滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量与频次对夏玉米光合特性、保护酶活性及产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193184

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究滴灌水肥一体化条件下施氮量和施氮时期组合对夏玉米穗位叶叶片光合特性、衰老特性、籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响,选用夏玉米品种郑单958为试材,设置了210 kg/hm²条件下,拔节期、大喇叭口期和开花期追肥处理(A1),拔节期、大喇叭口期追肥处理(A2),拔节期、开花期追肥处理(A3);180 kg/hm²条件下,拔节期、大喇叭口期和开花期追肥处理(A4),拔节期、大喇叭口期追肥处理(A5),拔节期、开花期追肥处理(A6);并设置传统畦灌为对照(CK),总施氮量为240 kg/hm²,CK1在拔节期一次性追施氮肥,CK2在拔节期和大喇叭口期分别追施氮肥,共计8个处理。结果表明,A1、A4处理与CK1相比,在夏玉米生育后期维持了LAI、SPAD值的同时,亦显著提高了抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)的活性,且有效抑制了过氧化物MDA的含量,从而延缓了其叶片的衰老进程,保护了叶片细胞功能结构。因此,该处理下的夏玉米在其生育后期维持了高效的光合特性,促进了籽粒灌浆速率,进而增加了穗粒数和千粒质量,使得玉米产量得以显著提高。A1和A4处理产量差异不显著,但A4相比A1施氮量降低14.3%,减少了氮肥的投入,节约了投入成本,为试验的推荐处理。

关键词: 夏玉米, 滴灌水肥一体化, 光合特性, 衰老特性, 产量

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of the combination of nitrogen application rate and nitrogen application period on the photosynthetic characteristics,senescence characteristics,grain filling characteristics and yield of leaves at ear position of summer maize under the integrated condition of drip irrigation,summer maize variety Zhengdan 958 was selected as the test material.Under the condition of 210 kg/ha,top dressing treatment at jointing stage,belling stage and flowering stage(A1),top dressing treatment at jointing stage and belling stage(A2),top dressing treatment at jointing stage and flowering stage(A3);under the condition of 180 kg/ha,top dressing treatment at jointing stage,belling stage and flowering stage(A4),top dressing treatment at jointing stage and belling stage(A5),top dressing treatment at jointing stage and flowering stage(A6);the traditional border irrigation was set as the control CK,and the total nitrogen application was 240 kg/ha,CK1 was topcoated with nitrogen fertilizer at jointing stage at one time,and CK2 was topcoated with nitrogen fertilizer at jointing stage and belling stage respectively,with a total of 8 treatments.The results showed that compared with CK1,A1 and A4 treatments not only maintained LAI and SPAD values in the late growth stage of summer maize,but also significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes(SOD,POD and CAT),and effectively inhibited the content of peroxide MDA,so as to delay the aging process of its leaves and protect the functional structure of leaf cells.Therefore,the summer maize under this treatment maintained efficient photosynthetic characteristics in its later growth stage,promoted the grain filling rate,and then increased the number of grains per ear and 1 000 grains weight,so that the maize yield was significantly improved.The yield difference between A1 and A4 treatments was not significant difference,but the nitrogen application rate of A4 was reduced by 14.3% compared with A1,which reduced the input of nitrogen fertilizer and saved the input cost.It was the recommended treatment in this experiment.

Key words: Summer maize, Drip irrigation water fertilizer integration, Photosynthetic characteristics, Senescence characteristics, Yield

刘帅, 徐学欣, 赵金科, 曲文凯, 郝天佳, 孟繁港, 贾靖, 赵长星. 滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量与频次对夏玉米光合特性、保护酶活性及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(5): 114-123. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193184.

