生物有机肥对向日葵黄萎病室内防效研究

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194859

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在评估生物有机肥对向日葵黄萎病的防治效果及其对植株生长与抗病性的影响,并探讨其在可持续农业中作为病害防控措施的可行性。通过室内盆栽试验进行了生物有机肥在不同浓度和处理条件下对向日葵黄萎病病原菌及其对向日葵生长和抗病性影响的研究。结果表明,生物有机肥处理可显著降低向日葵黄萎病的病情指数,较对照组减少14.57%,室内相对防效为28.54%。施用生物有机肥显著促进了向日葵的生长发育,将田间土与有机肥按50:1比例混合后,向日葵出苗率提高8.67百分点,幼苗株高、茎粗和鲜质量等生长指标均显著增加。进一步研究显示,不同浓度的生物有机肥发酵滤液对黄萎病菌的菌落生长和孢子萌发具有显著抑制作用,且抑制效果随发酵液稀释倍数增加而减弱;同时,有机肥挥发性物质能够显著抑制微菌核的形成。在防病机制方面,生物有机肥发酵滤液可通过刺激向日葵植株产生诱导抗性进而增强植株的抗病能力。生理指标测定表明,发酵滤液诱导了活性氧(H₂O₂)爆发,增强了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,减少了丙二醛(MDA)的积累,同时提高了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性,显著增强了向日葵的抗病性。研究揭示了生物有机肥对向日葵黄萎病的防治潜力及其促进植物健康生长的双重功能,为优化生物有机肥配方和提升农业生产中病害防控策略提供了理论依据和试验支持。

关键词: 向日葵黄萎病, 生物有机肥, 室内防效, 诱导抗性

Abstract:

This study evaluates the efficacy of bio-organic fertilizer in managing Verticillium wilt in sunflowers,examining its effects on plant growth and disease resistance,and exploring its potential as a sustainable disease control strategy in sustainable agriculture.Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of bio-organic fertilizer at different concentrations and under various treatment conditions on the sunflower Verticillium wilt pathogen and its impact on sunflower growth and disease resistance.The results indicated that the treatment significantly reduced the disease index of Verticillium wilt by 14.57% compared to the control group,with a relative control efficacy of 28.54% under indoor conditions.The application of bio-organic fertilizer significantly promoted sunflower growth and development.Specifically,when 1 g of bio-organic fertilizer was mixed with every 50 g of field soil,the sunflower emergence rate increased by 8.67 percentage point,and key physiological parameters,including seedling height,stem diameter,and fresh weight,were significantly enhanced.Further investigation revealed that bio-organic fertilizer fermentation filtrates at various concentrations effectively inhibited the growth of Verticillium dahliae colonies and spore germination,with inhibitory effects diminishing as dilution increased.Additionally,volatile compounds from the fertilizer significantly suppressed the formation of microsclerotia.In terms of disease resistance mechanisms,the bio-organic fertilizer fermentation filtrates enhanced plant resistance by inducing induced resistance.Physiological analysis showed that the filtrates triggered reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂)bursts,elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD),reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation,and increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),thereby significantly enhancing disease resistance in sunflowers.This study highlights the control potential of bio-organic fertilizer for managing sunflower Verticillium wilt and promoting plant health,providing theoretical and experimental support for optimizing fertilizer formulations and developing effective disease control strategies to enhance agricultural production.

Key words: Sunflower Verticillium wilt, Bio-organic fertilizer, Indoor control efficacy, Induced resistance

杨剑锋, 李铁, 杨旭, 王月胜, 宋雪峰, 单昱林, 党媛玥, 张键, 赵君. 生物有机肥对向日葵黄萎病室内防效研究[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(2): 181-190. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194859.

