Response Pattern of Spring Maize Yield,Photosynthetic Characteristics and Fluorescence Parameters to Phosphorus Dosage in Ningxia Irrigation Area

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195110

Abstract

Abstract:

To study the photosynthetic characteristics,fluorescence parameters and yield response to phosphorus in maize,and to clarify the optimal phosphorus application rate for maize under drip irrigation and water fertilization technology.Providing solid theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of maize in Ningxia region.The experiment was carried out at Pingjipu Farm,Yinchuan,Ningxia,from 2019 to 2020,with six phosphorus treatments in the order of 0(P0),60(P1),120(P2),180(P3),240(P4),and 300 kg/ha(P5).Analysis of the changing patterns of photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of spring maize leaves and their correlation with yield under different phosphorus fertilizer treatments.In two years,during the big bell mouth stage,leaf area index (LAI) was increased by 4.21% to 12.78% and 4.68% to 15.60% for P3 compared to other treatments,respectively.Phosphorus fertilizer at 180 kg/ha was most effective in promoting leaf area index and photosynthetic potential(LAD) of maize.LAD was significantly increased by 14.42% under P3 treatment compared to no phosphorus fertilizer treatment during the full two year period.The photosynthetic characteristics of maize responded differently to the intensity of phosphorus application,and as the intensity of phosphorus application increased,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) all reached the maximum value after the stamen pumping stage,and at the R1 stage of the 2 years,the Pn was significantly increased by 10.68% under the P3 treatment as compared to the no-phosphorus-fertilizer treatment.The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.926 5,0.889 9,and 0.832 0,respectively.Phosphorus application increased the maize photosystem Ⅱ composite performance index (PI),which had its maximum peak at the R1 stage in 2 years,and PI increased by 1.12% to 8.50% and 8.47% to 15.40% under the P3 treatment compared with the other treatments,respectively.The maximum yield was obtained at 180 kg/ha of phosphorus application,which was 17.27% higher as compared to no phosphorus treatment.Based on the analysis of the yield fitting equation,it was shown that the maximum corn yield of 13 823.84 kg/ha was reached at 179.34 kg/ha of phosphorus applied.Pearson's correlation analysis showed that appropriate leaf area index significantly affected maize yield in the late stage,and the photosynthetic parameters all had highly significant effects on maize yield completion;principal component analysis showed that the P3 treatment had the highest composite score for the optimization effect on maize yield.Reasonable transportation of phosphorus fertilizer can effectively ensure higher SPAD value,PSⅡ reaction center activity,improve the capture and utilization of light energy in spring maize,and promote photosynthesis,so as to improve the yield and economic benefits of maize.

Key words: Maize, Phosphorus application, Photosynthetic characteristic, Fluorescence parameter, Yield

HONG Ziqiang, ZHANG Zhengzhen, WANG Jia, ZHOU Tian, LI Fanguo, SU Ming, WU Hongliang, KANG Jianhong. Response Pattern of Spring Maize Yield,Photosynthetic Characteristics and Fluorescence Parameters to Phosphorus Dosage in Ningxia Irrigation Area[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(6): 163-175. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195110.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: http://www.hbnxb.net/EN/10.7668/hbnxb.20195110

