS6 gene from high to low was calyx,corolla,ovary and anther.The expression level of CaMADS6 in the calyx and corolla of 9704A was extremely significantly or significantly lower than that of 9704B,the expression level of CaMADS6 were 66%,83% of 9704B,respectively.The expression level of CaMADS6 in 9704A anther was 34 times higher than in 9704B,and the difference between the two groups was extremely significant,predicting the abnormal expression of CaMADS6 in anthers was closely related to pepper male sterility.

In order to study the response mechanism of pepper CaWRKY30 transcription factor and Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus,it was experimental materials with pepper Xiangyan 11.The CaWRKY30 coding sequence was obtained by RNA extraction,RT-PCR,split gel and cloning.Biological information analysis results showed that CaWRKY30 full length was 1 122 bp,encoding 373 amino acids,the gene encoded protein contains 1 WRKY conservative domain and 1 C₂H₂ domain,belonged to a typical Ⅱ(e)subfamily member.System evolution analysis showed that the relative relationship with the potato StWRKY22 amino acid sequence was recently.It was found that CaWRKY30 was positioned in the nucleus and cell membranes in its cigarette seedlings,and leads to cell membranes.The results of Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed that the viral accumulation of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus mechanical friction-vaccination was found that the viral accumulation was gradually increased from 1 to 14 days after inoculation,and virus accumulation reached its maximum in 14 days,after inoculation 14 days,viral accumulation gradually declined.At the same time,CaWRKY30 was induced by Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus,when the inoculation 1-14 days,the CaWRKY30 expression was raised,and the peak was reached in 14 days,the expression in 14 days gradually decreased.In summary,it obtained the CaWRKY30 transcription factor gene sequence,which was located in the nucleus and cell membrane,and preliminarily explained the expression trend of CaWRKY30 transcription factors under the stress of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus.

To explore the mechanism of epibrassinolide(EBR) on cadmium resistance in pepper, Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jinjiao 503 was used as experimental material, and various physiological indexes and stress-resistance related genes of pepper seedlings sprayed with different concentrations of EBR were compared under high cadmium(100 μmol/L) stress at seedling stage. The results showed that high concentration of cadmium ions could down-regulate the biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activity, the scavenging efficiency of ascorbic acid(AsA) -glutathione(GSH) cycle, and up-regulate the expression of DHAR, GR, MDHAR, CAT and WRKY25 genes in pepper seedlings. The application of 100 μmol/L epibrassinolide could activate the expression of DHAR, MDHAR and WRKY25 genes, increase the biomass of pepper seedlings, and increase the photosynthetic pigment content in leaves. The enzyme activities of peroxidase(POD), superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase(APX), dehydroascorbate reductase(MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR) and glutathione reductase(GR) increased, and the ratio of reduced state to oxidized state in AsA-GSH circulatory system increased, thus reducing the O₂^-· velocity and H₂O₂ content.The results showed that high concentration of cadmium ions could activate the expression of GR, CAT and DHAR genes, but inhibited the activities of corresponding enzymes, which hindered the normal response path of pepper to heavy metals, resulting in serious physiological stress. It indicated that EBR with appropriate concentration could effectively alleviate the toxicity of cadmium stress on pepper seedlings and improved the cadmium tolerance of pepper by regulating transcription factors and enzyme activities.

To understand the bioinformatics function of the NHX gene family in pepper, explore its gene expression characteristics under abiotic stress, and provide a basis for the function development of pepper CaNHX gene and the pepper salt and drought resistance breeding genes. The pepper NHX gene family was identified by bioinformatics methods, and the gene structure, domains, phylogenetic relationships, gene expression patterns and abiotic stress expression were analyzed. The results showed that there were 7 GME family members in pepper, which could be divided into 3 subgroups, and all contained Na⁺/H⁺ exchange conserved domains;they were mainly distributed on 6 chromosomes, and their gene sizes had obvious differences. The number was mainly maintained between 198-952, and the exon content was between 7-21. All proteins except CaNHX5 had no signal peptides and were hydrophobic proteins, which were most likely to be located in the vacuole. They were all transmembrane proteins;Motif analysis found that the N-terminal contained the zinc finger structure of CXC24XC, and the C-terminal contained Trp(W)-24 and TrKA-N, the highly conserved secondary structure in the sequence was mainly irregular coils and α-helices. Multi-sequence evolutionary tree construction analyses indicated that aminoacid sequence encoded by this gene was closely related to tomato. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that under osmotic and salt stress, the gene expression of CaNHX6 increased significantly, which was 13.5 and 13.6 times that at 0 h, respectively;after treatment with methyl jasmonate and gibberellin.The expression of CaNHX5 and CaNHX6 in pepper leaves showed a significant up-regulation trend, while the others were on the contrary. The different expressions indicated that they played a role in abiotic stress.

