种植模式与密度对机收芝麻产量形成和机收特性的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194920

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索芝麻机收种植模式,达到高产、稳产、农机农艺深度融合的种植目标,以抗落粒芝麻新品种豫芝ND837为试材,采用二因素裂区试验,主区为种植模式,设宽窄行(Z1,宽行60 cm、窄行20 cm)、四行一带(Z2,行距30 cm、带间距60 cm)、八行一带(Z3,行距30 cm、带间距60 cm)和等行距种植(Z4,行距30 cm),副区为密度,设18.0(M1),22.5(M2),27.0(M3),31.5万株/hm²(M4),研究种植模式和密度对芝麻光合特性、生物量、产量和机收特性的影响,为芝麻全程机械化生产提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明,种植模式和密度对芝麻光合特性、物质积累、产量和机收特性均有显著影响。在同一种植模式下,随种植密度的增加,净光合速率、SPAD值、单株生物量逐渐下降,表现为其大小M1>M2>M3>M4,群体生物量呈先增加后下降的变化趋势;不同种植模式间,净光合速率、SPAD值、单株生物量和群体生物量大小均表现为Z1>Z2>Z3>Z4;在种植模式和密度的共同影响下,Z1M1的净光合速率和SPAD值最大,单株生物量也以Z1M1最高,为59.76 g/株,群体生物量和籽粒产量以Z1M3最高,分别为13 032.97,1 719.87 kg/hm²。随种植密度的提高,植株整齐度趋于一致,茎秆直径减少,单株结蒴能力降低,成熟期倒伏率也逐渐降低,大小表现为M1>M2>M3>M4;不同种植模式间,倒伏率大小总体表现为Z1>Z2>Z3>Z4;在种植模式和密度的共同影响下,Z3M1倒伏率最高为17.51%,Z4M4最低为7.97%。在设置试验条件下,Z1M3处理芝麻产量水平最高,成熟期农艺性状和机收特性较佳。

关键词: 芝麻, 产量, 机收特性, 种植模式, 种植密度

Abstract:

To explore the planting patterns of mechanical harvesting sesame and achieve goals of high yield,stable yield and deep combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy,the split plot design with two factors was carried out to investigate the effects of different planting pattern and density on the photosynthetic characteristics,biomass,yield and mechanical harvesting characteristics of Yuzhi ND837,in order to provide theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the full mechanization production of sesame.The planting pattern included wide-and narrow-row spacing planting(Z1,wide-row:60 cm,narrow-row:20 cm),banding planting of 4 rows(Z2,line spacing:30 cm,banding spacing:60 cm),banding planting of 8 rows(Z3,line spacing:30 cm,banding spacing:60 cm)and equidistant row planting(Z4,line spacing:30 cm)as primary area.The planting density included 180(M1),225(M2),270(M3)and 315 thousand plants/ha(M4)as vice-area.The results showed that planting pattern and planting density both had significant effects on the photosynthetic characteristics,substance accumulation,yield and mechanical harvesting characteristics of sesame.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),SPAD value and biomass per plant descended with the order of M1>M2>M3>M4,while the biomass of population increased at first and then descended with the planting density increasing under the same planting pattern.Under different planting patterns,the Pn,SPAD value,biomass per plant and biomass of population all showed Z1>Z2>Z3>Z4.Under the comprehensive effects of planting pattern and density,the Pn and SPAD value of Z1M1 were the highest,and the biomass per plant was also the highest in Z1M1(59.76 g/plant),but the biomass of population and yield were the highest in Z1M3(13 032.97,1 719.87 kg/ha,respectively).The uniformity of plants tended to be the same,the diameter of stem and the ability of capsule formation per plant decreased,but the lodging percentage at maturity also gradually decreased with the increase of planting density(M1>M2>M3>M4).The lodging percentage showed Z1>Z2>Z3>Z4 among different planting patterns.Under the comprehensive influence of planting pattern and density,the lodging percentage of Z3M1(17.51%)was the highest and Z4M4(7.97%)was the lowest.Under the conditions of the experiment,Z1M3 has the biggest yield,and the agronomic traits and mechanical harvesting characteristics at maturity are also better.

Key words: Sesame, Yield, Mechanical harvesting characteristics, Planting pattern, Planting density

高桐梅, 王东勇, 李丰, 张鹏钰, 田媛, 栾晓刚, 高东亮, 卫双玲, 付锦州, 戎亚思. 种植模式与密度对机收芝麻产量形成和机收特性的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(6): 135-144. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194920.

