不同耕作方式对土壤水分动态变化规律及玉米产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195284

华北农学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (2): 67-80. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195284

所属专题： 玉米；土壤肥料；栽培生理；

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇下一篇

不同耕作方式对土壤水分动态变化规律及玉米产量的影响

白东星¹^,²^,³, 陈宣伊¹^,², 张向前²^,, 葛国龙¹^,², 王满秀¹^,², 张德健¹^,³^,, 孟天天²^,⁴, 罗方⁵, 张传玲⁵

¹ 内蒙古大学生命科学学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010020
² 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010031
³ 牧草与特色作物生物技术教育部重点实验室,内蒙古呼和浩特 010070
⁴ 河北农业大学,河北保定 071001
⁵ 阿荣旗农业事业发展中心,内蒙古阿荣旗 162750

收稿日期:2024-10-12 出版日期:2025-04-28
通讯作者:
张德健(1972—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事旱作农业等方面的研究。
张向前(1984—),男,内蒙古赤峰人,研究员,博士,主要从事土壤耕作与农业生态等方面的研究。
作者简介:
白东星(1997—),男,甘肃庆阳人,硕士,主要从事土壤耕作与农业生态研究。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(32060450); 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2022ZY0126); 内蒙古自治区草原英才个人培养项目(CY2024015)

Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Soil Moisture Dynamic Changes and Maize Yield

BAI Dongxing¹^,²^,³, CHEN Xuanyi¹^,², ZHANG Xiangqian²^,, GE Guolong¹^,², WANG Manxiu¹^,², ZHANG Dejian¹^,³^,, MENG Tiantian²^,⁴, LUO Fang⁵, ZHANG Chuanling⁵

¹ School of Life Sciences,Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot 010020,China
² Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences,Hohhot 010031,China
³ Key Laboratory of Forage and Characteristic Crops Biotechnology,Ministry of Education,Hohhot 010070,China
⁴ Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001,China
⁵ Arun Banner Agricultural Development Center,Arun Banner 162750,China

Received:2024-10-12 Published:2025-04-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确大兴安岭沿麓黑土区秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式对土壤水分动态变化规律及玉米产量的影响,基于连续6 a耕作定位试验,分析秸秆全量粉碎深翻还田(SCD)、秸秆全量粉碎深松浅翻还田(SSS)、秸秆全量粉碎深松还田(SCS)、秸秆全量粉碎重耙还田(SCR)、秸秆全量粉碎旋耕还田(STR)、秸秆全量粉碎免耕还田(NTS)、秸秆不还田常规耕作(CK)7种耕作方式对2022年和2023年玉米不同生育时期0~60 cm土层土壤水分特征、耗水量、水分利用效率及玉米农艺性状和产量影响的差异。结果表明,2022年和2023年土壤质量含水率呈双峰型变化。0~10 cm土层土壤质量含水率显著高于CK,NTS处理在多个时期土壤质量含水率最高;10~20 cm土层中,SSS、NTS处理拔节期土壤质量含水率低于CK;20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层中,各处理土壤质量含水率较CK均有提升。2022年和2023年,不同生育期除NTS处理外,各处理玉米株高显著高于CK;成熟期SCD处理玉米株高最高,NTS处理最矮。各处理玉米苗期叶面积指数差异较小,拔节期后STR处理叶面积指数最大,大喇叭口期各处理叶面积指数均显著高于NTS处理。除SCS、NTS处理外,各处理干物质积累量均显著高于CK,成熟期SCD处理干物质积累量最高,NTS处理最低。与CK相比,各处理均可提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,但SCD处理显著高于CK。综合各指标分析,大兴安岭沿麓黑土区秸秆全量粉碎深翻还田和秸秆全量粉碎深松浅翻还田2种耕作方式有利于改善土壤结构、提升玉米产量和水分利用效率。

