长期施肥对双季晚稻产量形成和生理调控的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195954

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探明长期施肥对双季晚稻产量形成的影响及其生理调控机制,基于进贤红壤稻田化肥长期定位试验(1981年设),选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、两倍氮磷钾肥(HNPK)、有机无机配施(NPKM)4个典型处理,比较了长期施肥后第42年双季晚稻产量、干物质积累、叶绿素动态特征、齐穗期和灌浆期叶片基因表达差异。结果表明,长期施肥下晚稻产量表现为NPKM>HNPK>NPK>CK,其中HNPK和NPKM处理显著高于NPK处理,增幅分别为29.63%,57.18%。与NPK处理相比,NPKM和HNPK处理显著改善晚稻产量构成,有效穗、穗粒数和着粒密度分别增加了16.98%~46.42%,8.68%~15.26%,3.69%~7.37%。在干物质积累方面,与NPK相比,NPKM和HNPK均显著提高了晚稻各时期干物质质量,同时促进了齐穗期至成熟期茎叶干物质向穗的转运。NPKM和HNPK处理各时期叶绿素含量均显著高于CK和NPK处理,其中NPKM处理延缓了灌浆期至成熟期叶绿素的衰减;相关分析表明,长期施肥下晚稻产量与分蘖期至齐穗期干物质积累量(△DM1)和灌浆期至成熟期干物质积累量(△DM3)呈极显著正相关,与灌浆期至成熟期叶片叶绿素减少量(△S3)呈极显著负相关。叶片转录组分析结果表明,长期施肥显著影响晚稻齐穗期、灌浆期叶片基因表达,差异表达基因主要富集于光合作用、碳代谢、氮代谢、信号转导及逆境相关的代谢途径。综上所述,长期施肥调控双季晚稻基因表达,有机无机配施改善了产量构成,促进了早期干物质积累,增强了灌浆期至成熟期茎叶干物质向穗的转运,同时,提高了晚稻各时期叶片叶绿素含量,并延缓了灌浆期后叶片的衰老,对水稻增产起到强源(提高光合生产力)、扩库(增加干物质储存容量)和畅流(促进同化物转运)的作用。

关键词: 双季晚稻, 长期施肥, 产量, 干物质积累, 叶绿素, 差异表达基因

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on yield formation and its physiological regulation mechanisms in double cropping late rice,it utilized a long-term fertilization experiment(initiated in 1981)in red paddy soils of Jinxian.Four typical treatments were selected:no fertilization(CK),single application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium(NPK),double dose of NPK(HNPK),and combined organic-inorganic fertilization(NPKM).Comparisons were made on double cropping late rice yield,dry matter accumulation,chlorophyll dynamics,and differential gene expression in leaves at fullheading and filling stages in the 42nd year of long-term fertilization.Results showed that long-term fertilization resulted in yields ranked as NPKM>HNPK>NPK>CK,with HNPK and NPKM treatments significantly surpassing NPK,showing increases of 29.63% and 57.18% respectively.Compared with NPK,both NPKM and HNPK significantly improved yield components:effective panicles,grains per panicle,and grain density increased by 16.98%—46.42%,8.68%—15.26%,3.69%—7.37%,respectively.Regarding dry matter accumulation,NPKM and HNPK significantly enhanced dry matter weight at all growth stages and promoted translocation of stem-leaf dry matter to panicles from filling to maturity.The contents of chlorophyll in NPKM and HNPK treatments were significantly higher than those in CK and NPK treatments at all stages,and NPKM delayed the decay of chlorophyll from filling stage to maturity stage.Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between yield and dry matter accumulation from tillering to heading(△DM1)and filling to maturity(△DM3),while showed extremely negative correlation with chlorophyll reduction from grain filling to maturity(△S3).Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that long-term fertilization significantly affected gene expression in leaves during fullheading and filling stages,with differentially expressed genes primarily enriched in photosynthesis,carbon/nitrogen metabolism,signal transduction,and stress-related pathways.In conclusion,long-term fertilization regulates gene expression and combined organic-inorganic fertilization improved yield components,enhanced early-stage dry matter accumulation,promoted assimilate translocation from vegetative organs to panicles during grain filling,maintain higher chlorophyll levels,and delayed leaf senescence post-grain filling.This comprehensive mechanism achieves yield enhancement through strengthening source(enhancing photosynthetic capacity),expanding sink(increasing dry matter storage),and facilitating flow(promoting assimilate transport).

Key words: Double cropping late rice, Long-term fertilization, Yield, Dry matter accumulation, Chlorophyll, Differently expressed genes(DEGs)

中图分类号:

胡志华, 吴建富, 胡丹丹, 宋惠洁, 吴艳, 柳开楼, 程坤, 李大明, 徐小林. 长期施肥对双季晚稻产量形成和生理调控的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2026, 41(1): 111-121. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195954.

