In order to study the influence of silicon on the expression of pepper CaMADS-box gene under abiotic stress,such as the high temperature and salt stress,we used pepper 101 as experimental materials,the physical and chemical properties of encoding protein was analyzed,phylogenetic tree was constructed,subcellular localization was predicted through bioinformatics software on the base of the cloning of pepper CaMADS-box gene.The results showed that the cloned gene encoding protein CaMADS-box was hydrophilic protein,containing MADS domain structure,belonged to MADS gene families.And its subcellular localization was in the nucleus,the molecular evolutionary tree showed that close to Nicotiana,the similarity was 67%.Fluorescence quantitative analysis showed that CaMADS-box gene expression after high temperature stress and salt stress were presented first rise after the fall of the model, the difference was to peak at 48 h, under high temperature stress, salt stress peak at 24 h, silicon handle could induce gene expression CaMADS-box, under high temperature stress and salt stress were expressed at 12 h to reach peak, which suggested that CaMADS-box was a silicon quick response genes, speculated that the silicon handle in alleviating pepper abiotic stress such as high temperature and salt stress plays an important role.

To improve the application of molecular markers in the Zanthoxylum genus,the stuty developed functional EST-SSR markers and analyzed DNA fingerprint of Zanthoxylum germplasm.Microsatellite software was used to scan the SSR loci from 45 057 non-redundant Unigenes among length above 200 bp derived from the node tissue of stem tip transcriptome sequences of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Fengxiandahongpao. Then the frequency and density of SSR loci,the type and proportion of SSR motifs and the number of SSR repetitions were also analysed. The SSR primers were then designed by Primer 3.0 online and polymorphic primer were screened by PCR;the polymorphic bands and molecular size were evaluated by using Quantity One software;the genetic distance and clustering map were analyzed by using software NTsys 2.0 and then constructed Fingerprints by Quantity One. The results showed that 3 315 Unigene sequences contained a total of 3 814 SSR loci(7.07%) and the dinucleotide repeat and trinucleotide repeat were the main types and accounted for 29.42% and 58.58% of the total SSRs,respectively. Among dinucleotides,AG/TC and CT/GA were the most frequent repeats;among trinucleotides,GAA/CTT and AGA/TCT appeared high frequency;with the increased of the number of repetition,the total number of repeat motifs showed a clear downward trend. 64 pairs of SSR primers were designed and 55 primer pairs were successfully amplifying DNA fragments. Out of 55 primer pairs,18 pairs of polymorphic primer were used for PCR amplification in 12 Zanthoxylum germplasm. A total of 81 clear bands were amplified and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 90.12%.Genetic similarity coefficients of each Zanthoxylum germplasm among 0.552 6-0.894 7,with an average of 0.725 0. The UPGMA clustering showed that all the Zanthoxylum germplasm was divided into three main groups at the similarity coefficient 0.70:(Ⅰ) Zanthoxylum armatum DC,(Ⅱ) Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim,and (Ⅲ) Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dingtanensis;In the fingerprint analysis,8 pairs of primers could amplify characteristic bands on 5 Zanthoxylum germplasms and 3 pairs of primers could be used to separate the 12 Zanthoxylum germplasm at least. We successfully developed SSR markers in the node tissue of stem tip transcriptome sequences of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Fengxiandahongpao. 8 pairs of primers could amplify characteristic bands were designed and screened,a minimum of 3 pairs of primers could be used to separate 12 pepper cultivars,these new EST-SSR markers from Zanthoxylum germplasm provided a new primer sequence,basis for genetic analysis and fingerprint construction of Zanthoxylum germplasm.

In order to obtain for screening and utilization of high photosynthetic efficiency genotype of photosynthetic efficiency of Chinese prickly ash varieties,seeking the best management mode,improve the quality of Chinese prickly ash.In the fields,used the Li-6400XT photosynthetic apparatus to measure and analyzed eight different origin 4 years Chinese prickly ash trees for photosynthetic physiological characteristics.The results showed that the instantaneous net photosynthetic rateis as follows:Dangcunwuci > Shizitou > Qinanyihao > Wududahongpao > Wucihuajiao > Fuguhuajiao > Hanchengdahongpao > Fengxiandahongpao.The diurnal variation curves of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of eight Chinese prickly ash in different producing areas were different, which showed two types,single peak curve and double peak curve.Correlation analysis showed that Chinese prickly ash leaf net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,cond,water use efficiency had a significant or highly significant positive correlation,leaf net photosynthetic rate and the Ci had a highly significant negative correlation (P<0.01).Though light response curves of Chinese prickly ash light compensation point of the range of 36.30-102.76 μmol/(m²·s),and light saturation point range from 332.41 to 467.89 μmol/(m²·s). and the CO₂ response curves of Chinese prickly ash CO₂ compensation point of the range of 47.46-76.41 μmol/(m²·s),and CO₂ saturation point range from 698.887 to 1 509.000 μmol/(m²·s). The experimental results can provide reference for later cultivation and management of Chinese prickly ash.

