摘要：

为探讨化肥减量和配施有机肥对河西绿洲土壤微生物数量、养分含量变化以及茄子产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,以紫红长茄天龙八号为供试材料,于2019,2020年开展2 a 7个不同处理大田试验,设置施用100%普通化肥(FH)、施用80%普通化肥+20%有机肥(FE)、施用60%普通化肥+40%有机肥(FS)、施用40%普通化肥+60%有机肥(FF)、施用20%普通化肥+80%有机肥(FT)、施用100%有机肥(FZ)、不施肥对照处理(CK)7个处理,分析茄子收获后0~20 cm土壤微生物数量、养分含量变化和产量变化。结果表明:化肥减量配施有机肥均能提高土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量,其中,施用60%化肥+40%有机肥改善效果最佳,其次为施用80%化肥+20%有机肥处理。配施纯化肥处理对茄子生长动态影响较小,但配施有机肥可显著促进茄子养分吸收,提高株高、茎粗和叶面积指数,并调节产量构成要素,为茄子高产奠定基础。化肥减量配施有机肥可促使茄子光合产物向果实分配,提高茄子产量,其中施用60%化肥+40%有机肥处理经济产量最高(42 716.15 kg/hm²),其次为施用40%普通化肥+60%有机肥(41 922.06 kg/hm²)和施用80%普通化肥+20%有机肥(40 302.74 kg/hm²),较CK显著提高53.64%,50.78%,44.96%。化肥减量配施有机肥能改善土壤耕层水热状况,提高茄子水分利用效率,处理FS水分利用效率最高(10.46 kg/m³),其次为FF(10.37 kg/m³)和FT(9.79 kg/m³),较CK显著提高47.53%,46.19%,38.08%。因此,综合考虑土壤环境、产量以及水分利用效率等指标,施用60%普通化肥+40%有机肥为最佳推荐处理。

关键词: 茄子, 有机肥, 土壤质量, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and combined application of organic fertilizer on soil microbial quantity,nutrient content,eggplant yield,quality and water use efficiency in Hexi oasis,the field experiments of seven different treatments were carried out in 2019 and 2020 with purple long eggplant Tianlong 8 as the test material.Seven treatments were set up,including 100% common chemical fertilizer(FH),80% common chemical fertilizer+20% organic fertilizer(FE),60% common chemical fertilizer+40% organic fertilizer(FS),40% common chemical fertilizer+60% organic fertilizer(FF),20% common chemical fertilizer+80% organic fertilizer(FT),100% organic fertilizer(FZ)and no fertilizer control(CK).The changes of soil microbial quantity,nutrient content and yield in 0-20 cm after eggplant harvest were analyzed.The results showed that chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer could increase the number of bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes and the contents of total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium and organic matter in soil.Among them,60% chemical fertilizer+40% organic fertilizer had the best improvement effect,followed by 80% chemical fertilizer+20% organic fertilizer.The combined application of pure chemical fertilizer had little effect on the growth dynamics of eggplant,but the combined application of organic fertilizer could significantly promote the nutrient absorption of eggplant,increase plant height,stem diameter and leaf area index,and regulate the yield components,laying the foundation for high yield of eggplant.Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer can promote the distribution of eggplant photosynthetic products to fruit and improve eggplant yield.The economic yield of 60% chemical fertilizer+40% organic fertilizer treatment was the highest(42 716.15 kg/ha),followed by 40% ordinary chemical fertilizer+60% organic fertilizer(41 922.06 kg/ha)and 80% ordinary chemical fertilizer+20% organic fertilizer(40 302.74 kg/ha),which were 53.64%,50.78% and 44.96% higher than CK.Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer can improve the water and heat status of soil tillage layer and improve the water use efficiency of eggplant.The water use efficiency of FS was the highest(10.46 kg/m³),followed by FF(10.37 kg/hm³)and FT(9.79 kg/hm³),which was 47.53%,46.19% and 38.08% higher than that of CK.Therefore,considering the soil environment,yield and water use efficiency,the best recommended treatment is chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer is 60%+40% organic fertilizer.

Key words: Eggplant, Organic fertilizer, Soil quality, Yield, Water use efficiency