HU Zhihua, WU Jianfu, HU Dandan, SONG Huijie, WU Yan, LIU Kailou, CHENG Kun, LI Daming, XU Xiaolin. Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Yield Formation and Physiological Regulation of Double Cropping Late Rice[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(1): 111-121. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195954.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2026/V41/I1/111

图/表 10

表1 各处理2022年水稻土壤肥力

Tab.1 Soil fertility in 2022 for each treatment

处理 Treatment	pH	有机碳/ (g/kg) Organic carbon	全氮/ (g/kg) Total nitrogen	全磷/ (g/kg) Total phosphorus	全钾/ (g/kg) Total potassium	碱解氮/ (mg/kg) Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen	速效磷/ (mg/kg) Available phosphorus	速效钾/ (g/kg) Available potassium
CK	5.54±0.30	17.73±0.61	1.97±0.19	0.43±0.03	11.20±0.53	173.54±17.23	3.80±0.57	44.67±3.06
NPK	5.52±0.34	18.43±1.07	2.38±0.07	0.67±0.05	12.42±0.03	190.50±28.76	6.82±0.74	51.33±4.16
HNPK	5.48±0.40	18.27±0.91	2.45±0.12	0.86±0.06	12.13±0.58	210.67±14.95	21.33±2.10	55.26±5.29
NPKM	5.52±0.28	22.76±0.38	2.86±0.07	1.44±0.08	12.08±0.31	257.89±16.83	73.21±3.06	63.71±2.00

表2 各处理施肥量

Tab.2 The fertilization application of each treatmentkg/hm²

处理 Treatment		化肥			有机肥
处理 Treatment		N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
早稻	CK	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.00
Early rice	NPK	90	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.00
	HNPK	180	90	150	0.0	0.0	0.00
	NPKM	90	45	75	123.1	9.0	60.75
晚稻	CK	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.00
Late rice	NPK	90	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.00
	HNPK	180	90	150	0.0	0.0	0.00
	NPKM	90	45	75	90.0	55.1	66.15

图1 长期施肥对晚稻产量与产量构成的影响不同小写字母表示处理间差异在P<0.05水平显著。图2-4同。

Fig.1 Effect of long-term fertilization on the yield and yield components of late rice Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments at P<0.05 level.The same as Fig.2-4.

图2 长期施肥对早稻分蘖成穗的影响

Fig.2 Effect of long-term fertilization on tillering and ear formation of early rice

图3 长期施肥下晚稻干物质积累特征 TS.分蘖期;FHS.齐穗期;FS.灌浆期;MS.成熟期。图4同。

Fig.3 The characteristics of dry matter accumulation of late rice under the long-term fertilization TS.Tillering stage;FHS.Full heading stage;FS.Filling stage;MS.Mature stage.The same as Fig.4.

图4 长期施肥对晚稻叶片叶绿素含量的影响

Fig.4 Effect of long-term fertilization on the chlorophyll content of the late rice leaf

图5 长期施肥下晚稻产量、叶绿素、干物质的相关关系 S1、S2、S3、S4、DM1、DM2、DM3和DM4分别代表分蘖期、齐穗期、灌浆期、成熟期的叶片SPAD值和总干物质质量;△S1、△S2、△S3、△DM1、△DM2和△DM3分别代表分蘖期至齐穗期、齐穗期至灌浆期、灌浆期至成熟期间叶片SPAD值和总干物质质量的变化量;DMT代表齐穗期至成熟期茎叶向穗转运的干物质量,圆圈中的*、**表示在P<0.05、P<0.01水平显著相关。

Fig.5 The correlation of yield,chlorophyll,dry matter of late rice under long-term fertilization S1,S2,S3,S4,DM1,DM2,DM3 and DM4 represent the SPAD value of leaves and total dry matter weight of late season rice at tillering stage,fullheading stage,filling stage and mature sage,respectively;△S1,△S2,△S3,△DM1,△DM2,△DM3 represent the changes of SPAD and total dry matter of early season rice from tillering to fullheading stage,fullheading to filling stage,filling to mature stage,respectively;DMT represents the dry matter transported from stem and leaf to ear from full heading stage to mature stage respectively,the *and ** in the circle indicate significantly correlated at P<0.05 and P<0.01 level.

图6 长期施肥下晚稻齐穗期灌浆期叶片差异表达基因

Fig.6 The DEGS in leaves of late-season rice at full heading and filling stage under long-term fertilization

图7 长期施肥下晚稻齐穗期叶片差异基因KEGG富集统计

Fig.7 The KEGG enrichment statistics of late rice leaves DEGs at fullheading stage under long-term fertilization

图8 长期施肥下晚稻灌浆期叶片差异表达基因KEEG通路分析

Fig.8 KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs at filling stage of late rice leaves under long-term fertilization

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