http://www.hbnxb.net/EN/Y2024/V39/I6/163

Figures/Tables 18

References 34

[1]	Timlin D J, Naidu T C M, Fleisher D H, Reddy V R. Quantitative effects of phosphorus on maize canopy photosynthesis and biomass[J]. Crop Science, 2017, 57(6): 3156-3169. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2016.11.0970.
[2]	Johnston A E, Poulton P R. Phosphorus in agriculture:a review of results from 175 years of research at rothamsted,UK[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2019, 48(5):1133-1144.doi:10.2134/jeq2019.02.0078. pmid: 31589705
[3]	Luo L C, Wei P, Peng S Y, Wang X X, Chai R S, Zhang C C, Kadambot S H M, Palta J A. Rational phosphorus stewardship for sustainable maize production in China:a meta-analysis[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2024,153:127072.doi:10.1016/j.eja.2023.127072.
[4]	Pavinato P S, Merlin A, Rosolem C A. Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2009, 105(1):149-155.doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.07.001.
[5]	Ellsworth D S, Crous K Y, De Kauwe M G, Verryckt L T, Goll D, Zaehle S, Bloomfield K J, Ciais P, Cernusak L A, Domingues T F, Dusenge M E, Garcia S, Guerrieri R, Ishida F Y, Janssens I A, Kenzo T, Ichie T, Medlyn B E, Meir P, Norby R J, Reich P B, Rowland L, Santiago L S, Sun Y, Uddling J, Walker A P, Weerasinghe K W L K, van de Weg M J, Zhang Y B, Zhang J L, Wright I J. Convergence in phosphorus constraints to photosynthesis in forests around the world[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1):5005.doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32545-0. pmid: 36008385
[6]	涂攀峰, 陈小娟, 杨依彬, 邓兰生, 程凤娴, 张承林. 不同含铵磷源在石灰性土壤中氮磷元素的有效性及对玉米生长的影响[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2019, 47(23):170-173.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2019.23.049.
	Tu P F, Chen X J, Yang Y B, Deng L S, Cheng F X, Zhang C L. Effectiveness of nitrogen and phosphorus in calcareous soils from different sources of ammonium and phosphorus and their effects on maize growth[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2019, 47(23):170-173.
[7]	Rufty T W, Kerr P S, Huber S C. Characterization of diurnal changes in activities of enzymes involved in sucrose biosynthesis[J]. Plant Physiology, 1983, 73(2):428-433.doi:10.1104/pp.73.2.428. pmid: 16663233
[8]	卢闯, 逄焕成, 赵长海, 王婧, 常晓莲, 李玉义. 水分胁迫下施磷对潮土玉米苗期叶片光合速率、保护酶及植株养分含量的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(2):239-246.doi:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160646.
	Lu C, Pang H C, Zhao C H, Wang J, Chang X L, Li Y Y. Effect of phosphorus on leaf net photosynthesis,protective enzyme activity and nutrient uptake of maize at seedling stage in fluvo-aquic soils under water stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(2):239-246.
[9]	Boggs J L, Tsegaye T D, Coleman T L, Reddy K C, Fahsi A. Relationship between hyperspectral reflectance,soil nitrate-nitrogen,cotton leaf chlorophyll,and cotton yield:a step toward precision agriculture[J]. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2003, 22(3):5-16.doi:10.1300/j064v22n03_03.
[10]	Chen Q, Qu Z M, Li Z L, Zhang Z X, Ma G H, Liu Z G, Wang Y F, Wu L, Fang F L, Wei Z B, Zhang M. Coated diammonium phosphate combined with humic acid improves soil phosphorus availability and photosynthesis and the yield of maize[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021,12:759929.doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.759929.
[11]	焦念元, 李亚辉, 杨潇, 尹飞, 马超, 齐付国, 刘领, 熊瑛. 玉米/花生间作行比和施磷对玉米光合特性的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(9):2959-2967.doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201609.019.
	Jiao N Y, Li Y H, Yang X, Yin F, Ma C, Qi F G, Liu L, Xiong Y. Effects of maize/peanut intercropping row ratio and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics of maize[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(9):2959-2967. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201609.019
[12]	朱从桦, 张鸿, 袁继超, 张嘉莉, 蒋艺, 王兴龙, 孔凡磊. 低磷胁迫下加硅对玉米苗期硅、磷营养及叶绿素荧光参数的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2017, 31(1):303-309.doi:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2017.01.050.
	Zhu C H, Zhang H, Yuan J C, Zhang J L, Jiang Y, Wang X L, Kong F L. Silicon application on silicon and phosphorus nutrition and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of maize during seedling stage under low phosphorus stress[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 31(1):303-309.
[13]	颜晓军, 叶德练, 苏达, 李芳, 郑朝元, 吴良泉. 磷肥用量对甜玉米磷素吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(1):169-176.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.03013.