LIU Shuai, XU Xuexin, ZHAO Jinke, QU Wenkai, HAO Tianjia, MENG Fangang, JIA Jing, ZHAO Changxing. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate and Frequency on Photosynthetic Characteristics,Protective Enzyme Activities and Yield of Summer Maize under Drip Irrigation[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(5): 114-123. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193184.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2022/V37/I5/114

图/表 8

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花后10 d 10 days after anthesis stage	花后20 d 20 days after anthesis stage	花后30 d 30 days after anthesis stage	花后40 d 40 days after anthesis stage
2020	A1	50.5±0.7a	55.2±2.6a	53.2±0.5a	49.9±0.7a	38.1±3.2ab
	A2	51.0±1.9a	55.3±5.0a	50.3±1.4bc	43.3±1.3de	34.2±0.3c
	A3	45.3±0.6b	53.3±2.8a	51.5±0.9ab	44.7±1.4cd	34.7±1.0c
	A4	49.6±0.5a	54.4±4.0a	53.2±0.6a	49.8±0.9a	38.6±0.7a
	A5	50.6±0.5a	54.4±3.0a	49.4±1.2cd	44.6±1.6cd	34.4±2.4c
	A6	45.9±1.5b	54.2±3.2a	50.5±0.8bc	46.5±0.3bc	33.6±0.9c
	CK1	46.8±0.6b	56.2±1.3a	48.2±1.0d	41.9±0.7e	29.3±3.1d
	CK2	50.6±2.2a	55.2±0.9a	51.4±1.0ab	48.6±2.7ab	35.1±0.2bc
2021	A1	56.8±1.5a	62.6±2.2a	63.9±3.4a	46.0±0.7a	36.4±1.3a
	A2	55.4±2.9a	56.6±5.3b	58.1±1.3bc	42.0±1.5b	31.6±1.0cd
	A3	52.4±1.3b	57.6±1.6b	58.0±5.1bc	42.6±1.7b	32.8±1.7bc
	A4	57.3±1.5a	63.9±2.2a	62.1±4.7ab	45.8±1.7a	36.2±0.7a
	A5	56.8±1.8a	56.2±1.3b	56.1±4.4c	40.0±1.2cd	30.5±1.4d
	A6	51.9±1.7b	57.0±1.3b	55.8±2.2c	38.4±2.1d	31.3±1.1cd
	CK1	52.4±1.8b	52.2±0.9c	55.6±3.2c	34.5±1.9e	27.8±1.1e
	CK2	55.8±1.9a	59.0±4.6b	59.9±4.2abc	41.5±0.7bc	33.7±1.7b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	开花期 Flowering stage	花后10 d 10 days after anthesis stage	花后20 d 20 days after anthesis stage	花后30 d 30 days after anthesis stage	花后40 d 40 days after anthesis stage
2020	A1	50.5±0.7a	55.2±2.6a	53.2±0.5a	49.9±0.7a	38.1±3.2ab
	A2	51.0±1.9a	55.3±5.0a	50.3±1.4bc	43.3±1.3de	34.2±0.3c
	A3	45.3±0.6b	53.3±2.8a	51.5±0.9ab	44.7±1.4cd	34.7±1.0c
	A4	49.6±0.5a	54.4±4.0a	53.2±0.6a	49.8±0.9a	38.6±0.7a
	A5	50.6±0.5a	54.4±3.0a	49.4±1.2cd	44.6±1.6cd	34.4±2.4c
	A6	45.9±1.5b	54.2±3.2a	50.5±0.8bc	46.5±0.3bc	33.6±0.9c
	CK1	46.8±0.6b	56.2±1.3a	48.2±1.0d	41.9±0.7e	29.3±3.1d
	CK2	50.6±2.2a	55.2±0.9a	51.4±1.0ab	48.6±2.7ab	35.1±0.2bc
2021	A1	56.8±1.5a	62.6±2.2a	63.9±3.4a	46.0±0.7a	36.4±1.3a
	A2	55.4±2.9a	56.6±5.3b	58.1±1.3bc	42.0±1.5b	31.6±1.0cd
	A3	52.4±1.3b	57.6±1.6b	58.0±5.1bc	42.6±1.7b	32.8±1.7bc
	A4	57.3±1.5a	63.9±2.2a	62.1±4.7ab	45.8±1.7a	36.2±0.7a
	A5	56.8±1.8a	56.2±1.3b	56.1±4.4c	40.0±1.2cd	30.5±1.4d
	A6	51.9±1.7b	57.0±1.3b	55.8±2.2c	38.4±2.1d	31.3±1.1cd
	CK1	52.4±1.8b	52.2±0.9c	55.6±3.2c	34.5±1.9e	27.8±1.1e
	CK2	55.8±1.9a	59.0±4.6b	59.9±4.2abc	41.5±0.7bc	33.7±1.7b