The harmless treatment of breeding waste (sheep manure) is an important link in the development of modern green production. Different configurations of sheep dung, soil loosening and root promoters, and conventional chemical fertilizers treated with high-temperature harmless treatment,the effects of single and combined application of soil loosening and root promoting agent and fermented sheep manure (fertilizer (CK), fertilizer+soil loosening and root promoting agent (T1), fertilizer+fermented sheep manure (T2), fertilizer+fermented sheep manure+soil loosening and root promoting agent (T3)) on the physical and chemical properties of soil, agronomic properties, yield and quality of red cluster pepper in the wet area were explored. The results showed that, compared with fertilizer (CK), application of soil loosening and root promoting agent and fermented sheep manure could improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the growth and development of pepper and improve the yield and quality. Among them, fertilizer+fermented sheep manure+soil loosening and root promoting agent (T3) treatment was the most significant. Compared with fertilizer (CK), soil organic matter, alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly increased by 24.08%,18.08%,14.80%,15.56%,the soil powder has increased significantly by 9.05%,the plant height, stem diameter and effective branch number of red cluster pepper increased by 25.71%,20.69%,28.81%,fruit number per plant, fresh quality and dry quality per fruit increased by 29.05%, 17.04% and 18.94% respectively, the yield of fresh and dry pepper increased by 37.75%,39.43%, respectively, the content of Vc and reducing sugar in the fruit of red cluster pepper increased by 19.91% and 20.77%, respectively, but it had no significant effect on nitrate and free amino acid content. Comprehensive consideration, combined application of soil loosening and root promoting agent and fermented sheep manure and fertilizer(T3) had the best effect on improving soil and increasing quality and yield effects of red cluster pepper.

During 2018 to 2019,pepper plants showed typical symptoms of dwarf,yellowing,curling,chlorosis and rolling up of leaves were found in Kashgar,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region. To identify the virus that causing pepper virus disease,total RNA was isolated from the diseased tissues with typical virus symptoms,and reverse transcription(RT)-PCR assays were performed with specific primers for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). The expected 735 bp CMV and 472 bp PMMoV fragments were amplified from diseased pepper tissue samples,respectively. Sequence analysis showed 95%,99% similarity with that of CMV(South Korea,GU327368.1)and PMMoV(Japan,AB276030.1),respectively. The results showed that pepper plants were co-infected by CMV and PMMoV in Kashgar,Xinjiang region.

In order to speed up the selection and breeding new varieties of resistance to Phytophthora blight peppers,breeding resistant varieties is an effective way to prevent or reduce the damage of pepper disease.With the development of molecular biology,molecular marker-assisted breeding of pepper has become a fast and effective method for breeding resistant varieties.The genes of resistance to Phytophthora bligh twere identified in 40 pepper materials by molecular marker technology,and 6 molecular markers of resistance to Phytophthora blight were screened at the same time.The identification results showed that three STS molecular markers Phy-1,Phy-4 and Phy-6 had target strips,and a total of 18 materials of resistance to Phytophthora blight and 2 susceptible materials were identified.Among them,14 disease-resistant materials were screened by Phy-1,7 disease-resistant materials were screened by Phy-4. 3 materials containing 2 disease-resistant genes,and 2 disease-susceptible materials was screened by Phy-6.Using molecular markers to screen disease-resistant resources can effectively improve the process of molecular breeding of disease-resistant in pepper and lay a foundation for accelerating the breeding of new disease-resistant varieties and industrial development of pepper.