In order to explore the relation of soil temperature and fertilizer utilization, and improve pepper productivity of anti-season. A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of soil temperature(no heating and heating) and different fertilizer treatments(no fertilizer(CK), conventional urea fertilizer(N60), conventional 40% urea fertilizer(N24)) on pepper growth, nutrient uptake and soil physico-chemical properties. The results showed that under no heating soil plots, plant dry weight, height, plant survival rate and yield increased inordinately under conventional urea fertilized treatments compared with CK, stronger level of increased was obtained under N60 treatment. Heating soil enhanced this promoted action and hold higher yield in N60 and N24 treatments with no significant difference. Soil heating increased the nutrient release with growth period, while a relative lower peak in flowering stage, it was possible that elevating soil temperature improved nutrient need and uptake. In fruit stage, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content decreased under no heating condition, and increased under heating condition. Irrespective of soil temperatures, available phosphorus and potassium content showed increased trend with growth stage, higher content under CK treatment in fruit stage. It was possible more potassium and phosphate supplementation under nitrogen deficiency. Suitable warming soil temperature improved urease activity in most fertilizer treatments. Therefore, nutrient uptake and pepper yield can be mostly improved by soil heating compared with application of nitrogen fertilizer. It's favorable to obtain high fertilizer efficiency absorption and yield increase in protected vegetable.

To investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of pepper and tomato.Under the greenhouse cultivation condition,the pepper and tomato of field experiments were conducted to study the effect of yield and quality when reduced organic and inorganic fertilizers and combined the both application.The treatments were set up as no fertilizer,100% organic fertilizer,75% organic fertilizer,50% organic fertilizer,50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic manure fertilizer,75% chemical fertilizer,50% chemical fertilizer.The results showed that reduction and combined application of chemical and organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the yield of pepper, the effect of soluble solids content, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content was relatively small.The treatment that combined application of chemical and organic fertilizer and the quality of pepper which the content of nitrate was the lowest and the content of vitamin C was highest.While reduced the fertilizer application would lead to a different degree of yield increase for tomato, and compared with other treatments,treatment of 50% chemical fertilizer+50% organic manure fertilizer reached the highest yield and the best quality which the nitrate content of tomato was the lowest, and the content of vitamin C and amino acid were the highest, and the difference of soluble solids content and sugar acid ratio was relatively small.

In order to study the effects of water deficit in different growth periods on growth, yield and water use efficiency of pepper with mulched drip irrigation, mild water deficit (65%-75% Field capacity, FC)and moderate water deficit (55%-65% FC)were composed during seedling period and blossom and fruit period, respectively, mild water deficit was composed during full fruit period and later fruit period, respectively, and full irrigation (75%-85% FC)during the whole pepper growth period as the control (CK). Meanwhile, water production function of pepper was modeled and solved by Jensen model. The results showed that the maximum pepper fresh fruit yield was found in the fully irrigated pepper (CK)with fruit yield of 36 203.90 kg/ha. The mild and moderate water deficit during seedling period and mild water deficit during later fruit period had no significant influence (P> 0.05)on total fresh fruit yield of pepper compared with CK, but the other water deficit treatments had significantly smaller total fresh fruit yield by 10.45% to 13.32% than CK. The mild water deficit at the full fruit period and mild water deficit at later fruit period could significantly (P<0.05)decreased pepper fresh fruit moisture content by 5.75, 5.83 percentage points during the stage with water deficit compared to CK, respectively. Pepper irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE)and WUE were similar in each water treatment, the WUE of the water treatments with moderate water deficit during seedling period and mild water deficit during later fruit period were significantly greater than CK by 11.63% and 9.41%, respectively. The water sensitive index at blossom and fruit period was the maximum of 0.517 during the different pepper growth period in Jensen water production function. Therefore, the blossom and fruit period was the critical period of water requirement of pepper, the water deficit in this growth period would lead to serious reduction of pepper yield. In order to get a higher yield, full irrigation (soil moisture was controlled at 75% to 85% of field capacity)should be conducted at this growth period.