GAO Tongmei, WANG Dongyong, LI Feng, ZHANG Pengyu, TIAN Yuan, LUAN Xiaogang, GAO Dongliang, WEI Shuangling, FU Jinzhou, RONG Yasi. Effects of Planting Pattern and Density on Yield and Mechanical Harvesting Characteristics of Mechanical Harvesting Sesame[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(6): 135-144. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194920.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I6/135

图/表 7

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处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	初花期 Initial-flowering stage	盛花期 Full-bloom stage	封顶期 Top-cutting stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
Z1M1	17.54±0.43a	23.59±0.49a	23.33±0.35a	18.00±0.34ab	5.75±0.33a
Z1M2	17.51±0.34a	21.60±0.77cd	23.15±0.10a	17.64±0.44abc	5.72±0.08ab
Z1M3	17.50±0.23a	20.33±0.20ef	22.09±0.42de	16.06±0.46e	5.30±0.19bcd
Z1M4	17.43±0.29a	19.72±0.61fg	20.90±0.41f	14.61±0.54g	5.04±0.15d
Z2M1	17.68±0.38a	22.67±0.42b	22.91±0.19ab	18.25±0.45a	5.59±0.13ab
Z2M2	17.56±0.34a	20.48±0.14ef	22.80±0.20abc	17.38±0.56bcd	5.30±0.20bcd
Z2M3	17.40±0.33a	19.51±0.47g	22.79±0.11abc	16.82±0.08d	5.14±0.09cd
Z2M4	17.38±0.57a	18.25±0.49i	20.30±0.49g	14.27±0.41g	5.07±0.24d
Z3M1	17.70±0.11a	21.95±0.55bc	23.11±0.55a	17.71±0.38abc	5.77±0.32a
Z3M2	17.61±0.40a	20.51±0.43ef	22.07±0.39de	17.11±0.49cd	5.53±0.40abc
Z3M3	17.49±0.34a	19.47±0.37g	21.76±0.52e	17.00±0.44cd	5.41±0.29abcd
Z3M4	17.48±0.46a	18.46±0.09hi	19.88±0.51g	14.30±0.08g	5.31±0.17bcd
Z4M1	17.70±0.35a	22.60±0.42b	22.88±0.24abc	17.50±0.50abcd	5.76±0.09a
Z4M2	17.65±0.15a	21.02±0.08de	22.42±0.31bcd	15.70±0.21ef	5.68±0.16ab
Z4M3	17.49±0.22a	19.15±0.57gh	22.33±0.31cd	15.33±0.41f	5.36±0.30abcd
Z4M4	17.29±0.37a	17.92±0.42i	18.39±0.41h	14.46±0.35g	5.11±0.16cd
Z	0.115	19.789^**	14.453^**	13.173^**	2.494
M	1.304	187.778^**	176.328^**	153.165^**	15.888^**
Z×M	0.119	1.407	6.790^*	4.355^*	0.544

处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	初花期 Initial-flowering stage	盛花期 Full-bloom stage	封顶期 Top-cutting stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
Z1M1	17.54±0.43a	23.59±0.49a	23.33±0.35a	18.00±0.34ab	5.75±0.33a
Z1M2	17.51±0.34a	21.60±0.77cd	23.15±0.10a	17.64±0.44abc	5.72±0.08ab
Z1M3	17.50±0.23a	20.33±0.20ef	22.09±0.42de	16.06±0.46e	5.30±0.19bcd
Z1M4	17.43±0.29a	19.72±0.61fg	20.90±0.41f	14.61±0.54g	5.04±0.15d
Z2M1	17.68±0.38a	22.67±0.42b	22.91±0.19ab	18.25±0.45a	5.59±0.13ab
Z2M2	17.56±0.34a	20.48±0.14ef	22.80±0.20abc	17.38±0.56bcd	5.30±0.20bcd
Z2M3	17.40±0.33a	19.51±0.47g	22.79±0.11abc	16.82±0.08d	5.14±0.09cd
Z2M4	17.38±0.57a	18.25±0.49i	20.30±0.49g	14.27±0.41g	5.07±0.24d
Z3M1	17.70±0.11a	21.95±0.55bc	23.11±0.55a	17.71±0.38abc	5.77±0.32a
Z3M2	17.61±0.40a	20.51±0.43ef	22.07±0.39de	17.11±0.49cd	5.53±0.40abc
Z3M3	17.49±0.34a	19.47±0.37g	21.76±0.52e	17.00±0.44cd	5.41±0.29abcd
Z3M4	17.48±0.46a	18.46±0.09hi	19.88±0.51g	14.30±0.08g	5.31±0.17bcd
Z4M1	17.70±0.35a	22.60±0.42b	22.88±0.24abc	17.50±0.50abcd	5.76±0.09a
Z4M2	17.65±0.15a	21.02±0.08de	22.42±0.31bcd	15.70±0.21ef	5.68±0.16ab
Z4M3	17.49±0.22a	19.15±0.57gh	22.33±0.31cd	15.33±0.41f	5.36±0.30abcd
Z4M4	17.29±0.37a	17.92±0.42i	18.39±0.41h	14.46±0.35g	5.11±0.16cd
Z	0.115	19.789^**	14.453^**	13.173^**	2.494
M	1.304	187.778^**	176.328^**	153.165^**	15.888^**
Z×M	0.119	1.407	6.790^*	4.355^*	0.544