The GDP-mannose-3',5'-isomerase gene (GME) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the ascorbate pathway that regulates AsA synthesis. In order to understand the function of GME gene family in pepper and its expression under abiotic stress,it provides a theoretical basis for the research of pepper resistance. This study identified the GME gene family of pepper by bioinformatics method,and analyzed the gene structure,domain,phylogenetic relationship,gene expression pattern and abiotic stress expression. The results showed that there were 2 GME family members in the pepper, CaGME1 and CaGME2,which were distributed on chromosomes 3 and 8,respectively,and both the two genes had 6 exons. CaGME1 and CaGME2 protein had highly conserved NADPH binding sites and substrate-specific binding sites in the NADB Rossmann family. The two GME proteins had zero signal peptide and transmembrane structure,belong to hydrophilic protein,it was most likely to be localized in a cell plasmid,and the secondary structure of the protein had Alpha helix,Beta turn and Random coil. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by the two genes was closely related to tomato and potato. qRT-PCR analysis showed that, CaGME1 and CaGME2 were up-regulated under low temperature,methyl jasmonate and salt stress,induced by gibberellin. In summary,the different expressions of CaGME1 and CaGME2 genes under stress indicate that they play a role in abiotic stress,which can provide a reference for the research of pepper stress mechanism.

In order to explore the CO₂ emissions and the characteristic of daily emissions variation of sweet pepper seedlings in the new cultivation mode, and to put forward that the optimal cultivation model of reducing emissions of vegetables under the new cultivation mode. Based on static box-gas chromatography technology which was used for the continuous determination of gas in-growing areas of three cultivation modes soil cultivation in-line substrate cultivation (SSC) standard ridges, SSC dwarf ridges, and the whole ridge of sown cultivation and ridge cultivation, SSC standard ridges, and SSC dwarf ridges were continuously taken. The results showed that the CO₂ emission fluxes at the seedling stage of facility sweet pepper presented a single-peak pattern during the measurement period, which was consistent with the variation trend of indoor air temperature and the temperature at a depth of 5 cm under the surface. CO₂ emission fluxes showed a phenomenon of high day and low night. In the daytime, the average CO₂ emission fluxes in the rows of soil rows were the highest,325 mg/(m² · h), and the average CO₂ emission fluxes in the rows of SSC standard rows were the lowest,164 mg/(m² · h). At night, the average emission fluxes of CO₂ at the ridge of the soil row were the highest,110 mg/(m² · h), and the average emission fluxes of CO₂ at the ridge of the SSC low row were the lowest,78 mg/(m² · h). The diurnal variation of CO₂ emission fluxes in soil rows fluctuated greatly, and the diurnal variation of CO₂ emission fluxes in SSC cultivation were relatively stable. In addition, the diurnal variation of root zone temperature of the three cultivation treatments tended to be consistent, and the peak value lagged behind the indoor air temperature for 1-3 h.In summary, SSC cultivation mode is beneficial to the emission reduction effect of facility vegetables, and has promising prospect for the cultivation technology of facility vegetables in solar greenhouse.

In order to narrow population range to be screened, reduce the workload and improve the selection efficiency of sterile and maintainer lines in the three-line cross breeding of pepper, the sequence polymorphism sites of cytoplasmic fertility marker SCAR130 was used to design KASP primer to transform SCAR130 into KASP130 molecular marker. The three lines material (male sterile line, maintainer line, restorer line) and F₁ hybrids of pepper CMS were selected as the experimental subjects, and the KASP130 molecular marker were applied into detection of pepper cytoplasm type and its stability and reliability were tested through two detection platforms of real time PCR machine LC480 and the SNPline of LGC Company, respectively. The results showed that KASP130 marker, same as SCAR130, could accurately divide the tested pepper materials into fertile cytoplasm(N) and sterile cytoplasm(S). Furthermore, in the marker-assisted selection breeding, KASP130 was also successfully applied to the early identification of cytoplasmic fertility of pepper as well as the backcross breeding of pepper maintainer lines and male sterile lines. In conclusion, cytoplasmic fertility marker SCAR130 has been successfully transformed into KASP130 molecular marker. It can identify the cytoplasm type of pepper, which lays a foundation for application of KASP130 in three-line cross breeding programe of peppers.