	Yan X J, Ye D L, Su D, Li F, Zheng C Y, Wu L Q. Effects of phosphorus application on phosphorus uptake and utilization of sweet corn[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(1):169-176.
[14]	侯云鹏, 王立春, 李前, 尹彩侠, 秦裕波, 王蒙, 王永军, 孔丽丽. 覆膜滴灌条件下基于玉米产量和土壤磷素平衡的磷肥适用量研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(20):3573-3584.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.008.
	Hou Y P, Wang L C, Li Q, Yin C X, Qin Y B, Wang M, Wang Y J, Kong L L. Research on optimum phosphorus fertilizer rate based on maize yield and phosphorus balance in soil under film mulched drip irrigation conditions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(20):3573-3584. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.008
[15]	柏延文, 杨永红, 朱亚利, 李红杰, 薛吉全, 张仁和. 种植密度对不同株型玉米冠层光能截获和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(12):1868-1879.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.93011.
	Bai Y W, Yang Y H, Zhu Y L, Li H J, Xue J Q, Zhang R H. Effect of planting density on light interception within canopy and grain yield of different plant types of maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(12):1868-1879. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.93011
[16]	马正波, 董学瑞, 唐会会, 闫鹏, 卢霖, 王庆燕, 房孟颖, 王琦, 董志强. 四甲基戊二酸对夏玉米光合生产特征的调控效应[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(10):1617-1627.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.03002.
	Ma Z B, Dong X R, Tang H H, Yan P, Lu L, Wang Q Y, Fang M Y, Wang Q, Dong Z Q. Effect of tetramethyl glutaric acid on summer maize photosynthesis characteristics[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(10):1617-1627.
[17]	邱霞, 孙国超, 熊博, 廖玲, 汪志辉, 王迅, 祝进. 不同叶面积指数对黄果柑光合特性及果实品质的影响[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2019, 37(3):321-329.doi:10.16036/j.issn.1000-2650.2019.03.007.
	Qiu X, Sun G C, Xiong B, Liao L, Wang Z H, Wang X, Zhu J. Effects of leaf area indexes on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of Huangguogan citrus[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2019, 37(3):321-329..
[18]	刘冲, 贾永红, 张金汕, 孙鹏, 罗四维, 王欢, 李鹏, 石书兵. 播种方式和施磷对冬小麦群体结构、光合特性和产量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(3):919-928.doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202003.009.
	Liu C, Jia Y H, Zhang J S, Sun P, Luo S W, Wang H, Li P, Shi S B. Effects of seeding pattern and phosphorus application on population structure,photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(3):919-928.
[19]	陈远学, 李汉邯, 周涛, 陈新平, 黄蔚, 刘静, 张朝春, 徐开未. 施磷对间套作玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累分配及磷肥利用效率的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(10):2799-2806.doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.2013.0454.
	Chen Y X, Li H H, Zhou T, Chen X P, Huang W, Liu J, Zhang C C, Xu K W. Effects of phosphorus fertilization on leaf area index,biomass accumulation and allocation,and phosphorus use efficiency of intercropped maize[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(10):2799-2806.
[20]	丁变红, 吴新明, 陈江鲁, 张小伟, 杨京京, 赵战胜. 高密度栽培条件下磷肥用量对滴灌玉米干物质积累和产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2017, 54(4):675-681.doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.04.012.
	Ding B H, Wu X M, Chen J L, Zhang X W, Yang J J, Zhao Z S. Effects of phosphorus fertilizer on the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and yield in maize under high planting density[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 54(4):675-681.
[21]	石博文, 苏东伟, 袁鹰, 徐连娜, 田秀平. 不同磷肥水平对春玉米中单509叶片光合特性及产量的影响[J]. 天津农学院学报, 2015, 22(4):17-20.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5394.2015.04.005.
	Shi B W, Su D W, Yuan Y, Xu L N, Tian X P. Effects of different phosphate fertilizers on physiological characteristics of leaves and yield in spring maize Zhongdan 509[J]. Journal of Tianjin Agricultural University, 2015, 22(4):17-20.
[22]	李会军, 胡雨彤, 刘美君, 盛建东, 张文太, 张少民, 孟捷. 羊草生长和光合生理特性对不同施磷强度的响应[J]. 草业科学, 2021, 38(10):2041-2049.doi:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2021-0093.
	Li H J, Hu Y T, Liu M J, Sheng J D, Zhang W T, Zhang S M, Meng J. Growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Leymus chinensis in response to applications of phosphorus at differing intensities[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2021, 38(10):2041-2049.
[23]	郭丽, 王丽英, 史建硕, 任燕利, 李廷瑞. 滴灌下不同施磷量对夏玉米内源激素及子粒灌浆特征的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2022, 30(1):93-99.doi:10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20220113.
