不同麦秆带状覆盖对西北旱作区冬小麦土壤水热状况及产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195338

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探明不同覆盖措施对西北旱作区冬小麦土壤水热状况及产量的影响,以康庄974冬小麦为供试材料,于2022年9月至2023年7月在通渭县旱作循环农业试验示范基地设置麦秆带状覆盖3行(M3)、4行(M4)、5行(M5)3个不同覆盖度处理和地膜覆盖(PM)处理,以露地(CK)作为对照的试验,结果表明:覆盖较CK显著提高全生育期0~200 cm土壤贮水量,麦秆覆盖平均提高13.22%,提高幅度M3>M4>M5,PM提高19.65%;覆盖增墒效应随生育期推进逐渐增大,成熟期增幅37.53~87.76 mm;随土层加深而减少,0~20 cm增幅5.10~9.48 mm;覆盖显著降低全生育期总耗水量和总耗水强度,覆盖对阶段耗水量和阶段耗水强度的影响以生育后期最明显。麦秆覆盖较CK显著降低全生育期0~25 cm土壤温度1.60~2.70 ℃,M3降幅最大;期间最大降幅出现在灌浆期,为3.67 ℃,土层间最大降幅出现在5 cm,为3.01 ℃;PM较CK显著增加全生育期0~25 cm土壤温度1.50 ℃,以越冬期、5 cm增幅最大,分别为2.20,1.79 ℃。麦秆覆盖在越冬期、拔节期、成熟期7:00增温,其他时间具有增温和降温双重效应;PM除灌浆期、成熟期14:00降温外,其他时间均增温。M5、PM的产量和水分利用效率较CK分别提高8.67%,26.49% 和0.96,2.94 kg/(hm²·mm);覆盖对产量要素的影响以穗数最明显(CV=17.67%)。产量与穗数(r=0.754^**)、WUE(r=0.891^**)、土壤温度(r=0.723^**)呈极显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著正相关(r=0.522^*)。综上,麦秆覆盖可实现生态和经济效益双赢,M5增产效果更佳。

关键词: 冬小麦, 麦秆带状覆盖, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of different mulching measures on soil moisture and heat status and yield of winter wheat in northwest dry area,winter wheat Kangzhuang 974 was used as test material.From September 2022 to July 2023,three different coverage treatments including wheat straw strip covering three rows(M3),four rows(M4)and five rows(M5)and plastic film covering(PM)treatment were set up in the experimental base of Gansu Agricultural University,The open field(CK)was used as the control.The results showed that:compared with CK,the soil water storage of 0—200 cm during the whole growth period of winter wheat was significantly increased by mulch,the average increase of straw strip mulch was 13.22%,the increase range was M3>M4>M5,and the PM increased by 19.65%.The soil moisture increasing effect of mulch increased gradually with the progress of growth stage,and the maximum increase was 37.53—87.76 mm at maturity stage.It decreased with the deepening of soil layer,and the increase of 0—20 cm was the largest,ranging from 5.10—9.48 mm.Mulching significantly reduced the total water consumption and total water consumption intensity during the whole growth period,and the influence of mulching on water consumption and total water consumption intensity during the later growth period was most obvious.Compared with CK,wheat straw strip mulching significantly reduced the soil temperature of 0—25 cm during the whole growth period by 1.60—2.70 ℃,and M3 treatment had the largest decrease.The maximum decrease occurred at the grouting stage(3.67 ℃),and the maximum decrease between soil layers(3.01 ℃)occurred at 5 cm.Compared with CK,PM significantly increased the soil temperature from 0 to 25 cm during the whole growth period by 1.50 ℃,and the overwintering period and 5 cm had the largest increase,which were 2.20,1.79 ℃,respectively.The temperature of straw mulch increased at 7:00 at wintering stage,jointing stage and ripening stage,and the temperature increased and decreased at other times.PM temperature increased at all time except at 14:00 in grouting stage and ripening stage.Compared with CK, the yield and water use efficiency of M5 and PM were increased by 8.67%, 26.49% and 0.96, 2.94 kg/(ha·mm), panicle number was the most significant factor(CV=17.67%).Yield was significantly positively correlated with spike number(r=0.754^**),WUE(r=0.891^**)and soil temperature(r=0.723^**),and significantly positively correlated with grain number per spike(r=0.522^*).Banded mulching of wheat stalk can achieve both ecological and economic benefits,and M5 is more conducive to the formation of yield.

Key words: Winter wheat, Straw banded mulch, Soil moisture, Soil temperature, Production, Water use efficiency

中图分类号:

S512.1小麦

李宝占, 周萌, 董志香, 申龙强, 马鹏, 陈蕙, 拓明文, 张森昱, 常磊, 柴雨葳, 黄彩霞. 不同麦秆带状覆盖对西北旱作区冬小麦土壤水热状况及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(3): 68-78. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195338.