The objective of this study was to study the molecular mechanism of pepper phytophthora blight and to explore the functional genes related to phytophthora blight resistance. Based on the identification of phytophthora blight resistance in 114 natural populations of pepper, one resistant material and three susceptible materials were selected as materials to perform high-throughput transcriptome sequencing by means of Illumina RNA-seq sequencing platform. The clean reads were selected to map the reference sequences of Pepper_Zunla_1_Ref_v1.0. The results showed that 78.95%-85.11% clean reads could be matched to unique genome locus. The gene expression level was calculated using RPKM method. The false discovery rate ≤ 0.001 and the absolute value of|log₂ Ratio| ≥ 1 were used as the threshold to judge the significance of gene expression differences. Finally, the functions and pathways of differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were annotated by comparing them with the Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG). According to the top 10 GO classification, the main functions included the oxidoreductase activity, carboxylolyase activity, peroxidase activity, metabolic process and adverse reaction etc. Among them, 117 DEGs could be classified into the KEGG pathway, including 25 up-regulated DEGs and 92 down-regulated DEG. These pathways were associated with the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, plant hormone signaling, phospholipase D signaling, and phosphatidylinoinositol signaling systems. The disease resistance of pepper was mainly related to enzymatic activity, stress response, protein metabolism pathway, plant hormones and other regulations. It was found that the disease resistance of pepper was a highly complex process, which was composed of multiple cross channel regulation, including metabolic processes, defense responses and hormone regulation, etc. The results laid the foundation for further studying the molecular mechanism of pepper disease resistance.

To preliminarily explore the functions and evolutionary relations of Whirly gene family members, the bioinformatics was used to analyze the gene structure, conserved motif, evolutionary relationship and expression patterns, etc., and the fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression levels under abscisic acid, high temperature, low temperature and epidemic stress. The results showed that two Whirly genes (CaWHY1 and CaWHY2) were identified from the pepper variety CM334. Compared with the physicochemical properties of other species, Whirly, the CaWHY1 and CaWHY2 have little difference in structure and similarity.The CaWHY2 gene had exactly the same genetic structure with the SlWHY2 gene of tomato, which were clustered together in phylogenetic tree. CaWHY1 and SlWHY1 were also clustered together, but their genetic structures were different, indicating that the structure of the Whirly protein is conserved during the evolution.The expression pattern analysis showed that both CaWHY1 and CaWHY2 could express in pepper CM334, but their expression levels were different in different tissues and at different fruit development stages. CaWHY1 and CaWHY2 were induced to different degrees under different stress treatments, among which CaWHY1 was obviously induced by epidemic diseases. The expression of CaWHY2 under low temperature and abscisic acid stress showed an opposite trend. Above results suggested that, Whirly gene family played a regulatory role in pepper growth and development, and also played a certaun role in various stress.

In order to explore the migration and accumulation of nitrogen fertilizer in the culture substrate of the greenhouse, and its absorption and distribution characteristics in various organs of pepper plants. Pepper (variety:Longjiao No.10) was used as the test material, and K¹⁵NO₃ was used to mark K¹⁵NO₃ in the depth of 5-10 cm and 15-20 cm, and set the lower limit of 60% (W60) and 80% (W80). The biomass of pepper grown in the greenhouse and the absorption and distribution of nitrogen in various organs of pepper and the migration of nitrogen in the culture substrate were studied. The results showed that the 60% minimum irrigation limit significantly increased the total biomass and nitrogen uptake of pepper plants. In the spatial distribution, the deeper the ¹⁵N mark fertilization depth, the lower the utilization rate of the pepper plant to ¹⁵N. In spatial distribution, the deeper the ¹⁵N labeled fertilization depth, the lower the ¹⁵N utilization rate of pepper plants. Meanwhile, the accumulation of ¹⁵N in the basal layer (0-20 cm) also decreased significantly, increased the amount of loss significantly. Under 60% irrigation water limit, the loss of ¹⁵N in the matrix was less than that under 80% irrigation condition. At this point, the amount of ¹⁵N migration downward at 15-20 cm of the matrix layer was reduced, and the absorption and utilization of total nitrogen by various organs of pepper plants under the condition of 60% lower irrigation limit was increased. Therefore, W60F5 treatment could increase the total biomass and nitrogen uptake of pepper plants, and reduced the downward nitrogen transport of the matrix, which was beneficial to the better absorption and utilization of pepper plants. The bioaccumulation and nitrogen uptake of various organs of pepper plants were leaf > fruit > stem.