	Guo L, Wang L Y, Shi J S, Ren Y L, Li T R. Effects of different phosphorus amount on endogenous hormones and grain filling characteristics of summer maize under drip irrigation[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2022, 30(1):93-99.
[24]	李强, 罗延宏, 余东海, 孔凡磊, 杨世民, 袁继超. 低氮胁迫对耐低氮玉米品种苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(5):1132-1141.doi:10.11674/zwyf.2015.0505.
	Li Q, Luo Y H, Yu D H, Kong F L, Yang S M, Yuan J C. Effects of low nitrogen stress on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of maize cultivars tolerant to low nitrogen stress at the seedling stage[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015, 21(5):1132-1141.
[25]	Yang H K, Chen R H, Chen Y F, Li H, Wei T, Fan G Q. Agronomic and physiological traits associated with genetic improvement of phosphorus use efficiency of wheat grown in a purple lithomorphic soil[J]. The Crop Journal, 2022, 10(4):1151-1164.doi:10.1016/j.cj.2021.11.010.
[26]	Ma G H, Chen Q, Shi R L, Kong B, Chen D Y, Zhang Z X, Li X Z, Qu Z M, Li M Y, Zhang M, Liu Z G. Effect of coated diammonium phosphate combined with Paecilomyces variotii extracts on soil available nutrients,photosynthesis-related enzyme activities,endogenous hormones,and maize yield[J]. ACS Omega, 2022, 7(27):23566-23575.doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c02102.
[27]	赵伟, 甄天悦, 张子山, 徐铮, 高大鹏, 丁聪, 刘鹏, 李耕, 宁堂原. 增施磷肥提高弱光环境中夏大豆叶片光合能力及产量[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(2):249-258.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.94078.
	Zhao W, Zhen T Y, Zhang Z S, Xu Z, Gao D P, Ding C, Liu P, Li G, Ning T Y. Increasing phosphate fertilizer application to improve photosynthetic capacity and yield of summer soybean in weak light environment[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(2):249-258.
[28]	王菲, 曹翠玲. 磷水平对不同磷效率小麦叶绿素荧光参数的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(3):758-762.doi:10.11674/zwyf.2010.0335.
	Wang F, Cao C L. Effects of phosphorus levels on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different phosphorus efficiencies[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2010, 16(3):758-762.
[29]	董茜, 雍太文, 刘小明, 刘文钰, 徐婷, 宋春, 王小春, 杨文钰. 施氮方式对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及玉米籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2014, 40(11):2028-2039.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.02028.
	Dong Q, Yong T W, Liu X M, Liu W Y, Xu T, Song C, Wang X C, Yang W Y. Effect of nitrogen application methods on crop yield and grain filling characteristics of maize in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(11):2028-2039. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2014.02028
[30]	张磊, 都钧, 孔丽丽, 尹彩侠, 赵胤凯, 侯云鹏, 李前, 李素琴. 施磷对东北黑土区春玉米产量、磷素吸收利用及土壤磷素平衡的影响[J]. 东北农业科学, 2020, 45(5):38-42.doi:10.16423/j.cnki.1003-8701.2020.05.010.
	Zhang L, Du J, Kong L L, Yin C X, Zhao Y K, Hou Y P, Li Q, Li S Q. Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on yield,phosphorus absorption and utilization,soil phosphorus balance of spring maize in black soil region of Northeast China[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 45(5):38-42.
[31]	张皓禹, 张君, 张凤麟, 刘地, 危常州. 滴灌条件下不同磷肥品种对土壤磷有效性及玉米产量的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2019, 33(2):189-195.doi:10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2019.02.030.
	Zhang H Y, Zhang J, Zhang F L, Liu D, Wei C Z. Effects of different phosphorus fertilizerson soil phosphorus availability and maize yield under drip irrigation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, 33(2):189-195.
[32]	连彩云, 马忠明. 干旱绿洲灌区春玉米施磷效应与磷肥投入阈值研究[J]. 甘肃农业科技, 2020(10):8-14.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2020.10.003.
	Lian C Y, Ma Z M. Phosphorus application effects and input threshold of spring corn in the arid oasis irrigation area[J]. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020(10):8-14.
[33]	区惠平, 刘昔辉, 黄金生, 周柳强, 曾艳, 韦运兰, 谢如林, 谭宏伟. 广西典型红壤旱地施用钙镁磷肥对玉米产量及其镉累积的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(18):5300-5305.doi:10.5846/stxb201405100949.
	Ou H P, Liu X H, Huang J S, Zhou L Q, Zeng Y, Wei Y L, Xie R L, Tan H W. Effect of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer on maize yield and its cadmium accumulation in upland red soil in Guangxi[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(18):5300-5305.
[34]	Patra J, Lenka M, Panda B B. Tolerance and co-tolerance of the grass Chloris barbata Sw.to mercury,cadmium and zinc[J]. New Phytologist, 1994, 128(1):165-171.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03999.x.