关键词: 玉米, 耕作方式, 农艺性状, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

To clarify the effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture dynamics changes and maize yield under the condition of straw return to field in the black soil area along the foothills of Daxing'anling,based on six consecutive years of tillage positioning experiments,this study analyzed the effects of seven types of tillage methods,namely,full-crushing and deep-tillage (SCD),full-crushing and shallow-tillage (SSS),full-crushing and deep-tillage (SCS),full-crushing and re-harrowing (SCR),full-crushing and rotary tillage (STR),full-crushing and no-tillage (NTS),and conventional tillage without returning straw to the field (CK)on soil moisture characteristics,water consumption,water use efficiency,and agronomic traits and yield of maize in the 0—60 cm soil layer at different growth stages of maize in each treatment.The results showed a bimodal pattern of soil quality moisture content in 2022 and 2023.0—10 cm soil layer soil quality moisture content was significantly higher than that of CK,and the NTS treatment had the highest soil quality moisture content in several periods.10—20 cm soil layer soil quality moisture content was lower than that of CK in the SSS and NTS treatments at the jointing stage,and soil quality moisture content was higher than that of CK in the 20—40 cm and 40—60 cm soil layers in 2022 and 2023 for all the treatments.In 2022 and 2023,maize plant height in all treatments except NTS treatment was significantly higher than CK at different growth stages.The SCD treatment was the tallest and the NTS treatment was the shortest at mature stage.Leaf area index (LAI) varied little among treatments at seedling stage of maize,STR treatment had the highest LAI after the jointing stage,and all treatments had significantly higher LAI than NTS treatment at the big trumpet stage.Dry matter accumulation in all treatments except for the SCS,NTS treatment was significantly higher than in CK,and dry matter accumulation was highest in the SCD treatment and lowest in the NTS treatment at mature stage.All tillage treatments increased maize yield and water use efficiency compared with CK,but the SCD treatment was significantly higher than CK.Comprehensive analysis of the indexes showed that the two tillage methods of full-crushing and deep-tillage and full-crushing and shallow-tillage were favorable to improve soil structure,maize yield and water use efficiency in the black soil area along the foothills of Daxing'anling.

Key words: Maize, Farming method, Agronomic trait, Yield, Water use efficiency

白东星, 陈宣伊, 张向前, 葛国龙, 王满秀, 张德健, 孟天天, 罗方, 张传玲. 不同耕作方式对土壤水分动态变化规律及玉米产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(2): 67-80. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195284.

BAI Dongxing, CHEN Xuanyi, ZHANG Xiangqian, GE Guolong, WANG Manxiu, ZHANG Dejian, MENG Tiantian, LUO Fang, ZHANG Chuanling. Effects of Different Tillage Methods on Soil Moisture Dynamic Changes and Maize Yield[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(2): 67-80. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195284.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I2/67

图/表 14

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处理 Treatments	操作方法 Operations
秸秆全量粉碎深翻还田(SCD)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎(8~10 cm)全量还田,深翻作业深度30~35 cm,重耙后进行播种
秸秆全量粉碎深松浅翻还田(SSS)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎(8~10 cm) 全量还田,深松深度25~30 cm,浅翻深度15~20 cm,重耙播种
秸秆全量粉碎深松还田(SCS)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎 (8~10 cm) 全量还田,深松25~30 cm,重耙后播种
秸秆全量粉碎重耙还田 (SCR)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎 (8~10 cm) 全量还田,重耙2遍,深度10~15 cm,常规播种
秸秆全量粉碎旋耕还田(STR)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎 (8~10 cm) 全量还田,旋耕2遍,深度10~15 cm,常规播种
秸秆全量粉碎免耕还田(NTS)	玉米收获后秸秆全部粉碎(8~10 cm) 均匀覆盖地表还田,免耕播种
秸秆不还田常规耕作(CK)	玉米收获后秸秆全部移除,浅翻土壤,深度17~22 cm,重耙常规播种

处理 Treatments	操作方法 Operations
秸秆全量粉碎深翻还田(SCD)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎(8~10 cm)全量还田,深翻作业深度30~35 cm,重耙后进行播种
秸秆全量粉碎深松浅翻还田(SSS)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎(8~10 cm) 全量还田,深松深度25~30 cm,浅翻深度15~20 cm,重耙播种
秸秆全量粉碎深松还田(SCS)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎 (8~10 cm) 全量还田,深松25~30 cm,重耙后播种
秸秆全量粉碎重耙还田 (SCR)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎 (8~10 cm) 全量还田,重耙2遍,深度10~15 cm,常规播种
秸秆全量粉碎旋耕还田(STR)	收获后玉米秸秆全部粉碎 (8~10 cm) 全量还田,旋耕2遍,深度10~15 cm,常规播种
秸秆全量粉碎免耕还田(NTS)	玉米收获后秸秆全部粉碎(8~10 cm) 均匀覆盖地表还田,免耕播种
秸秆不还田常规耕作(CK)	玉米收获后秸秆全部移除,浅翻土壤,深度17~22 cm,重耙常规播种

年份 Year	播前—苗期 (PS—V1) Before sowing— Seedling stage	苗期—拔节期 (V1—V6) Seedling stage—Jointing stage	拔节期— 大喇叭口期 (V6—V12) Jointing stage—Big trumpet stage	大喇叭口期— 抽雄期—吐丝期 (V12—VT—R1) Big trumpet stage—Tasseling stage—Silking stage	抽雄期— 吐丝期—灌浆期 (VT—R1—R2) Tasseling stage—Silking stage— Filling stage	灌浆期—成熟期 (R2—R6) Filling stage— Mature stage	总计 Total
2022	74.60	179.10	56.70	27.10	21.60	15.50	374.60
2023	41.20	254.00	143.20	88.10	69.40	10.30	606.20

