Effects of Different Nitrogen Enhanced Fertilizer on Apple Growth, Nitrogen Utilization and Soil Nitrogen Supply Capacity

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195161

Abstract

Abstract:

To compare the effects of different nitrogen enhanced fertilizer on apple growth and to identify suitable nitrogen enhanced fertilizer and application methods for apple cultivation,this study examined the impact of four different types of nitrogen enhanced fertilizer on apple growth,yield,quality,and soil nitrogen supply capacity.The experiment consisted of seven treatments:no nitrogen fertilizer(CK),regular application of ordinary urea by farmers(U),coated urea mixed with ordinary urea 3∶7(CU1),basal application of coated urea and follow-up application of ordinary urea(CU2),loss-control urea(KSU),stabilizing urea(WDU),and humic acid stabilizing urea(FZU).A field experiment was conducted in Qixia City,Shandong Province,to analyze the effects of different fertilization treatments on the growth,yield,and quality of 6-year-old Golden Crown apple trees,as well as nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen supply capacity.The results demonstrated that the application of diverse synergistic nitrogen fertilizers could markedly enhance spring and autumn growth,elevate leaf SPAD,and enhance apple yield and quality.Among these,the yield of the FZU treatment exhibited a significant increase of 8.89% in comparison to that of the control.The Vc content of the fruits of the CU1 treatment was found to be significantly increased by 66.73% in comparison to the U treatment.Furthermore,the CU1 treatment demonstrated the most pronounced impact on the improvement of growth in both spring and autumn.Nitrogen enhanced fertilizer had been demonstrated to significantly enhance nitrogen accumulation in new shoots and fruit nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency,nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity and nitrogen utilization in the middle and late stages of apple fertility.Of these,the FZU treatment had been observed to exert the most pronounced effect.The nitrogen accumulation of new shoots in FZU treatment was significantly increased by 37.25%,15.91% and 37.85% compared with that in U treatment at bud differentiation,fruiting and ripening stages,respectively.The CU2 treatment was found to have the most beneficial effect on nitrogen utilization.Nitrogen enhanced fertilizer treatments demonstrated the capacity to significantly enhance the nitrate and ammonium content of soil.Among these treatments,the FZU treatment exhibited the most pronounced effect.The FZU treatment was observed to enhance soil urease activity during the flowering and bud differentiation stages.Additionally,the WDU and FZU treatments were found to significantly reduce the nitrification of soil ammonium and nitrogen loss.The $NO 3 -$ -N of the FZU treatment was concentrated at a depth of 20—60 cm soil,which was consistent with the distribution of apple roots in the soil and reduced the risk of $NO 3 -$ -N leaching.A comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the FZU treatment exhibited clear advantages in promoting apple growth,increasing apple yield and quality,and enhancing soil nutrient supply capacity.Consequently,the FZU treatment was identified as the optimal treatment.

Key words: Apple, Humic acid urea, Stabilizing urea, Loss-controlling urea, Coating urea, Yield

YU Bin, LI Xifeng, REN Rongkui, YE Youliang, HU Guoqing, DONG Yuanjie. Effects of Different Nitrogen Enhanced Fertilizer on Apple Growth, Nitrogen Utilization and Soil Nitrogen Supply Capacity[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(6): 176-185. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195161.

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URL: http://www.hbnxb.net/EN/10.7668/hbnxb.20195161

http://www.hbnxb.net/EN/Y2024/V39/I6/176

Figures/Tables 12

Tab.1 Experimental designkg/hm²

处理 Treatment		基肥 Basic fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	萌芽肥 Budding fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	第一次膨果肥 First fruit- expanding fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)	第二次膨果肥 Second fruit- expanding fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O)
CK	不施氮肥处理	0-247-110	0-0-165	0-14-137.5	0-14-137.5
U	农民常规施用普通尿素处理	220-247-110	275-0-165	28-14-137.5	28-14-137.5
CU1	包膜尿素与普通尿素3∶7掺混	0-247-110	550-0-165	0-14-137.5	0-14-137.5
CU2	基施包膜尿素追施普通尿素	0-247-110	275-0-165	137.5-14-137.5	137.5-14-137.5
KSU	控失尿素处理	0-247-110	275-0-165	137.5-14-137.5	137.5-14-137.5
WDU	稳定性尿素处理	0-247-110	275-0-165	137.5-14-137.5	137.5-14-137.5
FZU	腐植酸稳定性尿素处理	0-247-110	275-0-165	137.5-14-137.5	137.5-14-137.5

Fig.1 Effect of different fertilization treatments on SPAD of apple new shoot leaves Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments in the same period(P<0.05).The same as Fig.2.