Grafting is an effective way to improve the stress resistance of pepper,in order to improve the utilization efficiency of rootstock and scion during grafting,and to clarify the feasibility of regeneration and grafting reuse of rootstock and scion after grafting,pepper Habo as rootstock and Zhongjiao No.6 as scion,designed different grafting combinations(normal scion/normal rootstock (NS/NR),regeneration scion/normal rootstock (RS/NR),normal scion/rootstock cuttings (NS/CR),regeneration scion/rootstock cuttings (RS/CR)),studied the growth and development process of rootstock and scion residue regeneration seedlings,compared the healing and growth indexes of residue grafting seedlings with primary grafting seedlings. The results showed that under the condition of this experiment,the rootstock could be regenerated by cutting and the scion could be regenerated to form a complete seedling,the stem diameter of the rootstock was about 2.39 mm and the scion was about 2.16 mm after 25 days cultivation,both the rootstock and the scion can be graft,and shorten the seedling raising time 5 days. Compared with the primary grafting seedlings,the survival rate,connecting force,transporting capacity and the quality of the grafted seedlings after grafting 30 days did not reach a significant difference when grafted with rootstock and scion residue. The grafted rootstock and scion residue could be regenerated and grafted again after grafting,and the efficiency of pepper grafted seedlings could be improved.

In order to study the effects of water deficit in different growth periods on growth, yield and water use efficiency of pepper with mulched drip irrigation, mild water deficit (65%-75% Field capacity, FC)and moderate water deficit (55%-65% FC)were composed during seedling period and blossom and fruit period, respectively, mild water deficit was composed during full fruit period and later fruit period, respectively, and full irrigation (75%-85% FC)during the whole pepper growth period as the control (CK). Meanwhile, water production function of pepper was modeled and solved by Jensen model. The results showed that the maximum pepper fresh fruit yield was found in the fully irrigated pepper (CK)with fruit yield of 36 203.90 kg/ha. The mild and moderate water deficit during seedling period and mild water deficit during later fruit period had no significant influence (P> 0.05)on total fresh fruit yield of pepper compared with CK, but the other water deficit treatments had significantly smaller total fresh fruit yield by 10.45% to 13.32% than CK. The mild water deficit at the full fruit period and mild water deficit at later fruit period could significantly (P<0.05)decreased pepper fresh fruit moisture content by 5.75, 5.83 percentage points during the stage with water deficit compared to CK, respectively. Pepper irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE)and WUE were similar in each water treatment, the WUE of the water treatments with moderate water deficit during seedling period and mild water deficit during later fruit period were significantly greater than CK by 11.63% and 9.41%, respectively. The water sensitive index at blossom and fruit period was the maximum of 0.517 during the different pepper growth period in Jensen water production function. Therefore, the blossom and fruit period was the critical period of water requirement of pepper, the water deficit in this growth period would lead to serious reduction of pepper yield. In order to get a higher yield, full irrigation (soil moisture was controlled at 75% to 85% of field capacity)should be conducted at this growth period.

The agronomic traits of clustered pepper were studied in Southwest Shandong Province Area,molecular fingerprinting were established,in order to support the similarity evaluation methods with molecular level and agronomic traits,also to lay the foundation of varieties evaluation,varieties protection and varieties management.Eight clustered pepper varieties with different brand names were used as experimental materials,the number of single plants,fruit number per cluster,fresh weight per fruit,dry weight per fruit and color value were tested.UPGMA cluster analysis was used to evaluate the agronomic traits similarity among eight varieties.The genomic DNA was extracted by the kit method. Eight pepper materials with different biological characters were used to select 25 polymorphic InDel primers,and establish InDel molecular fingerprinting. Using agronomic traits and DNA fingerprinting,similarity evaluation was carried out among eight clustered pepper varieties. Accorded to the results of agronomic traits,the eight varieties all had the characteristics of better lodging resistance,compact plant type,high yield,and consistent performance. When the genetic distance was 0.78,the eight varieties were clustered into one major category in the agronomic characters.The fingerprinting established with 25 pairs polymorphism InDel primers,160 sites were amplified,and the amplified fragment size was 130-350 bp. In the InDel fingerprinting,there was only different in primers CIDH267 among 8 varieties,the amplified fragment size was 180-200 bp. Reference DNA fingerprinting method(NY/t1433-2007),SYJ-2,SYJ-6 and varieties SYJ-1,SYJ-3,SYJ-4,SYJ-5,SYJ-7,SYJ-8 were similar varieties.Based on agronomic traits and DNA fingerprinting could effectively evaluate the similarity among varieties. There were small agronomic characters differences,low level genetic diversity,higher similarity among the eight clustered pepper. So,the homogeneity and synonyms of clustered pepper was serious in this area.