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the optimum amounts of nitrogen and potassium in grafted peppers which cultivated in solar-greenhouse,and the difference of them between grafted and the own-root plants. The effects of nitrogen and potassium on the yield of grafted and own-root peppers were investigated with the design of two factors and double saturated D-optimal regression. A mathematical model for the optimization was established using nitrogen and potassium amounts as the independent variables,and the yield of grafted and own-root plants as objective function. The results showed that nitrogen and potassium significantly influenced the yield of grafted and own-root peppers,and there were interactive effect between nitrogen and potassium. However,potassium had higher effect on the yield of pepper. Through simulated computation,the schemes of optimized fertilization of grafted and own-root peppers were finally obtained. The yield of grafted pepper could reach to 49 500 kg/ha or more when the fertilizer rates were N 326.1-752.9 kg/ha,K₂O 630.8-1 116.0 kg/ha;the yield of own-root pepper could reach to 48 000 kg/ha when the fertilizer rates were N 411.5-606.9 kg/ha and K₂O 868.4-1 168.4 kg/ha. The suitable ratio of N:K₂O of grafted pepper was 1:1.96,and that of own-root pepper was 1:1.85.

To explore the genetic diversity and population structure of Zanthoxylum germplasm,the genetic diversity among 269 accessions of Zanthoxylum which collected from Shaanxi,Shanxi,Yunnan,Sichuan and Gansu Provinces was studied by SRAP Markers.The results showed that 16 pairs of SRAP primes,amplified clear repetitive and intense bands,were selected from 120 combinations.A total of 169 clear bands were amplified,there were 151 polymorphic bands and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 93.8%;The UPGMA clustering showed that the populations were divided into two main groups, Z.armatum DC.and Z.bungeanum Maxim.The highest genetic diversity level was observed within Shanxi Province,the minimum genetic distance was between Shaanxi and Gansu,the maximum was between Shaanxi and Yunnan.The AMOVA showed that the genetic variation was mainly caused by variation of intra-provenances(74%),rather than among provinces(26%);the results of population genetic structure were consistent with the UPGMA clustering and indicated obvious gene flow among provinces.The results provide a basis for the collection,classification and identification of Zanthoxylum resources.

To preliminarily explore the functions and evolutionary relations of Whirly gene family members, the bioinformatics was used to analyze the gene structure, conserved motif, evolutionary relationship and expression patterns, etc., and the fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression levels under abscisic acid, high temperature, low temperature and epidemic stress. The results showed that two Whirly genes (CaWHY1 and CaWHY2) were identified from the pepper variety CM334. Compared with the physicochemical properties of other species, Whirly, the CaWHY1 and CaWHY2 have little difference in structure and similarity.The CaWHY2 gene had exactly the same genetic structure with the SlWHY2 gene of tomato, which were clustered together in phylogenetic tree. CaWHY1 and SlWHY1 were also clustered together, but their genetic structures were different, indicating that the structure of the Whirly protein is conserved during the evolution.The expression pattern analysis showed that both CaWHY1 and CaWHY2 could express in pepper CM334, but their expression levels were different in different tissues and at different fruit development stages. CaWHY1 and CaWHY2 were induced to different degrees under different stress treatments, among which CaWHY1 was obviously induced by epidemic diseases. The expression of CaWHY2 under low temperature and abscisic acid stress showed an opposite trend. Above results suggested that, Whirly gene family played a regulatory role in pepper growth and development, and also played a certaun role in various stress.

In order to narrow population range to be screened, reduce the workload and improve the selection efficiency of sterile and maintainer lines in the three-line cross breeding of pepper, the sequence polymorphism sites of cytoplasmic fertility marker SCAR130 was used to design KASP primer to transform SCAR130 into KASP130 molecular marker. The three lines material (male sterile line, maintainer line, restorer line) and F₁ hybrids of pepper CMS were selected as the experimental subjects, and the KASP130 molecular marker were applied into detection of pepper cytoplasm type and its stability and reliability were tested through two detection platforms of real time PCR machine LC480 and the SNPline of LGC Company, respectively. The results showed that KASP130 marker, same as SCAR130, could accurately divide the tested pepper materials into fertile cytoplasm(N) and sterile cytoplasm(S). Furthermore, in the marker-assisted selection breeding, KASP130 was also successfully applied to the early identification of cytoplasmic fertility of pepper as well as the backcross breeding of pepper maintainer lines and male sterile lines. In conclusion, cytoplasmic fertility marker SCAR130 has been successfully transformed into KASP130 molecular marker. It can identify the cytoplasm type of pepper, which lays a foundation for application of KASP130 in three-line cross breeding programe of peppers.

