减氮施肥对库尔勒香梨叶质和产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195447

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究不同梯度减氮对库尔勒香梨叶生产能力的影响。设置不施肥处理(CK)、不施氮肥处理(N0)、常规施肥处理(N)以及3个氮肥减量梯度(N1、N2、N3分别较常规施肥用氮量减少10%,20%,30%),共计6个处理。以多年施肥试验为基础,比较不同施肥方式下叶养分含量、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数及产量。施氮肥能显著提高叶片和枝条养分含量,提升叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光以及产量,显著提高果实中可溶性固形物和维生素C(VC)含量。与完全施氮相比,减氮10%对叶片和枝条养分含量、叶绿素荧光、净光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数以及果实可溶性固形物、VC、石细胞、总酸含量影响不显著,减氮10%~20%对果园产量无显著影响,且能使其维持在正常范围水平。净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、产量与叶片、枝条中氮、磷、钾、铁、锰、铜、锌含量呈显著正相关。根据试验结果和分析,推荐10~12 a树龄的库尔勒香梨氮肥减施用量范围为在完全施氮(300 kg/hm²)基础上减氮10%~20%(240~270 kg/hm²),作为香梨园最佳减施氮肥用量。

关键词: 库尔勒香梨, 减氮, 养分含量, 叶绿素荧光, 产量

Abstract:

To investigate the effect of applying different gradients of nitrogen reduction on leaf production capacity of Korla fragrant pear,no fertilizer treatment(CK),no nitrogen fertilizer treatment(N0),conventional fertilizer treatment(N),and three nitrogen fertilizer reduction gradients(N1,N2 and N3,which reduced nitrogen use by 10%,20%and 30%,respectively,compared with conventional fertilizer)were set up in a total of six treatments.Leaf nutrient content,net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll fluorescence,chlorophyll content,leaf area index and yield were compared under different fertilizer application methods based on multi-year fertilizer trials.Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased leaf and branch nutrient content,leaf chlorophyll content,leaf area index,net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll fluorescence and yield,and soluble solids and VC content in fruit.Nitrogen reduction of 10% had no significant effect on leaf and branch nutrient content,chlorophyll fluorescence,net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll content,leaf area index and fruit soluble solids,VC,stone cells and total acid content compared to complete N application,and N reduction of 10% to 20% had no significant effect on the orchard yield and was able to maintain it at the normal range level.Net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,and yield were significantly and positively correlated with N,P,K,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn contents in leaves and branches.According to the experimental results and analysis,the recommended range of nitrogen fertilizer reduction for Korla fragrant pear of 10—12 years old is 10%—20%(240—270 kg/ha)on the basis of fully applied nitrogen(300 kg/ha)as the optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer reduction in fragrant pear orchards.

Key words: Korla fragrant pear, Nitrogen reduction, Nutrient content, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Yield

张曦瑜, 沈幸, 李伟, 李杰, 严琳森, 张峰, 柴仲平. 减氮施肥对库尔勒香梨叶质和产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(2): 139-152. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195447.

ZHANG Xiyu, SHEN Xing, LI Wei, LI Jie, YAN Linsen, ZHANG Feng, CHAI Zhongping. Effect of Nitrogen Reduction Fertilization on Leaf Quality and Yield of Korla Fragrant Pear[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(2): 139-152. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195447.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I2/139

图/表 19

表1 氮肥减量试验方案

Tab.1 Nitrogen fertilizer reduction pilot programme

处理 Treatment		肥料用量 Fertilizer rate
处理 Treatment		N/(kg/hm²)	P₂O₅/(kg/hm²)	K₂O/(kg/hm²)	N/(kg/株)	P₂O₅/(kg/株)	K₂O/(kg/株)
1	CK	0	0	0	0.000	0.000	0.000
2	N0	0	300	75	0.000	0.267	0.067
3	N	300	300	75	0.267	0.267	0.067
4	N1	270	300	75	0.240	0.267	0.067
5	N2	240	300	75	0.213	0.267	0.067
6	N3	210	300	75	0.187	0.267	0.067

图1 减氮施肥对坐果期新生梢条枝大量元素的影响不同小写字母表示不同处理间在P<0.05水平差异显著。图2—11,14同。

Fig.1 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on mass elements in newborn tip branches at fruit set stage Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05 level.The same as Fig.2—11,14.