年份 Year	播前—苗期 (PS—V1) Before sowing— Seedling stage	苗期—拔节期 (V1—V6) Seedling stage—Jointing stage	拔节期— 大喇叭口期 (V6—V12) Jointing stage—Big trumpet stage	大喇叭口期— 抽雄期—吐丝期 (V12—VT—R1) Big trumpet stage—Tasseling stage—Silking stage	抽雄期— 吐丝期—灌浆期 (VT—R1—R2) Tasseling stage—Silking stage— Filling stage	灌浆期—成熟期 (R2—R6) Filling stage— Mature stage	总计 Total
2022	74.60	179.10	56.70	27.10	21.60	15.50	374.60
2023	41.20	254.00	143.20	88.10	69.40	10.30	606.20

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口期 Big trumpet stage	抽雄期—吐丝期 Tasseling stage—Silking stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Mature stage
2022	SCD	1.40±0.01bc	52.29±1.13ab	106.72±2.23a	213.99±1.89a	278.92±11.66a	353.21±6.81a
	SSS	1.42±0.02bc	45.42±4.53b	93.00±3.02c	195.24±8.45b	273.28±16.88a	332.81±6.29b
	SCS	1.54±0.09a	50.61±7.58ab	92.51±5.30c	172.44±4.60c	263.77±3.23a	304.87±6.46c
	SCR	1.50±0.00ab	49.03±0.20ab	92.86±2.23c	167.48±0.98c	262.03±4.38a	301.74±6.34c
	STR	1.34±0.01c	56.32±0.92a	104.72±2.36ab	185.64±5.71b	260.41±7.32a	313.74±5.27c
	NTS	1.13±0.05d	48.11±0.83b	98.57±1.47bc	137.04±6.18d	245.68±8.66a	249.82±4.85e
	CK	1.14±0.07d	46.87±1.10b	84.88±5.29d	168.77±6.20c	256.09±4.38a	281.29±4.31d
2023	SCD	1.45±0.08a	57.60±2.49a	91.56±3.09a	155.38±5.35b	204.87±13.24a	331.24±5.00a
	SSS	1.42±0.01ab	51.13±0.79b	89.04±3.17a	162.04±4.75ab	199.54±3.89a	306.27±6.30a
	SCS	1.37±0.02ab	32.58±1.27c	84.76±2.82ab	131.03±2.13c	200.38±1.67a	240.04±2.80c
	SCR	1.35±0.03b	34.16±1.50c	85.33±1.37ab	169.80±8.25a	181.69±3.99b	287.88±6.44b
	STR	1.41±0.03ab	49.54±0.61b	87.81±4.08ab	132.38±8.84c	177.54±4.64b	274.65±2.54b
	NTS	1.34±0.01b	31.44±1.53c	71.98±2.82c	116.82±5.95d	161.35±4.57c	227.38±1.40d
	CK	1.23±0.03c	32.00±0.56c	77.20±3.17bc	127.89±2.28cd	173.57±6.67bc	249.08±5.56c

