北方旱寒区冬油菜抗寒优势性状的鉴定与分析

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195781

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了探究北方寒旱区白菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜的越冬率、产量差异,各农艺性状与平均产量之间的相关关系与抗寒优势性状,以45个甘蓝型油菜与22个白菜型油菜品种为研究对象,统计分析了甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜的越冬率、平均产量与各农艺性状,挑选并统计了产量水平相近的甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜在不同密度种植条件下的产量,比对了甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜苗期根系性状的差异。结果表明:67个油菜品种中,白菜型油菜的越冬率平均水平(97.59%)显著高于甘蓝型油菜(65.87%),甘蓝型油菜的产量潜力要高于白菜型油菜。对于能够稳定越冬的白菜型油菜,增加播种密度虽然显著提高了有效株数,但是不能提高产量;而对于甘蓝型油菜,其较低的越冬率限制了有效株数的提高,从而限制了平均产量。目前具有高越冬率的甘蓝型油菜品种越冬后表现出更高分枝部位与结角密度,更少二次分枝数、总分枝数与单株有效角果数的农艺性状。甘蓝型油菜与白菜型油菜根系性状之间的对比显示,膨大的根系、短下胚轴及生长点位于地面以下,是白菜型油菜强抗寒性的优势性状。培育具有白菜型油菜根系性状特点、生长点位于地面以下的耐密甘蓝型油菜,是提高甘蓝型油菜越冬率,促进油菜产量提升,确保油料供给的重要育种方向。

关键词: 油菜, 相关性分析, 越冬率, 农艺性状, 产量

Abstract:

To explore the disparities in overwintering rates and yields between Brassica napus L.and Brassica rapa L.in the cold and arid regions of the north,as well as to examine the correlation between diverse agronomic traits,yield,and cold resistance-enhancing traits,it utilized 45 B.napus L.and 22 B.rapa L.varieties as subjects.It conducted a statistical analysis of their overwintering rates,average yields and agronomic traits.It also studied seeding density experiments with B.napus L.and B.rapa L.varieties that exhibited similar yield levels,compared root traits between B.napus L.and B.rapa L..The results indicated that among the 67 varieties tested,the average overwintering rate of B.rapa L.(97.59%) was significantly higher than that of B.napus L.(65.87%).The average yield potential of B.napus L.was higher than that of B.rapa L..For B.rapa L.,which was capable of stable overwintering,increasing the seeding density significantly elevated the number of effective plants but did not augment the average yield.Conversely,for B.napus L.,its lower overwintering rate constrained the increase in the number of effective plants,thereby limiting the average yield.B.napus L.with a high overwintering rate exhibited agronomic traits such as higher branching positions and angular density,fewer secondary branches,total branches,and effective siliques per plant after overwintering.Comparison of root traits between B.napus L.and B.rapa L.showed that enlarged root systems,short hypocotyls,and growth points positioned below the ground surface were advantageous traits contributing to the robust cold resistance of B.rapa L..It proposes that breeding density-tolerance B.napus L.with root traits akin to those of B.rapa L.and with growth points situated below the ground surface represents a pivotal breeding direction for enhancing the overwintering rate of B.napus L.,fostering increased rapeseed yield,and ensuring oil supply stability.

Key words: Rapeseed, Correlation analysis, Overwintering rate, Agronomic traits, Yield

中图分类号:

S565.4

管明威, 郭安强, 李和平, 翟兰菊, 李积铭, 李爱国. 北方旱寒区冬油菜抗寒优势性状的鉴定与分析[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(6): 100-109. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195781.

GUAN Mingwei, GUO Anqiang, LI Heping, ZHAI Lanju, LI Jiming, LI Aiguo. Identification and Analysis of Cold Resistant Advantageous Traits of Winter Rapeseed in Northern Arid and Cold Regions[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(6): 100-109. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195781.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I6/100

图/表 11

参考文献 37

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类别 Category	极值范围 Range	均值 Mean	变异系数 CV
2021年总体越冬率 Overwintering rate in 2021	22.43~99.69	60.91±3.12c	41.87
2021年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2021	22.43~60.35	43.93±1.25d	19.05
2021年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2021	88.11~99.69	95.65±0.82a	4.02
2023年总体越冬率 Overwintering rate in 2023	46.70~100.00	89.09±1.31ab	27.05
2023年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2023	46.70~100.00	83.99±1.42b	26.34
2023年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2023	97.77~100.00	99.52±0.16a	20.13

类别 Category	极值范围 Range	均值 Mean	变异系数 CV
2021年总体越冬率 Overwintering rate in 2021	22.43~99.69	60.91±3.12c	41.87
2021年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2021	22.43~60.35	43.93±1.25d	19.05
2021年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2021	88.11~99.69	95.65±0.82a	4.02
2023年总体越冬率 Overwintering rate in 2023	46.70~100.00	89.09±1.31ab	27.05
2023年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2023	46.70~100.00	83.99±1.42b	26.34
2023年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2023	97.77~100.00	99.52±0.16a	20.13

项目 Items	2021年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2021	2021年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2021	2023年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2023	2023年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapaL. in 2023
2021年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2021	1.000	-0.327	0.373	-0.468^*
2021年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2021		1.000	-0.137	0.503^*
2023年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2023			1.000	0.080
2023年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2023				1.000

项目 Items	2021年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2021	2021年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2021	2023年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2023	2023年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapaL. in 2023
2021年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2021	1.000	-0.327	0.373	-0.468^*
2021年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2021		1.000	-0.137	0.503^*
2023年白菜型油菜产量 Yield of B.rapa L. in 2023			1.000	0.080
2023年白菜型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.rapa L. in 2023				1.000

项目 Items	2021年甘蓝型油菜产量 Yield of B.napus L. in 2021	2021年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2021	2023年甘蓝型油菜产量 Yield of B.napus L. in 2023	2023年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2023
2021年甘蓝型油菜产量 Yield of B.napus L. in 2021	1.000	0.104	0.744^**	-0.033
2021年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2021		1.000	0.088	0.561^**
2023年甘蓝型油菜产量 Yield of B.napus L. in 2023			1.000	0.028
2023年甘蓝型油菜越冬率 Overwintering rate of B.napus L. in 2023				1.000

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