In order to study the effects of mulched drip irrigation under water stress (WS) on growth,yield formation and water use efficiency of pepper,mild WS(65%-75% Field capacity,FC),moderate WS(55%-65% FC)and severe WS(45%-55% FC)were composed at both seedling stage and flowering and fruit setting stage of pepper,and full water supply(75%-85% FC)during the whole pepper growth stage as the control group. Growth indices (plant height,stem diameter leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation per plant) were measured at different growth pepper stages and total fresh fruit yield and water use efficiency at the whole stage in each water treatment were measured respectively. Besides,cubic curve was used to simulate the dynamic variations of growth indices during different pepper growth periods. The results showed that the variations of pepper growth indices with time would be represented compatibly by cubic curve. The certain extent of WS both at seedling period and flowering and fruit setting period made growth indices of pepper significantly less than control group. But due to compensation growth after rewatering in later period,the growth rates of pepper growth indices under mild and medium WS at seedling period and mild WS at flowering and fruit setting period exceeded the control group within a certain period time and the yield and fruit setting number of pepper with mild and medium WS at seedling period and mild WS at flowering and fruit setting period weren't significantly different from control group,but the average single fruit weight were significantly higher by 18.48%,22.49%,14.14% than control group,respectively. Compared with the control group,both WS at seedling period and WS at flowering and setting period could reduce irrigation water amount and water consumption and increase fruit dry matter partitioning index whole pepper growth period,especially under the medium WS at seedling period,which made the irrigation water amount and water consumption in the whole pepper growth period significantly decreased by 12.36% and 11.51% than control group,respectively,with the maximum water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water efficiency (IWUE) among all treatments,and the WUE and IWUE were significantly higher by 8.61% and 9.66% than control group,respectively. Therefore,applying moderate water stress during seedling period and full irrigation at later period is a better irrigation way to achieve water-saving,high-yield and high-efficient,pepper cultivation in oasis region.

The objective of this study was to study the molecular mechanism of pepper phytophthora blight and to explore the functional genes related to phytophthora blight resistance. Based on the identification of phytophthora blight resistance in 114 natural populations of pepper, one resistant material and three susceptible materials were selected as materials to perform high-throughput transcriptome sequencing by means of Illumina RNA-seq sequencing platform. The clean reads were selected to map the reference sequences of Pepper_Zunla_1_Ref_v1.0. The results showed that 78.95%-85.11% clean reads could be matched to unique genome locus. The gene expression level was calculated using RPKM method. The false discovery rate ≤ 0.001 and the absolute value of|log₂ Ratio| ≥ 1 were used as the threshold to judge the significance of gene expression differences. Finally, the functions and pathways of differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were annotated by comparing them with the Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG). According to the top 10 GO classification, the main functions included the oxidoreductase activity, carboxylolyase activity, peroxidase activity, metabolic process and adverse reaction etc. Among them, 117 DEGs could be classified into the KEGG pathway, including 25 up-regulated DEGs and 92 down-regulated DEG. These pathways were associated with the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, plant hormone signaling, phospholipase D signaling, and phosphatidylinoinositol signaling systems. The disease resistance of pepper was mainly related to enzymatic activity, stress response, protein metabolism pathway, plant hormones and other regulations. It was found that the disease resistance of pepper was a highly complex process, which was composed of multiple cross channel regulation, including metabolic processes, defense responses and hormone regulation, etc. The results laid the foundation for further studying the molecular mechanism of pepper disease resistance.

To understand the bioinformatics function of the NHX gene family in pepper, explore its gene expression characteristics under abiotic stress, and provide a basis for the function development of pepper CaNHX gene and the pepper salt and drought resistance breeding genes. The pepper NHX gene family was identified by bioinformatics methods, and the gene structure, domains, phylogenetic relationships, gene expression patterns and abiotic stress expression were analyzed. The results showed that there were 7 GME family members in pepper, which could be divided into 3 subgroups, and all contained Na⁺/H⁺ exchange conserved domains;they were mainly distributed on 6 chromosomes, and their gene sizes had obvious differences. The number was mainly maintained between 198-952, and the exon content was between 7-21. All proteins except CaNHX5 had no signal peptides and were hydrophobic proteins, which were most likely to be located in the vacuole. They were all transmembrane proteins;Motif analysis found that the N-terminal contained the zinc finger structure of CXC24XC, and the C-terminal contained Trp(W)-24 and TrKA-N, the highly conserved secondary structure in the sequence was mainly irregular coils and α-helices. Multi-sequence evolutionary tree construction analyses indicated that aminoacid sequence encoded by this gene was closely related to tomato. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that under osmotic and salt stress, the gene expression of CaNHX6 increased significantly, which was 13.5 and 13.6 times that at 0 h, respectively;after treatment with methyl jasmonate and gibberellin.The expression of CaNHX5 and CaNHX6 in pepper leaves showed a significant up-regulation trend, while the others were on the contrary. The different expressions indicated that they played a role in abiotic stress.