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项目 Items	因素 Factor	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	大喇叭口期 Big trumpet stage	抽雄期— 吐丝期 Tasseling stage—Silking stage	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Mature stage
叶面积指数	年份(Y)	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
Leaf area index	耕作方式(T)	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
	年份×耕作方式(Y×T)	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
株高	年份(Y)	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
Plant height	耕作方式(T)	^*	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
	年份×耕作方式(Y×T)	^*	^**	^**	^**	ns	^**
干物质积累量	年份(Y)	ns	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
Dry matter	耕作方式(T)	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
accumulation	年份×耕作方式(Y×T)	^**	^**	^**	^**	ns	^**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数/ (个/hm²) Number of spikes	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	百粒质量/g 100-seed weight	雌穗长/cm Female ear length	雌穗直径/mm Female ear diameter	双行粒数 Double row grain number
2022	SCD	70 812.87±657.03b	568.53±7.59cd	325.80±0.90a	21.07±0.26a	45.64±0.55a	86.00±3.27a
	SSS	73 763.40±379.34a	590.37±8.18bc	316.60±0.51a	20.50±0.41a	44.04±1.36a	86.00±5.66a
	SCS	71 617.56±657.03b	635.93±8.41a	282.20±0.44b	21.17±0.53a	43.11±0.28a	84.67±4.11a
	SCR	73 495.17±379.34a	614.06±12.44ab	275.10±0.90b	20.70±0.36a	43.40±0.46a	84.67±2.49a
	STR	74 836.33±657.03a	559.03±13.36d	315.40±0.94a	19.03±1.51a	44.63±0.42a	76.67±7.54a
	NTS	71 081.10±1 003.63b	552.77±16.92d	230.70±0.05c	14.60±1.87a	42.21±1.38a	56.00±5.72a
	CK	73 763.40±379.34a	550.61±10.37d	284.40±0.24b	17.97±1.01a	42.28±1.60a	73.33±3.40a
2023	SCD	74 457.51±384.11a	456.96±5.26b	340.50±0.78a	15.83±0.62a	44.67±0.87a	76.33±1.25a
	SSS	73 191.22±348.55b	428.81±9.17c	335.40±0.52a	15.50±0.41a	45.00±1.60a	74.00±0.82a
	SCS	73 138.48±685.65b	385.33±9.60d	308.60±0.42ab	13.83±1.65a	43.28±1.32a	62.00±1.09a
	SCR	73 325.69±347.48b	451.94±5.19b	320.90±0.59a	15.00±0.71a	44.74±0.49a	62.67±1.03a
	STR	75 242.72±343.26a	476.09±8.57a	291.20±0.69ab	14.50±1.08a	41.48±2.90a	65.33±4.19a
	NTS	75 000.00±624.87a	451.14±4.07b	324.30±0.51ab	15.33±0.85a	43.24±1.10a	68.33±3.30a
	CK	72 773.41±552.45b	467.53±7.96ab	249.20±0.48b	14.33±1.03a	42.54±3.82a	64.50±1.12a

项目 Items	经济产量 Economic outputs	收获指数 Harvest index	干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation	耗水量 Water consumption	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency
年份(Y)Year	0.00^**	0.00^**	0.05ns	0.00^**	1.00ns
耕作方式(T)Tillage method	0.00^**	0.00^**	0.00^**	0.00^**	0.00^**
年份×耕作方式(Y×T)Year×Tillage method	0.15ns	0.53ns	0.92ns	0.00^**	1.00ns

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处理 Treatment	经济产量/(t/hm²) Economic outputs		收获指数 Harvest index		水分利用效率/(kg/(hm²·mm)) Water use efficiency
处理 Treatment	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023
SCD	10.30±1.49a	10.47±3.15a	0.41±0.01c	0.42±0.01d	27.50±0.40a	16.89±0.51a
SSS	9.93±3.69ab	10.31±2.71ab	0.40±0.01c	0.45±0.01c	26.50±0.98ab	16.38±0.43ab
SCS	9.81±4.24ab	9.82±2.03bc	0.45±0.02b	0.54±0.02a	26.19±1.13ab	15.87±0.36b
SCR	9.60±4.53ab	9.80±2.46bc	0.43±0.03bc	0.45±0.01c	25.61±1.21ab	15.88±0.42b
STR	9.59±2.34ab	9.61±1.47cd	0.41±0.02c	0.50±0.01b	25.61±0.63ab	15.52±0.27b
NTS	9.24±2.40bc	9.62±1.42cd	0.52±0.01a	0.46±0.01c	24.67±0.64bc	15.67±0.23b
CK	8.85±1.96c	9.18±3.12d	0.43±0.01bc	0.53±0.01a	23.63±0.52c	14.63±0.45c

处理 Treatment	经济产量/(t/hm²) Economic outputs		收获指数 Harvest index		水分利用效率/(kg/(hm²·mm)) Water use efficiency
处理 Treatment	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023
SCD	10.30±1.49a	10.47±3.15a	0.41±0.01c	0.42±0.01d	27.50±0.40a	16.89±0.51a
SSS	9.93±3.69ab	10.31±2.71ab	0.40±0.01c	0.45±0.01c	26.50±0.98ab	16.38±0.43ab
SCS	9.81±4.24ab	9.82±2.03bc	0.45±0.02b	0.54±0.02a	26.19±1.13ab	15.87±0.36b
SCR	9.60±4.53ab	9.80±2.46bc	0.43±0.03bc	0.45±0.01c	25.61±1.21ab	15.88±0.42b
STR	9.59±2.34ab	9.61±1.47cd	0.41±0.02c	0.50±0.01b	25.61±0.63ab	15.52±0.27b
NTS	9.24±2.40bc	9.62±1.42cd	0.52±0.01a	0.46±0.01c	24.67±0.64bc	15.67±0.23b
CK	8.85±1.96c	9.18±3.12d	0.43±0.01bc	0.53±0.01a	23.63±0.52c	14.63±0.45c

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