摘要：

土壤氮循环酶活性可作为表征土壤肥力水平和氮素转化的重要指标。为明确长期施肥对南方双季稻区稻田根际土壤氮循环酶活性的影响,依托长期(37 a)定位施肥试验田,系统分析了4种施肥处理(不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)和30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM))根际土壤氮循环相关酶活性以及其与土壤化学性质的相关性。结果表明:OM和RF处理较MF和CK处理显著增加了根际土壤全氮、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮和微生物量氮含量,提高了水稻产量。OM和RF处理根际土壤脲酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性均显著高于MF和CK处理;RF处理根际土壤羟胺还原酶活性最大,分别比CK、MF和OM处理增加了21.7%,13.0%,8.7%;OM处理根际土壤蛋白酶、固氮酶、硝酸还原酶和氧化亚氮还原酶活性最大,较MF处理分别显著增加了20.0%,26.1%,426.1%,26.7%;CK处理稻田根际土壤一氧化氮还原酶活性显著高于MF、RF和OM处理。相关性分析结果表明,根际土壤硝酸还原酶、固氮酶、氧化亚氮还原酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性与土壤全氮、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮含量以及水稻产量之间均呈极显著正相关,而根际土壤一氧化氮还原酶与土壤全氮、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮含量和水稻产量之间均呈显著或极显著负相关,表明土壤化学特性、产量与根际土壤氮循环酶活性密切相关。冗余分析(RDA)表明,第一排序轴能解释根际土壤酶活性的93.34%,土壤硝态氮、全氮和有机碳含量是驱动根际土壤氮循环酶活性变化的关键因素。因此,长期采用有机物料(有机肥和秸秆)替代部分化肥通过改善土壤化学和生物学特性,促进土壤氮循环酶活性,达到培肥稻田土壤的效果。

关键词: 双季稻, 酶活性, 氮循环, 产量, 长期施肥, 根际土壤

Abstract:

Soil nitrogen(N)cycling enzyme activity serves as a crucial indicator for characterizing soil fertility and N transformation.To investigate the effects of long-term application of fertilizers on the soil enzyme activities correlated with N cycling in rhizosphere soil of double-cropping rice fields in southern China,our project was based on a continue 37-year fertilization localization field experiment,including four fertilization treatments:without fertilizer as a control(CK),single fertilizer(MF),rice straw residue and mineral fertilizer(RF),and 30% organic manure and 70% mineral fertilizer(OM).The activities of N cycling enzymes in the rhizosphere soil were measured,and their correlation with soil chemical properties was analyzed.The results were as follows:compared to MF and CK treatments,OM and RF treatments significantly increased the contents of total N(TN),organic carbon(SOC),ammonium N($\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$),nitrate N($\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$)and microbial biomass N(SMBN)in rhizosphere soil,and also increased rice yield.The urease(Ure)and nitrite reductase(NiR)activities of rhizosphere soil in OM and RF treatments were significantly higher than those in MF and CK treatments.The RF treatment significantly increased rhizosphere soil hydroxylamine reductase(HyR)activities compared to the other three treatments,by 21.7%,13.0%,and 8.7%,respectively.This finding shown that OM treatment significantly increased protease(Pro),nitrogenase(Nit),nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrous oxide reductase(Nos)in rhizosphere soil compared to RF,MF and CK treatments.In comparison to MF treatment,OM treatments increased Pro,Nit,NR and Nos activities in rhizosphere soil by 20.0%,26.1%,426.1% and 26.7%,respectively.Nonetheless,the activity of nitric oxide reductase(Nor)on rhizosphere soil was considerably higher in the CK treatment than in MF,RF and OM treatments.Pearson correlation analysis revealed a substantial positive correlation between soil NR,NiR,Nit,Nos,Ure,Pro and soil TN,SOC,$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$,$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$,SMBN as well as rice yield.Soil Nor activity was observed to have a significantly negative connection with soil TN,SOC,$\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}-\mathrm{N}$,$\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$,SMBN and rice yield.The findings presented above showed that soil chemical properties and yield were substantially related to rhizosphere soil N cycling enzyme activities.Redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that the first order axis could explain 93.34% of the enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil and soil $\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}-\mathrm{N}$,TN and SOC contents were the key factors affecting the pattern of rhizosphere soil enzyme activities.Therefore,the long-term application of organic materials such as organic manure and rice straw can enhance soil chemical and biological characteristics,stimulate soil N cycling enzyme activities,and effectively fertilize paddy soils by partially replacing chemical fertilizers.

Key words: Double-cropping rice, Enzyme activity, Nitrogen cycling, Yield, Long-term fertilization, Rhizosphere soil