Tab.2 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the length of apple new shootscm

处理 Treatment	春梢长度 Length of spring shoot				秋梢长度 Length of fall shoot
处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花芽分化期 Bud differentiation stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage
CK	7.33±1.27c	23.17±5.10c	30.37±2.12d	30.37±2.12d	6.90±0.46c	10.73±0.61bc
U	9.33±1.01b	21.33±7.10c	32.47±2.16d	32.47±2.16d	7.77±1.06bc	13.37±0.31a
CU1	13.10±0.95a	41.40±4.13a	49.13±6.80a	49.13±6.80a	8.90±0.44ab	11.67±1.15ab
CU2	11.97±0.68a	33.67±1.53ab	38.53±2.41c	38.53±2.41c	9.60±1.11a	11.77±2.02ab
KSU	12.77±0.64a	33.90±3.18ab	45.37±1.31ab	45.37±1.31ab	7.90±0.89bc	10.65±1.00bc
WDU	12.77±0.67a	37.00±6.08ab	42.23±1.19bc	42.23±1.19bc	7.93±0.76bc	9.47±0.91c
FZU	12.07±0.40a	30.43±6.18bc	44.40±2.66ab	44.40±2.66ab	9.30±0.95ab	9.63±1.00bc

Tab.3 Effect of different fertilization treatments on fresh quality of apple new shootsg

处理 Treatment	春梢鲜质量 Fresh quality of spring shoot				秋梢鲜质量 Fresh quality of fall shoot
处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花芽分化期 Bud differentiation stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage
CK	2.34±0.77a	12.55±5.48b	26.81±3.44d	26.81±3.44d	2.21±0.32b	4.13±0.25bc
U	2.52±0.80a	12.07±5.28b	37.72±3.95c	37.72±3.95c	2.38±0.34b	5.18±0.66a
CU1	3.44±1.20a	13.65±1.51ab	43.39±2.69bc	43.39±2.69bc	3.46±0.20a	4.79±0.50ab
CU2	3.26±0.60a	18.53±2.32ab	37.42±7.27c	37.42±7.27c	2.73±0.40b	3.40±0.87cd
KSU	2.81±0.72a	21.84±4.99a	40.25±1.96bc	40.25±1.96bc	2.63±0.43b	3.71±0.57cd
WDU	3.01±0.29a	20.45±4.89ab	48.63±6.00ab	48.63±6.00ab	2.42±0.22b	3.24±0.30cd
FZU	3.45±0.94a	18.07±4.35ab	52.32±5.65a	52.32±5.65a	2.79±0.30b	2.99±0.22d

Tab.4 Effects of different fertilization treatments on dry quality of apple new shootsg

处理 Treatment	春梢干质量 Dry quality of spring shoot				秋梢干质量 Dry quality of fall shoot
处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花芽分化期 Bud differentiation stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage
CK	0.69±0.13a	6.40±1.13c	12.28±0.53c	12.28±0.53c	0.73±0.10c	1.36±0.05b
U	0.79±0.21a	7.13±0.48bc	13.23±0.34c	13.23±0.34c	0.82±0.08bc	1.74±0.10a
CU1	1.02±0.25a	6.16±1.27c	22.05±3.03a	22.05±3.03a	1.13±0.12a	1.61±0.08a
CU2	1.00±0.18a	8.05±1.51bc	15.44±3.63bc	15.44±3.63bc	0.93±0.11b	1.16±0.13cd
KSU	0.85±0.16a	11.35±2.24a	17.05±2.69bc	17.05±2.69bc	0.89±0.06bc	1.24±0.10bc
WDU	0.95±0.11a	9.98±1.45ab	19.97±3.83ab	19.97±3.83ab	0.82±0.06bc	1.08±0.06de
FZU	1.01±0.07a	9.81±2.00ab	24.00±1.99a	24.00±1.99a	0.94±0.09b	0.99±0.05e