YANG Jianfeng, LI Tie, YANG Xu, WANG Yuesheng, SONG Xuefeng, SHAN Yulin, DANG Yuanyue, ZHANG Jian, ZHAO Jun. Study on the Indoor Efficacy of Bio-organic Fertilizer in Controlling Verticillium wilt in Sunflowers[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(2): 181-190. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194859.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I2/181

图/表 8

表1 向日葵播种前土壤的不同处理方式

Tab.1 Different soil treatment methods before sunflower sowing

设置 Setups	向日葵播种前土壤不同处理方式 Different soil treatment methods before sunflower sowing	代码 Number
处理1 Treatment 1	接种黄萎病菌的灭菌土	S
处理2 Treatment 2	接种黄萎病菌的灭菌土和营养土混合	S+N
处理3 Treatment 3	接种黄萎病菌的灭菌土和生物有机肥混合	S+O
处理4 Treatment 4	未接种黄萎病菌的灭菌土	CK

表2 向日葵黄萎病病级划分标准

Tab.2 The grading standard for sunflower Verticillium wilt

病级 Grade	症状分级与描述 Symptom classification and description
0	健株,无表观症状
1	植株25%以下的叶片表现褪绿、黄化、萎蔫枯死等症状
2	植株25%~50%的叶片表现症状,植株矮化
3	植株51%~75%的叶片表现症状,植株矮化
4	植株75%以上的叶片表现出严重症状,植株枯萎死亡

图1 不同土壤处理条件下向日葵黄萎病的发生程度的比较 A.向日葵在不同处理条件下的黄萎病症状表现;B.向日葵黄萎病的病情指数和相对防效结果统计。大、小写字母分别标注不同组数据的差异性分析,不同字母表示同组数据差异显著(P<0.05)。图3—4同。

Fig.1 Comparison of the occurrence of Verticillium wilt in sunflower under different soil treatment conditions A.Symptoms of Verticillium wilt in sunflowers under different treatment conditions;B.Statistical of disease index and relative control efficacy of Verticillium wilt in sunflowers.Uppercase and lowercase letters indicate the results of statistical analysis for differences between groups,with different letters representing significant differences(P<0.05).The same as Fig.3—4.

图2 生物有机肥处理对向日葵生长的影响

Fig.2 Effects of bio-organic fertilizer treatment on sunflower growth

表3 生物有机肥处理向日葵各生长指标统计

Tab.3 Statistical analysis of sunflower growth parameters under bio-organic fertilizer treatment

处理 Treatment	出苗率/% Seedling rate	株高/cm Plant height	茎粗/mm Stem thickness	地上部鲜质量/g Fresh weight on the ground
处理1 (F) Treatment 1	86.67±3.03b	48.81±5.37b	8.72±0.13ab	19.94±1.16b
处理2 (F+O_1/50) Treatment 2	95.34±1.75a	57.96±3.21a	10.36±0.35a	23.31±1.13a
处理3 (F+O_1/25) Treatment 3	41.33±5.64c	33.36±5.16c	7.55±0.94b	14.69±4.72c

图3 生物有机肥滤液对大丽轮枝菌VdGn3生长的拮抗作用

Fig.3 Antagonistic effect of bio-organic fertilizer filtrate on the growth of the V.dahliae VdGn3

图4 生物有机肥挥发物对大丽轮枝菌生长和微菌核形成的影响 A.培养皿体系测定挥发性物质抑菌试验模式图:1.大方皿底,2.小方皿底,3.圆形皿底,4.大方皿盖;B.不同处理下大丽轮枝菌生长和微菌核形成的菌落图;C.不同处理后菌落生长速度及微菌核形成的量化分析。

Fig.4 Effects of volatiles from bio-organic fertilizers on the growth and microsclerotia formation of V.dahliae A.Diagram of the volatile substance inhibition assay model in petri dish system:1.Large square dish bottom,2.Small square dish bottom,3.Round dish bottom,4.Large square dish cover;B.Colony images of V.dahliae growth and sclerotia formation under different treatments;C.Quantitative analysis of colony growth rate and sclerotia formation after different treatments.

图5 生物有机肥发酵滤液处理对向日葵植株诱导抗性测定 CK.清水对照;SN0.生物有机肥发酵滤液处理。

Fig.5 Determination of induced resistance in sunflower by bio-organic fertilizer fermentation filtrate treatment CK.Water control;SN0.Bio-organic fertilizer fermentation filtrate treatment.

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