LI Baozhan, ZHOU Meng, DONG Zhixiang, SHEN Longqiang, MA Peng, CHEN Hui, TUO Mingwen, ZHANG Senyu, CHANG Lei, CHAI Yuwei, HUANG Caixia. Effects of Different Straw Zonation on Soil Water and Heat Status and Yield of Winter Wheat in Dryland Areas of Northwest China[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(3): 68-78. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195338.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I3/68

图/表 13

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土壤剖面特性 Soil profile characteristics	0~5 cm	5~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~40 cm
质地类型Texture type	黏壤土	黏壤土	黏壤土	黏壤土
2.000~0.200 mm颗粒组成/% 2.000—0.200 mm particle composition	0.58	0.63	0.55	0.16
0.200~0.020 mm颗粒组成/% 0.200—0.020 mm particle composition	42.55	44.72	46.70	46.01
0.020~0.002 mm土壤颗粒组成/% 0.020—0.002 mm particle composition	41.61	39.41	37.28	38.70
<0.002 mm土壤颗粒组成/%<0.002 mm particle composition	15.17	15.26	15.50	15.15
有机质含量/(g/kg) Organic matter content	9.50	9.40	8.90	8.60
全氮含量/(g/kg) Total nitrogen content	0.73	0.71	0.72	0.68
速效磷含量/(mg/kg) Available phosphorus content	7.66	7.38	7.53	7.11
速效钾含量/(mg/kg) Available potassium content	125.86	120.38	119.37	117.27

土壤剖面特性 Soil profile characteristics	0~5 cm	5~10 cm	10~20 cm	20~40 cm
质地类型Texture type	黏壤土	黏壤土	黏壤土	黏壤土
2.000~0.200 mm颗粒组成/% 2.000—0.200 mm particle composition	0.58	0.63	0.55	0.16
0.200~0.020 mm颗粒组成/% 0.200—0.020 mm particle composition	42.55	44.72	46.70	46.01
0.020~0.002 mm土壤颗粒组成/% 0.020—0.002 mm particle composition	41.61	39.41	37.28	38.70
<0.002 mm土壤颗粒组成/%<0.002 mm particle composition	15.17	15.26	15.50	15.15
有机质含量/(g/kg) Organic matter content	9.50	9.40	8.90	8.60
全氮含量/(g/kg) Total nitrogen content	0.73	0.71	0.72	0.68
速效磷含量/(mg/kg) Available phosphorus content	7.66	7.38	7.53	7.11
速效钾含量/(mg/kg) Available potassium content	125.86	120.38	119.37	117.27

代号 Code	种植带∶覆盖带 Planting belt∶Mulching belt	覆盖度/% Fraction of coverage	具体措施 Description of treatments
PM	100∶100	100.00	覆膜后穴播,穴距20 cm
M3	35∶50	58.82	种植带35 cm,覆盖带50 cm,各种植带均匀密植条播3行
M4	50∶50	50.00	种植带50 cm,覆盖带50 cm,各种植带均匀密植条播4行
M5	70∶50	41.66	种植带70 cm,覆盖带50 cm,各种植带均匀密植条播5行
CK	100∶0	0.00	均匀条播

代号 Code	种植带∶覆盖带 Planting belt∶Mulching belt	覆盖度/% Fraction of coverage	具体措施 Description of treatments
PM	100∶100	100.00	覆膜后穴播,穴距20 cm
M3	35∶50	58.82	种植带35 cm,覆盖带50 cm,各种植带均匀密植条播3行
M4	50∶50	50.00	种植带50 cm,覆盖带50 cm,各种植带均匀密植条播4行
M5	70∶50	41.66	种植带70 cm,覆盖带50 cm,各种植带均匀密植条播5行
CK	100∶0	0.00	均匀条播

处理 Treatment	籽粒产量/ (kg/hm²) Grain yield	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	穗数 Spike number	生物产量/ (kg/hm²) Biological yield	收获指数/% Harvest index	WUE/ (kg/(hm²·mm))
CK	1 817.56±14.85 bc	28.11±0.61b	32.31±0.56b	200.17±0.73a	4 970.95±308.40b	36.81±2.03ab	5.04±0.04b
PM	2 299.05±57.50a	35.24±3.50a	26.76±2.24c	258.85±54.09a	7 757.74±1 106.97a	30.62±3.46b	7.98±0.13a
M3	1 675.75±172.98c	26.73±0.45b	36.99±0.75a	171.04±23.86a	4 889.44±504.74b	34.27±0.05ab	5.79±0.83b
M4	1 785.08±7.40bc	27.34±2.33b	34.52±0.73ab	192.55±19.79a	4 519.15±234.44b	39.73±2.22a	5.89±0.17b
M5	1 975.15±66.03b	28.57±0.35b	27.76±0.14c	249.10±10.08a	5 774.98±397.05b	34.37±1.22ab	6.00±0.15b
变异系数/% CV	12.68	11.82	13.79	17.67	23.28	9.61	16.39

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