In order to explore the relation of soil temperature and fertilizer utilization, and improve pepper productivity of anti-season. A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of soil temperature(no heating and heating) and different fertilizer treatments(no fertilizer(CK), conventional urea fertilizer(N60), conventional 40% urea fertilizer(N24)) on pepper growth, nutrient uptake and soil physico-chemical properties. The results showed that under no heating soil plots, plant dry weight, height, plant survival rate and yield increased inordinately under conventional urea fertilized treatments compared with CK, stronger level of increased was obtained under N60 treatment. Heating soil enhanced this promoted action and hold higher yield in N60 and N24 treatments with no significant difference. Soil heating increased the nutrient release with growth period, while a relative lower peak in flowering stage, it was possible that elevating soil temperature improved nutrient need and uptake. In fruit stage, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content decreased under no heating condition, and increased under heating condition. Irrespective of soil temperatures, available phosphorus and potassium content showed increased trend with growth stage, higher content under CK treatment in fruit stage. It was possible more potassium and phosphate supplementation under nitrogen deficiency. Suitable warming soil temperature improved urease activity in most fertilizer treatments. Therefore, nutrient uptake and pepper yield can be mostly improved by soil heating compared with application of nitrogen fertilizer. It's favorable to obtain high fertilizer efficiency absorption and yield increase in protected vegetable.

To improve the application of molecular markers in the Zanthoxylum genus,the stuty developed functional EST-SSR markers and analyzed DNA fingerprint of Zanthoxylum germplasm.Microsatellite software was used to scan the SSR loci from 45 057 non-redundant Unigenes among length above 200 bp derived from the node tissue of stem tip transcriptome sequences of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Fengxiandahongpao. Then the frequency and density of SSR loci,the type and proportion of SSR motifs and the number of SSR repetitions were also analysed. The SSR primers were then designed by Primer 3.0 online and polymorphic primer were screened by PCR;the polymorphic bands and molecular size were evaluated by using Quantity One software;the genetic distance and clustering map were analyzed by using software NTsys 2.0 and then constructed Fingerprints by Quantity One. The results showed that 3 315 Unigene sequences contained a total of 3 814 SSR loci(7.07%) and the dinucleotide repeat and trinucleotide repeat were the main types and accounted for 29.42% and 58.58% of the total SSRs,respectively. Among dinucleotides,AG/TC and CT/GA were the most frequent repeats;among trinucleotides,GAA/CTT and AGA/TCT appeared high frequency;with the increased of the number of repetition,the total number of repeat motifs showed a clear downward trend. 64 pairs of SSR primers were designed and 55 primer pairs were successfully amplifying DNA fragments. Out of 55 primer pairs,18 pairs of polymorphic primer were used for PCR amplification in 12 Zanthoxylum germplasm. A total of 81 clear bands were amplified and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 90.12%.Genetic similarity coefficients of each Zanthoxylum germplasm among 0.552 6-0.894 7,with an average of 0.725 0. The UPGMA clustering showed that all the Zanthoxylum germplasm was divided into three main groups at the similarity coefficient 0.70:(Ⅰ) Zanthoxylum armatum DC,(Ⅱ) Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim,and (Ⅲ) Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dingtanensis;In the fingerprint analysis,8 pairs of primers could amplify characteristic bands on 5 Zanthoxylum germplasms and 3 pairs of primers could be used to separate the 12 Zanthoxylum germplasm at least. We successfully developed SSR markers in the node tissue of stem tip transcriptome sequences of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Fengxiandahongpao. 8 pairs of primers could amplify characteristic bands were designed and screened,a minimum of 3 pairs of primers could be used to separate 12 pepper cultivars,these new EST-SSR markers from Zanthoxylum germplasm provided a new primer sequence,basis for genetic analysis and fingerprint construction of Zanthoxylum germplasm.