Tab.5 Effects of different fertilization treatments on apple yield and quality

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield		品质 Quality
处理 Treatment	单果质量/g Single fruit quality	单株产量/kg Yield per plant	Vc含量/(mg/kg) Vitamin C content	可溶性固形物/% Soluble solids	可滴定酸/% Titratable acid	固酸比 Sugar/acid	果形指数 Fruit shape index
CK	174.74±29.19c	33.67±1.20c	8.28±1.65c	15.53±0.29a	0.41±0.02bc	37.61±1.46a	0.85±0.01d
U	193.28±20.00b	37.89±0.45b	10.27±1.07c	12.53±0.29b	0.42±0.03bc	29.65±1.72b	0.93±0.01abc
CU1	211.88±17.60ab	40.11±0.26a	17.13±1.94a	12.53±0.29b	0.43±0.02bc	29.14±1.45bc	0.94±0.01ab
CU2	216.73±31.38a	41.24±0.99a	8.00±0.64c	12.53±0.29b	0.52±0.02a	24.01±1.24e	0.91±0.04bc
KSU	212.40±17.97ab	40.32±0.49a	8.92±0.28c	12.53±0.29b	0.40±0.01c	31.20±1.22b	0.95±0.02a
WDU	195.67±11.16b	37.31±0.59b	12.45±1.25b	11.86±0.50c	0.45±0.01b	26.59±1.55d	0.89±0.01c
FZU	215.70±18.92a	41.26±0.62a	9.76±0.56c	12.03±0.29bc	0.45±0.02b	26.97±0.86cd	0.90±0.02bc

Fig.2 Effects of different fertilization treatments on nitrogen accumulation in apple new shoots

Tab.6 Effect of different fertilization treatments on nitrogen utilization in apple

处理 Treatment	果实氮素积累量/(kg/hm²) Fruit N accumulation	氮素利用率/(kg/kg) NUE	氮肥农学效率/(kg/kg) NFAE	氮肥偏生产力/(kg/kg) NFPFP
CK	30.12±1.00e	57.82±2.06a	—	—
U	33.11±0.37d	41.38±0.49c	12.67±1.34b	113.78±1.34b
CU1	36.31±0.44b	43.81±0.29b	19.34±0.79a	120.45±0.79a
CU2	38.35±0.92a	45.04±1.08b	22.74±2.98a	123.85±2.98a
KSU	37.34±0.82ab	44.03±0.53b	19.96±1.47a	121.07±1.47a
WDU	34.44±0.77c	40.75±0.65c	10.95±1.78b	112.06±1.78b
FZU	36.48±0.46b	45.06±0.67b	22.78±1.85a	123.89±1.85a

Fig.3 Changes in soil

NH 4 +

-N and

NO 3 -

-N contents at different fertility stages of apple by different fertilization treatments

Fig.3 Changes in soil $NH 4 +$ -N and $NO 3 -$ -N contents at different fertility stages of apple by different fertilization treatments

Fig.4 Effects of different fertilization treatments on soil urease activity at different fertility stages of apple

Tab.7 Apparent nitrification rate of soil

NH 4 +

-N at different fertility stages of apple under different fertilization treatments%

处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花芽分化期 Bud differentiation stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage
CK	52.58±1.97b	83.00±2.83a	82.03±4.02b	64.47±2.10d
U	63.64±1.18a	61.59±0.98b	88.96±0.78a	82.24±1.01b
CU1	15.22±2.49e	37.53±0.44c	75.58±0.75c	20.98±1.02g
CU2	43.29±2.48c	29.46±1.55e	51.31±0.24e	56.55±0.10e
KSU	40.78±3.65c	34.95±0.37d	66.61±1.07d	49.37±2.79f
WDU	25.57±0.54d	30.57±0.24e	68.86±0.66d	72.66±3.19c
FZU	25.06±1.19d	28.22±0.31e	45.81±1.22f	89.55±0.40a

Tab.7 Apparent nitrification rate of soil

NH 4 +

-N at different fertility stages of apple under different fertilization treatments%

处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花芽分化期 Bud differentiation stage	膨果期 Fruiting stage	成熟期 Ripening stage
CK	52.58±1.97b	83.00±2.83a	82.03±4.02b	64.47±2.10d
U	63.64±1.18a	61.59±0.98b	88.96±0.78a	82.24±1.01b
CU1	15.22±2.49e	37.53±0.44c	75.58±0.75c	20.98±1.02g
CU2	43.29±2.48c	29.46±1.55e	51.31±0.24e	56.55±0.10e
KSU	40.78±3.65c	34.95±0.37d	66.61±1.07d	49.37±2.79f
WDU	25.57±0.54d	30.57±0.24e	68.86±0.66d	72.66±3.19c
FZU	25.06±1.19d	28.22±0.31e	45.81±1.22f	89.55±0.40a

Fig.5 Effect of different fertilization treatments on the changes of

NH 4 +

-N and

NO 3 -

- N content in soils at different depths

Fig.5 Effect of different fertilization treatments on the changes of $NH 4 +$ -N and $NO 3 -$ - N content in soils at different depths

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