处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	初花期 Initial-flowering stage	盛花期 Full-bloom stage	封顶期 Top-cutting stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
Z1M1	36.63±2.44a	38.22±1.64a	47.59±1.98a	39.59±2.91a	34.17±2.40a
Z1M2	34.61±2.84abcde	36.70±1.60ab	45.41±1.48bcd	36.32±1.56bc	32.60±1.88abc
Z1M3	33.02±2.82def	35.02±2.21c	44.52±1.57cdef	34.41±1.48cde	29.86±1.45ef
Z1M4	33.33±1.56cdef	34.14±1.55cd	43.54±1.54def	33.67±2.22def	28.80±1.79f
Z2M1	35.97±2.14ab	37.87±1.37a	46.76±2.34ab	38.66±2.43a	33.99±2.68a
Z2M2	34.38±2.50abcde	35.27±1.45bc	45.34±1.63bcd	36.07±1.78bcd	32.12±2.46abcd
Z2M3	33.14±2.51def	34.01±1.38cd	44.38±1.87cdef	34.47±2.38cde	30.59±1.74cdef
Z2M4	32.91±1.71def	33.90±1.92cd	43.46±2.00def	33.66±2.66def	30.03±2.13def
Z3M1	35.77±2.16abc	36.92±1.49ab	45.77±2.28abc	37.44±2.47ab	33.41±2.49ab
Z3M2	34.08±2.17bcdef	34.57±2.25c	45.09±2.34bcde	34.33±2.49cdef	32.29±1.56abc
Z3M3	33.72±2.28bcdef	33.94±1.70cd	43.80±2.34cdef	34.09±1.65cdef	30.60±2.14cdef
Z3M4	32.37±2.48ef	32.03±1.27e	43.03±1.77fg	33.60±2.51ef	29.43±2.03ef
Z4M1	35.24±1.52abcd	34.32±1.74c	45.24±0.90bcd	35.50±2.61bcde	32.50±1.71abc
Z4M2	34.01±2.39bcdef	34.21±1.97cd	43.17±2.33efg	33.53±1.59ef	31.38±1.43bcde
Z4M3	33.12±2.49def	32.46±1.55de	41.36±1.49g	31.93±2.54fg	30.10±2.22def
Z4M4	31.54±2.38f	31.08±1.90e	39.58±1.74h	30.24±1.92g	28.79±1.64f
Z	0.993	20.525^**	17.655^**	14.881^**	1.577
M	14.425^**	37.540^**	28.744^**	33.897^**	31.460^**
Z×M	0.292	0.977	0.814	0.563	0.445

