Effects of Warming and Organic Fertilization on Soil Nitrification and Denitrification and the Activities of Enzymes Related to Nitrogen Cycling

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195771

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of climate change and organic fertilization on soil nitrogen cycling,a soybean field experiment was conducted in Hefei, Anhui from June to November 2023. Field warming was simulated using infrared radiation warming equipment, and two temperature levels(T0:Ambient temperature;T1:Warming)and different fertilization managements(SF:Synthetic fertilization;OF:Organic fertilization),and determined the effects of warming and organic fertilization on nitrification and denitrification processes and their drivers by investigating soil physicochemical properties,the relative contributions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and archaea(AOA)to the nitrification potential,denitrification capacity and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio,as well as soil respiration in combination with enzyme activity measurements.The results showed that warming significantly decreased soil moisture(2.3 precentage points),organic carbon(22.7%),total phosphorus(23.8%),N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N(17.5%),while significantly increased NO₃^--N(52.8%);organic fertilization significantly increased soil moisture,organic carbon,total phosphorus,NH₄⁺-N content by 1.2 percentage points,26.5%,31.3%,17.0%,respectively.Warming increased soil respiration(26.4%),nitrification potential(31.7%),AOB contribution(16.4 percentage points),denitrification capacity(49.1%),N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio(10.5 percentage points).Organic fertilization significantly decreased the nitrification potential, AOA contribution, denitrification capacity, and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio by 39.3%, 18.2 percentage points, 24.7% and 16.2 percentage points,respectively.Warming and organic fertilization significantly increased urease (S-UE), nitrite reductase (S-NiR), and hydroxylamine reductase(HR)activities.The correlation analyses showed that NO₃^--N content,S-UE,S-NiR,and HR activities were significantly positively correlated with AOB contribution rate and denitrification capacity.Therefore,warming increased soil N${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N content and the activities of S-UE,S-NiR and HR,which in turn increased the nitrification contribution of AOB,denitrification capacity and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio,leading to an increase in the loss of N₂O;while organic fertilization could increase the soil nutrients and regulate the role of AOA and AOB in the nitrification process,reduce the contribution of AOA,denitrification capacity and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio,and thus decrease the N₂O loss,consequently,mitigating the adverse effects of warming.

Key words: Warming, Organic fertilization, Soil nutrients, Nitrification potential, Denitrification capacity, Enzyme activity

CLC Number:

WU Qi, LI Jianlin, CHEN Yang, LUAN Chongsheng, WANG Xiaoyu, LIN Leili, LI Xiaoxiao, CHE Zhao, WANG Xiaobo, SONG He, WU Gong. Effects of Warming and Organic Fertilization on Soil Nitrification and Denitrification and the Activities of Enzymes Related to Nitrogen Cycling[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(3): 148-157. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195771.

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Figures/Tables 9

Tab.1 Application scheme of organic fertilization and synthetic fertilization kg/hm²

处理 Treatment	有机肥施用 Organic fertilization				无机肥施用 Synthetic fertilization
处理 Treatment	实物量 Fertilizer	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
SF	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	135.0	90.0	150.0
OF	2 333.0	81.0	27.0	63.0	54.0	73.0	97.0

Tab.2 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties of 0-20 cm

处理 Treatment	pH	电导率/ (μS/cm) EC	含水率/% Soil moisture	有机碳/ (g/kg) Organic C	全氮/ (g/kg) Total N	全磷/ (g/kg) Total P	速效钾/ (mg/kg) Available K	硝态氮/ (mg/kg) N${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N	铵态氮/ (mg/kg) N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N
T0SF	6.9±0.1a	62.1±3.6a	22.5±0.5b	25.1±0.8b	2.2±0.1ab	0.90±0.09b	324.1±23.0a	4.22±0.25d	3.09±0.17b
T1SF	6.4±0.1b	38.4±6.3b	20.4±0.3d	19.4±1.3c	1.8±0.1b	0.71±0.12c	324.5±11.3a	6.18±0.55b	2.63±0.11c
T0OF	6.4±0.2b	45.5±8.3b	23.9±0.5a	28.8±0.8a	2.3±0.2a	1.23±0.10a	355.1±12.4a	5.03±0.21c	3.71±0.14a
T1OF	6.3±0.2b	57.9±5.3a	21.4±0.3c	27.5±1.0a	2.2±0.3ab	0.95±0.09b	332.0±14.8a	7.95±0.33a	2.98±0.14b
温度Warming	12.462NS	2.582^**	96.670^**	28.682^**	5.730NS	22.273^**	2.105NS	140.074^**	54.489^**
肥料Fertilizer	12.462NS	0.173NS	27.797^**	84.439^**	5.730NS	29.455^**	2.105NS	38.844^**	36.080^**
温度×肥料W×F	3.846NS	26.052NS	0.731NS	0.001^*	0.571NS	1.455NS	2.216NS	5.481^*	2.805NS

Fig.1 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on the activities of enzymes related to soil nitrogen cycling Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the 0.05 level.The same as Fig.2-4.

Tab.3 Interaction between temperature and fertilizer on enzymes related to soil nitrogen emission

处理 Treatment	脲酶 S-UE	硝酸还原酶 S-NR	亚硝酸还原酶 S-NiR	羟胺还原酶 HR
温度 Warming	24.321^**	3.552NS	164.041^**	290.925^**
肥料 Fertilizer	77.629^**	3.851NS	80.891^**	107.418^**
温度×肥料 W×F	0.260NS	1.678NS	2.135NS	1.666NS

Fig.2 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on soil nitrification potential and relative contribution of AOA and AOB

Tab.4 Interaction of temperature and fertilization on soil nitrification and denitrification

处理 Treatment	硝化势 Nitrification potential	AOA贡献率 RNP_AOA/RNP_total	反硝化能力 Denitrification capacity	土壤呼吸 Soil respiration	产物比 N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)
温度 Warming	24.321^**	65.103^**	13.376^**	84.769^**	131.628^**
肥料 Fertilizer	77.629^**	81.533^**	74.405^**	50.581^**	279.773^**
温度×肥料 W×F	0.260NS	17.570^**	18.305^**	1.340NS	25.675^**

Fig.3 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on soil denitrification capacity and soil respiration

Fig.4 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratios

Fig.5 Correlation analysis of the measured variables of warming and fertilization The upper right corner of the diagonal shows the correlation coefficient,the bottom left of the diagonal shows the correlation plus the significance level indicated by an asterisk.The size of the ellipse represents the value of the correlation,and blue and red colors indicate positive and negative relationships,respectively. P-values less than 0.01 and 0.05 are indicated as ^** and ^*.pH.Potential of hydrogen;EC.Soil electrical conductivity;SMC.Soil moisture content;SOC.Soil organic carbon;TN.Total nitrogen;TP.Total phosphorus;AK.Available kalium;N

${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$

-N.Nitrate nitrogen;N

${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$

-N.Ammonium nitrogen;AOA.Contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea;AOB.Contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria;NP.Soil nitrification potential;DP.Denitrification potential;SR.Soil respiration;N₂O/(N₂O+N₂).N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio;S-UE.Soil urease;S-NR.Soil nitrate reductase;S-NiR.Soil nitrite reductase;HR.Hydroxylamine reductase.

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