图2 减氮施肥对膨果期新生梢条枝大量元素的影响

Fig.2 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on mass elements in new shoots at the expansion stage

图3 减氮施肥对坐果期新生梢条枝微量元素的影响

Fig.3 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilization on micronutrients in new shoots at fruit set stage

图4 减氮施肥对膨果期新生梢条枝微量元素的影响

Fig.4 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilization on micronutrients in new shoots at fruit expansion stage

图5 减氮施肥对坐果期新生梢条叶大量元素的影响

Fig.5 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilization on mass elements in newborn tip leaves at fruit set stage

图6 减氮施肥对膨果期新生梢条叶大量元素的影响

Fig.6 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on mass elements in the leaves of new shoots at the expansion stage

图7 减氮施肥对坐果期新生梢条叶微量元素的影响

Fig.7 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilization on micronutrients in leaves of newborn tips at fruit set stage

图8 减氮施肥对膨果期新生梢条叶微量元素的影响

Fig.8 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilization on micronutrients in the leaves of new shoots at the expansion stage

图9 减氮施肥对叶绿素含量的影响

Fig.9 Effect of nitrogen reduction fertilization on chlorophyll content

图10 减氮施肥对叶面积指数的影响

Fig.10 Effect of nitrogen reduction fertilization on leaf area index(LAI)

图11 减施氮肥对净光合速率的影响

Fig.11 Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on net photosynthetic rate

图12 减氮施肥叶片养分含量与净光合速率的相关性 ^**、^***表示处理间差异极显著(P<0.01,P<0.001)。图13,15—16同。

Fig.12 Correlation between leaf nutrient content and net photosynthetic rate with reduced nitrogen fertilization ^**,^***indicates highly significant differences between treatments(P<0.01,P<0.001),respectively. The same as Fig.13,15—16.

表2 减施氮肥处理下叶片荧光参数比较

Tab.2 Comparison of leaf fluorescence parameters under reduced nitrogen fertilizer treatments

处理 Treatment	光下最小荧光产量 Minimum fluorescence yield under light F0'	光下最大荧光产量 Maximum fluorescence yield under light Fm'	光下潜在活性 Potential activity under light Fv'/F0'	光下最大光能利用效率 Maximum light energy utilization efficiency under light Fv'/Fm'	实际原初光能捕获效率 Actual primary light energy capture efficiency Yield
CK	61.00±3.51e	344.00±10.69e	4.44±0.27b	0.822±0.015a	0.384±0.009c
N0	76.33±1.76d	435.67±8.09d	4.71±0.14ab	0.825±0.004a	0.403±0.010c
N	145.00±1.16a	780.33±6.69a	4.38±0.09b	0.814±0.002a	0.442±0.022b
N1	135.33±2.03b	756.67±2.33b	4.59±0.08ab	0.821±0.002a	0.534±0.010a
N2	130.33±1.86b	745.00±10.50bc	4.72±0.14ab	0.825±0.004a	0.471±0.007b
N3	121.33±2.60c	732.33±8.76c	5.04±0.06a	0.834±0.001a	0.452±0.008b

图13 减氮施肥叶片养分含量与叶片荧光参数的相关性

Fig.13 Correlation between leaf nutrient content and leaf fluorescence parameters of nitrogen reduction fertilization

图14 氮肥减量处理香梨品质

Fig.14 The quality of fragrant pear treated with nitrogen fertilizer reduction

表3 氮肥减量对香梨产量的影响

Tab.3 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on the yield of fragrant pear

处理 Treatment	单株果数/(个/株) Fruit number per plant	单果质量/g Single fruit weight	产量/(kg/hm²) Yield
CK	148.00±5.51c	100.97±4.70b	16 827.33±1 152.21c
N0	158.67±7.51c	101.98±2.03b	18 220.67±1 107.25c
N	231.00±7.81a	125.94±6.41a	32 715.00±1 876.74a
N1	216.67±7.54ab	126.53±7.02a	30 767.00±1 343.10a
N2	209.00±7.00bc	118.83±3.86a	27 977.33±1 687.40ab
N3	196.00±3.79b	111.30±2.98ab	24 564.33±1 099.63b

图15 减氮施肥枝条养分含量与产量相关性

Fig.15 Nutrient content and yield correlation of nitrogen reduced fertilized branches

图16 减氮施肥叶养分含量与产量相关性由此可见,香梨园产量的形成是受各种矿质营养元素协同作用的结果。施肥不仅影响自身养分元素含量的变化,同时也影响其他元素的吸收,说明植物对各养分的吸收利用存在养分元素间的协同与拮抗的代谢关系,梨树减氮施肥一定要重视元素间的平衡关系。

Fig.16 Correlation between leaf nutrient content and yield with reduced nitrogen fertilization

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