年份 Year	有机质/ (g/kg) OM	全氮/ (g/kg) Total N	全磷/ (g/kg) Total P	碱解氮/ (mg/kg) Available N	有效磷/ (mg/kg) Available P	速效钾/ (mg/kg) Available K	pH
2019	13.62	0.74	0.44	32.41	16.61	95.42	8.17
2020	12.51	0.71	0.41	28.54	15.42	94.78	8.12

年份 Year	有机质/ (g/kg) OM	全氮/ (g/kg) Total N	全磷/ (g/kg) Total P	碱解氮/ (mg/kg) Available N	有效磷/ (mg/kg) Available P	速效钾/ (mg/kg) Available K	pH
2019	13.62	0.74	0.44	32.41	16.61	95.42	8.17
2020	12.51	0.71	0.41	28.54	15.42	94.78	8.12

生育时期 Growth period	灌水定额/(m³/hm²) Irrigation quota	灌水次数 Number of times of irrigation	灌水总量/(m³/hm²) Amount of irrigation
播种期Sowing stage	240	1	240
苗期Seedling stage	195	1	195
拔节期—抽雄期Jointing stage—Tasseling stage	240	3	720
抽雄期—吐丝期Tasseling stage—Silking stage	270	2	540
吐期丝—灌浆期Silking stage—Filling stage	270	3	810
成熟期Maturation stage	210	1	210
合计Total		11	2 715

生育时期 Growth period	灌水定额/(m³/hm²) Irrigation quota	灌水次数 Number of times of irrigation	灌水总量/(m³/hm²) Amount of irrigation
播种期Sowing stage	240	1	240
苗期Seedling stage	195	1	195
拔节期—抽雄期Jointing stage—Tasseling stage	240	3	720
抽雄期—吐丝期Tasseling stage—Silking stage	270	2	540
吐期丝—灌浆期Silking stage—Filling stage	270	3	810
成熟期Maturation stage	210	1	210
合计Total		11	2 715

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	V3—V6期 V3—V6 period	V6—V12期 V6—V12 period	V12—R1期 V12—R1 period	R1—R3期 R1—R3 period	V3—R3期 V3—R3 period
2019	P0	6.23±0.35c	43.06±0.46c	82.63±0.47c	136.04±4.81c	267.96±4.18d
	P1	7.44±0.59c	46.80±2.69abc	85.95±5.00bc	138.67±12.32bc	278.86±14.11bcd
	P2	10.90±3.82ab	52.05±7.70ab	89.54±3.91ab	145.16±3.10abc	297.65±18.32ab
	P3	11.66±0.86a	54.17±4.71a	93.31±6.70a	151.09±5.39a	310.22±16.93a
	P4	8.16±2.17bc	47.25±5.01abc	88.76±1.12abc	147.88±0.76ab	292.05±7.51abc
	P5	7.63±2.75c	45.60±5.75bc	83.31±3.78bc	138.08±3.49bc	274.62±11.13cd
2020	P0	6.01±0.05b	51.50±2.15b	90.97±2.02b	147.83±1.43b	296.31±4.75b
	P1	6.80±0.38b	53.49±0.41b	92.66±1.91b	151.17±0.22b	304.12±1.48b
	P2	7.55±1.07ab	57.41±6.45ab	98.54±5.25ab	156.55±4.37ab	320.05±16.83ab
	P3	9.29±1.02a	62.39±5.72a	102.16±4.43a	161.18±9.71a	335.02±20.60a
	P4	7.06±0.61ab	53.60±3.39b	95.43±4.47ab	157.24±3.49ab	313.32±11.58ab
	P5	6.65±0.42b	52.30±2.75b	92.70±5.63b	151.08±4.72b	302.73±11.14b

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export