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	Logistic 方程 Regression equation	R²	最大灌浆速率出现时间/d Occurrence time of maximum grouting rate	最大灌浆速率/ (mg/(粒·d)) Maximum grouting rate	最大理论千粒质量/g Maximum theoretical 1000-grain weight
2020	A1	y=17.32/(1+19.13e^(-0^.¹²³^t⁾)	0.997 8^**	24.06	10.63	346.46
	A2	y=15.25/(1+18.22e^(-0^.¹¹⁹^t⁾)	0.999 8^**	24.46	9.05	305.06
	A3	y=15.01/(1+20.92e^(-0^.¹²⁶^t⁾)	0.997 9^**	24.06	9.49	300.24
	A4	y=17.14/(1+19.51e^(-0^.¹²³^t⁾)	0.998 2^**	24.16	10.54	342.89
	A5	y=14.50/(1+17.66e^(-0^.¹¹⁶^t⁾)	0.999 2^**	24.79	8.40	290.03
	A6	y=14.47/(1+18.61e^(-0^.¹¹⁸^t⁾)	0.993 9^**	24.74	8.55	289.34
	CK1	y=13.40/(1+15.66e^(-0^.¹⁰⁸^t⁾)	0.994 9^**	25.44	7.25	268.01
	CK2	y=15.77/(1+17.67e^(-0^.¹²⁰^t⁾)	0.997 2^**	24.00	9.44	315.40
2021	A1	y=14.21/(1+21.39e^(-0^.¹⁴⁸^t⁾)	0.994 2^**	20.64	10.55	284.23
	A2	y=12.19/(1+20.67e^(-0^.¹⁴²^t⁾)	0.999 3^**	21.27	8.68	243.81
	A3	y=12.11/(1+22.47e^(-0^.¹⁴⁷^t⁾)	0.999 0^**	21.22	8.89	242.29
	A4	y=14.13/(1+22.59e^(-0^.¹⁵¹^t⁾)	0.993 1^**	20.64	10.68	282.68
	A5	y=11.56/(1+21.46e^(-0^.¹⁴⁷^t⁾)	0.999 9^**	20.84	8.51	231.25
	A6	y=11.54/(1+24.85e^(-0^.¹⁵²^t⁾)	0.999 9^**	21.08	8.79	230.75
	CK1	y=9.94/(1+20.43e^(-0^.¹⁴¹^t⁾)	0.999 4^**	21.43	7.00	198.81
	CK2	y=12.81/(1+20.54e^(-0^.¹³⁹^t⁾)	0.999 3^**	21.67	8.93	256.19