处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	初花期 Initial-flowering stage	盛花期 Full-bloom stage	封顶期 Top-cutting stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
Z1M1	36.63±2.44a	38.22±1.64a	47.59±1.98a	39.59±2.91a	34.17±2.40a
Z1M2	34.61±2.84abcde	36.70±1.60ab	45.41±1.48bcd	36.32±1.56bc	32.60±1.88abc
Z1M3	33.02±2.82def	35.02±2.21c	44.52±1.57cdef	34.41±1.48cde	29.86±1.45ef
Z1M4	33.33±1.56cdef	34.14±1.55cd	43.54±1.54def	33.67±2.22def	28.80±1.79f
Z2M1	35.97±2.14ab	37.87±1.37a	46.76±2.34ab	38.66±2.43a	33.99±2.68a
Z2M2	34.38±2.50abcde	35.27±1.45bc	45.34±1.63bcd	36.07±1.78bcd	32.12±2.46abcd
Z2M3	33.14±2.51def	34.01±1.38cd	44.38±1.87cdef	34.47±2.38cde	30.59±1.74cdef
Z2M4	32.91±1.71def	33.90±1.92cd	43.46±2.00def	33.66±2.66def	30.03±2.13def
Z3M1	35.77±2.16abc	36.92±1.49ab	45.77±2.28abc	37.44±2.47ab	33.41±2.49ab
Z3M2	34.08±2.17bcdef	34.57±2.25c	45.09±2.34bcde	34.33±2.49cdef	32.29±1.56abc
Z3M3	33.72±2.28bcdef	33.94±1.70cd	43.80±2.34cdef	34.09±1.65cdef	30.60±2.14cdef
Z3M4	32.37±2.48ef	32.03±1.27e	43.03±1.77fg	33.60±2.51ef	29.43±2.03ef
Z4M1	35.24±1.52abcd	34.32±1.74c	45.24±0.90bcd	35.50±2.61bcde	32.50±1.71abc
Z4M2	34.01±2.39bcdef	34.21±1.97cd	43.17±2.33efg	33.53±1.59ef	31.38±1.43bcde
Z4M3	33.12±2.49def	32.46±1.55de	41.36±1.49g	31.93±2.54fg	30.10±2.22def
Z4M4	31.54±2.38f	31.08±1.90e	39.58±1.74h	30.24±1.92g	28.79±1.64f
Z	0.993	20.525^**	17.655^**	14.881^**	1.577
M	14.425^**	37.540^**	28.744^**	33.897^**	31.460^**
Z×M	0.292	0.977	0.814	0.563	0.445

处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	初花期 Initial-flowering stage	盛花期 Full-bloom stage	封顶期 Top-cutting stage	成熟期 Maturation stage
Z1M1	1.68±0.13a	17.91±0.64a	26.81±0.62a	43.76±2.11a	59.76±2.72a
Z1M2	1.70±0.12a	14.47±0.56b	23.61±1.04b	33.34±1.87c	49.12±3.54c
Z1M3	1.37±0.10cde	14.40±0.46b	22.12±1.40cd	29.02±1.39de	41.79±1.95d
Z1M4	1.03±0.07i	9.36±0.54f	14.68±0.93g	23.80±0.79f	32.39±1.54f
Z2M1	1.52±0.11b	14.39±0.59b	26.32±0.76a	43.32±2.34a	57.02±2.36ab
Z2M2	1.49±0.05bc	11.30±0.68c	22.96±0.95bc	33.51±2.44c	46.00±2.23c
Z2M3	1.36±0.09de	11.00±0.50cd	21.48±1.15d	29.50±1.27d	41.16±1.52d
Z2M4	1.22±0.07fgh	11.45±0.25c	14.29±0.64g	23.87±1.58f	31.61±2.15f
Z3M1	1.46±0.09bcd	10.45±0.80de	18.32±0.38e	42.87±0.78a	55.52±3.10b
Z3M2	1.36±0.09de	9.35±0.63f	15.30±0.86fg	33.70±2.19c	46.29±2.61c
Z3M3	1.21±0.06gh	9.99±0.74f	11.56±0.33i	28.32±1.27de	40.40±2.91de
Z3M4	1.06±0.06i	7.51±0.71g	9.63±0.51j	23.10±1.50f	31.20±2.09f
Z4M1	1.30±0.12efg	9.34±0.55f	16.08±0.68f	40.55±2.52b	54.32±1.99b
Z4M2	1.34±0.11def	9.36±0.36f	13.28±0.69h	32.54±1.69c	46.14±2.41c
Z4M3	1.12±0.06hi	9.94±0.46ef	10.18±0.42j	26.93±0.68e	37.65±1.82e
Z4M4	0.81±0.06j	7.57±0.66g	9.77±0.32j	21.67±1.37f	30.40±1.47f
Z	45.027^**	325.606^**	787.136^**	6.710^*	8.326^**
M	115.860^**	160.095^**	547.377^**	469.370^**	413.045^**
Z×M	4.610^*	31.886^**	19.986^**	0.382	0.780

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