In order to study the effects of mulched drip irrigation under water stress (WS) on growth,yield formation and water use efficiency of pepper,mild WS(65%-75% Field capacity,FC),moderate WS(55%-65% FC)and severe WS(45%-55% FC)were composed at both seedling stage and flowering and fruit setting stage of pepper,and full water supply(75%-85% FC)during the whole pepper growth stage as the control group. Growth indices (plant height,stem diameter leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation per plant) were measured at different growth pepper stages and total fresh fruit yield and water use efficiency at the whole stage in each water treatment were measured respectively. Besides,cubic curve was used to simulate the dynamic variations of growth indices during different pepper growth periods. The results showed that the variations of pepper growth indices with time would be represented compatibly by cubic curve. The certain extent of WS both at seedling period and flowering and fruit setting period made growth indices of pepper significantly less than control group. But due to compensation growth after rewatering in later period,the growth rates of pepper growth indices under mild and medium WS at seedling period and mild WS at flowering and fruit setting period exceeded the control group within a certain period time and the yield and fruit setting number of pepper with mild and medium WS at seedling period and mild WS at flowering and fruit setting period weren't significantly different from control group,but the average single fruit weight were significantly higher by 18.48%,22.49%,14.14% than control group,respectively. Compared with the control group,both WS at seedling period and WS at flowering and setting period could reduce irrigation water amount and water consumption and increase fruit dry matter partitioning index whole pepper growth period,especially under the medium WS at seedling period,which made the irrigation water amount and water consumption in the whole pepper growth period significantly decreased by 12.36% and 11.51% than control group,respectively,with the maximum water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water efficiency (IWUE) among all treatments,and the WUE and IWUE were significantly higher by 8.61% and 9.66% than control group,respectively. Therefore,applying moderate water stress during seedling period and full irrigation at later period is a better irrigation way to achieve water-saving,high-yield and high-efficient,pepper cultivation in oasis region.

Planted pepper after returning waste substrate which cultivated vegetables in greenhouse continuously for 6 years to open field to explore the effect of soil and pepper growth from returning substrate to field. Set four returning amout:0,45,90,135 m³/ha,and measured physicochemical properties of soil and the physiological characteristics and yield of pepper. The results showed that returning waste substrate to field could reduce the degree of soil acidification and bulk density of soil,slightly increasing soil porosity,maintain soil void ratio,improved the physical and chemical properties of soil. Promoted the growth of pepper plants and the accumulation of dry matter,meanwhile T2 was the best on plant height,stem diameter and matter accumulation. Enhanced the performance of photosynthetic fluorescence of pepper leaves,T2 had the highest value of Pn,Tr,Gs,FV/FM and Φ_PSⅡ,and T1 of Qp,T3 was the minimum on NPQ. Raised the fruit quality and yield of pepper,maximum yield was found in T2 treatment,67.04 t/ha; The highest content of soluble sugar was T2,2.21%,the highest content of Vc was T3,1.97 mg/g,T1 had the highest content of soluble protein and lowest of nitrate,2.07,204.93 mg/kg. But at the same time,large returning amount(135 m³/ha) brought some continuous cropping poison in the early stage of pepper growth,this phenomenon disappeared in the late growth period,at last,the indexes were still all better than no returning treatment. Returning waste substrate to field was a practical and effective reusing way,and 90 m³/ha could be recommended as the amount of returning (in the case of the same crop planting).

To investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of pepper and tomato.Under the greenhouse cultivation condition,the pepper and tomato of field experiments were conducted to study the effect of yield and quality when reduced organic and inorganic fertilizers and combined the both application.The treatments were set up as no fertilizer,100% organic fertilizer,75% organic fertilizer,50% organic fertilizer,50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic manure fertilizer,75% chemical fertilizer,50% chemical fertilizer.The results showed that reduction and combined application of chemical and organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the yield of pepper, the effect of soluble solids content, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content was relatively small.The treatment that combined application of chemical and organic fertilizer and the quality of pepper which the content of nitrate was the lowest and the content of vitamin C was highest.While reduced the fertilizer application would lead to a different degree of yield increase for tomato, and compared with other treatments,treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic manure fertilizer reached the highest yield and the best quality which the nitrate content of tomato was the lowest, and the content of vitamin C and amino acid were the highest, and the difference of soluble solids content and sugar acid ratio was relatively small.

