摘要：

通过探索河北山前平原区有机肥替代氮肥的配比,以期为该区小麦氮肥减量增效技术提供依据。在河北永年博远农场连续2 a进行大田试验,设置5个有机肥和无机肥组配处理。结果表明,有机肥替代20%和40%的化肥,可显著提高穗粒数和产量,较高氮处理和节氮处理产量提高4.0%以上,穗粒数增加3.6~5.6粒。籽粒品质指标大多为替代率20%和40%的处理和节氮处理较优,主要为稳定时间增加2.2~2.7 min,拉伸面积增大10.5~17.5 cm²,最大拉伸阻力增大28.0~75.5 EU。氮效率各项指标大多为替代率20%的处理较优,其中氮肥效率、氮素利用效率和氮收获指数较高氮处理分别提高109.3%,9.3%,11.3%,较节氮处理分别提高6.9%,8.5%,8.3%。有机肥不同比例替代化肥,0~20 cm土壤硝态氮均出现“表聚现象”,含量增加,较节氮处理高38.5%以上;20~40 cm土壤硝态氮则表现为节氮处理和高氮处理显著较高。20%有机肥替代氮肥小麦产量和品质俱佳,显著改善0~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量,提高小麦对氮素吸收利用,环境效益显著。

关键词: 小麦, 有机肥, 化肥, 产量, 籽粒品质

Abstract:

It explored the ratio of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer in the piedmont plain of Hebei Province,in order to provide a basis for reducing the amount and increasing the efficiency of nitrogen in wheat in this area.Field experiments were carried out in Boyuan farm in Yongnian,Hebei Province for two consecutive years,and five organic and inorganic fertilizer combination treatments were set up.The results showed that organic fertilizer instead of 20% and 40% chemical fertilizer could significantly improve the number of grains per spike and yield.Compared with the high nitrogen and saving nitrogen treatment of single chemical fertilizer application,the yield increased by more than 4.0%,and the number of grains per spike increased by 3.6—5.6.Most of the grain quality indexes for organic fertilizer instead of 20% and 40% chemical fertilizer treatment,and saving nitrogen treatment were better,and the stabilization time increased by 2.2—2.7 min,the tensile area increased by 10.5—17.5 cm²,and the maximum tensile resistance increased by 28.0—75.5 EU.Various nitrogen efficiency indicators of treatment for organic fertilizer instead of 20% were higher.The nitrogen fertilizer efficiency,nitrogen utilization efficiency,and nitrogen harvest index increased 109.3%,9.3% and 11.3% respectively compared with high nitrogen treatment,and 6.9%,8.5% and 8.3% respectively compared with the saving nitrogen treatment.When organic fertilizer replaced chemical fertilizer in different proportions,nitrate nitrogen in 0—20 cm soil appeared "surface accumulation",and the content of nitrate nitrogen increased,which was more than 38.5% higher than that of the saving nitrogen treatment.The nitrate nitrogen in 20—40 cm soil was significantly higher for the saving nitrogen treatment and the high nitrogen application treatment.Organic fertilizer instead of 20% nitrogen fertilizer treatment had the best yield and grain quality,significantly improve the nitrate nitrogen content in 0—40 cm soil,improve the nitrogen absorption and utilization of wheat,and finally obtain higher environmental benefits.

Key words: Wheat, Organic fertilizer, Chemical fertilizer, Yield, Grain quality