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	Logistic 方程 Regression equation	R²	最大灌浆速率出现时间/d Occurrence time of maximum grouting rate	最大灌浆速率/ (mg/(粒·d)) Maximum grouting rate	最大理论千粒质量/g Maximum theoretical 1000-grain weight
2020	A1	y=17.32/(1+19.13e^(-0^.¹²³^t⁾)	0.997 8^**	24.06	10.63	346.46
	A2	y=15.25/(1+18.22e^(-0^.¹¹⁹^t⁾)	0.999 8^**	24.46	9.05	305.06
	A3	y=15.01/(1+20.92e^(-0^.¹²⁶^t⁾)	0.997 9^**	24.06	9.49	300.24
	A4	y=17.14/(1+19.51e^(-0^.¹²³^t⁾)	0.998 2^**	24.16	10.54	342.89
	A5	y=14.50/(1+17.66e^(-0^.¹¹⁶^t⁾)	0.999 2^**	24.79	8.40	290.03
	A6	y=14.47/(1+18.61e^(-0^.¹¹⁸^t⁾)	0.993 9^**	24.74	8.55	289.34
	CK1	y=13.40/(1+15.66e^(-0^.¹⁰⁸^t⁾)	0.994 9^**	25.44	7.25	268.01
	CK2	y=15.77/(1+17.67e^(-0^.¹²⁰^t⁾)	0.997 2^**	24.00	9.44	315.40
2021	A1	y=14.21/(1+21.39e^(-0^.¹⁴⁸^t⁾)	0.994 2^**	20.64	10.55	284.23
	A2	y=12.19/(1+20.67e^(-0^.¹⁴²^t⁾)	0.999 3^**	21.27	8.68	243.81
	A3	y=12.11/(1+22.47e^(-0^.¹⁴⁷^t⁾)	0.999 0^**	21.22	8.89	242.29
	A4	y=14.13/(1+22.59e^(-0^.¹⁵¹^t⁾)	0.993 1^**	20.64	10.68	282.68
	A5	y=11.56/(1+21.46e^(-0^.¹⁴⁷^t⁾)	0.999 9^**	20.84	8.51	231.25
	A6	y=11.54/(1+24.85e^(-0^.¹⁵²^t⁾)	0.999 9^**	21.08	8.79	230.75
	CK1	y=9.94/(1+20.43e^(-0^.¹⁴¹^t⁾)	0.999 4^**	21.43	7.00	198.81
	CK2	y=12.81/(1+20.54e^(-0^.¹³⁹^t⁾)	0.999 3^**	21.67	8.93	256.19

年份 Year	处理 Treament	穗粒数 Kernel number per spike	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	产量/(kg/hm²) Yield	偏肥生产力/(kg/kg) Partial fertilizer productivity
2020	A1	463.00±1.00a	324.13±2.35a	9 387.40±117.35a	44.70±0.56d
	A2	442.57±0.95d	315.90±1.98cd	8 438.15±13.80de	40.18±0.07f
	A3	448.30±4.17c	318.16±2.40b	8 667.40±29.57b	41.27±0.14e
	A4	457.80±1.41b	322.74±1.20a	9 291.00±48.43a	51.62±0.27a
	A5	432.93±0.90e	311.97±1.29e	8 342.10±40.06e	46.35±0.22c
	A6	442.27±2.53d	314.75±1.05d	8 536.11±39.42cd	47.42±0.22b
	CK1	414.44±1.24f	310.46±1.81e	7 970.90±96.86f	33.21±0.40h
	CK2	449.60±0.99c	317.11±2.09bc	8 620.02±20.19bc	35.92±0.08g
2021	A1	541.80±5.77a	300.14±0.99a	10 074.07±12.83a	47.97±0.06c
	A2	528.47±1.30b	288.76±0.27c	9 418.52±27.96c	44.85±0.13d
	A3	530.60±4.28b	286.64±1.41d	9 340.74±12.83d	44.48±0.06e
	A4	541.47±1.17a	300.20±0.81a	10 055.56±19.25a	55.86±0.11a
	A5	527.47±2.19b	285.81±0.88d	9 325.93±16.97d	51.86±0.09b
	A6	527.07±1.60b	285.22±0.91d	9 311.11±11.11d	51.73±0.06b
	CK1	509.13±5.33c	281.45±0.86e	8 896.30±6.42e	37.07±0.03g
	CK2	530.13±2.34b	294.11±2.71b	9 725.93±27.96b	40.53±0.12f

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