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the optimum amounts of nitrogen and potassium in grafted peppers which cultivated in solar-greenhouse,and the difference of them between grafted and the own-root plants. The effects of nitrogen and potassium on the yield of grafted and own-root peppers were investigated with the design of two factors and double saturated D-optimal regression. A mathematical model for the optimization was established using nitrogen and potassium amounts as the independent variables,and the yield of grafted and own-root plants as objective function. The results showed that nitrogen and potassium significantly influenced the yield of grafted and own-root peppers,and there were interactive effect between nitrogen and potassium. However,potassium had higher effect on the yield of pepper. Through simulated computation,the schemes of optimized fertilization of grafted and own-root peppers were finally obtained. The yield of grafted pepper could reach to 49 500 kg/ha or more when the fertilizer rates were N 326.1-752.9 kg/ha,K₂O 630.8-1 116.0 kg/ha;the yield of own-root pepper could reach to 48 000 kg/ha when the fertilizer rates were N 411.5-606.9 kg/ha and K₂O 868.4-1 168.4 kg/ha. The suitable ratio of N:K₂O of grafted pepper was 1:1.96,and that of own-root pepper was 1:1.85.

In order to study the influence of silicon on the expression of pepper CaMADS-box gene under abiotic stress,such as the high temperature and salt stress,we used pepper 101 as experimental materials,the physical and chemical properties of encoding protein was analyzed,phylogenetic tree was constructed,subcellular localization was predicted through bioinformatics software on the base of the cloning of pepper CaMADS-box gene.The results showed that the cloned gene encoding protein CaMADS-box was hydrophilic protein,containing MADS domain structure,belonged to MADS gene families.And its subcellular localization was in the nucleus,the molecular evolutionary tree showed that close to Nicotiana,the similarity was 67%.Fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that CaMADS-box gene expression after high temperature stress and salt stress were presented first rise after the fall of the model, the difference was to peak at 48 h, under high temperature stress, salt stress peak at 24 h, silicon handle could induce gene expression CaMADS-box, under high temperature stress and salt stress were expressed at 12 h to reach peak, which suggested that CaMADS-box was a silicon quick response genes, speculated that the silicon handle in alleviating pepper abiotic stress such as high temperature and salt stress plays an important role.

To explore the genetic diversity and population structure of Zanthoxylum germplasm,the genetic diversity among 269 accessions of Zanthoxylum which collected from Shaanxi,Shanxi,Yunnan,Sichuan and Gansu Provinces was studied by SRAP Markers.The results showed that 16 pairs of SRAP primes,amplified clear repetitive and intense bands,were selected from 120 combinations.A total of 169 clear bands were amplified,there were 151 polymorphic bands and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 93.8%;The UPGMA clustering showed that the populations were divided into two main groups, Z.armatum DC.and Z.bungeanum Maxim.The highest genetic diversity level was observed within Shanxi Province,the minimum genetic distance was between Shaanxi and Gansu,the maximum was between Shaanxi and Yunnan.The AMOVA showed that the genetic variation was mainly caused by variation of intra-provenances(74%),rather than among provinces(26%);the results of population genetic structure were consistent with the UPGMA clustering and indicated obvious gene flow among provinces.The results provide a basis for the collection,classification and identification of Zanthoxylum resources.

In order to obtain for screening and utilization of high photosynthetic efficiency genotype of photosynthetic efficiency of Chinese prickly ash varieties,seeking the best management mode,improve the quality of Chinese prickly ash.In the fields,used the Li-6400XT photosynthetic apparatus to measure and analyzed eight different origin 4 years Chinese prickly ash trees for photosynthetic physiological characteristics.The results showed that the instantaneous net photosynthetic rateis as follows:Dangcunwuci > Shizitou > Qinanyihao > Wududahongpao > Wucihuajiao > Fuguhuajiao > Hanchengdahongpao > Fengxiandahongpao.The diurnal variation curves of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of eight Chinese prickly ash in different producing areas were different, which showed two types,single peak curve and double peak curve.Correlation analysis showed that Chinese prickly ash leaf net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,cond,water use efficiency had a significant or highly significant positive correlation,leaf net photosynthetic rate and the Ci had a highly significant negative correlation (P<0.01).Though light response curves of Chinese prickly ash light compensation point of the range of 36.30-102.76 μmol/(m²·s),and light saturation point range from 332.41 to 467.89 μmol/(m²·s). and the CO₂ response curves of Chinese prickly ash CO₂ compensation point of the range of 47.46-76.41 μmol/(m²·s),and CO₂ saturation point range from 698.887 to 1 509.000 μmol/(m²·s). The experimental results can provide reference for later cultivation and management of Chinese prickly ash.