摘要：

为了给作物持续高产下科学施用磷肥提供依据,采用1978年以来土壤有效磷变化的大数据分析、不同时段磷肥定位试验、大面积磷肥产量效应试验等方法分析了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区土壤有效磷变化、土壤和肥料磷的产量效应。结果表明,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区土壤有效磷含量平均为22.43 mg/kg,表现为太行山山麓平原﹥冲积平原。1996-1999年,太行山山麓平原、冲积平原区供试土壤有效磷含量分别为15.09,11.90 mg/kg,冬小麦P₂O₅用量180 kg/hm²时土壤供磷能力:冬小麦分别为83.9%,75.8%,夏玉米分别为83.3%,89.7%。冬小麦秸秆还田下,土壤磷收支表观平衡分别为盈余52.8%,55.4%。2010-2012年,太行山山麓平原土壤有效磷27.22 mg/kg,冬小麦、夏玉米P₂O₅用量分别为108,60 kg/hm²时土壤供磷能力:冬小麦为84.6%,夏玉米为90.1%。小麦秸秆不还田下,土壤磷收支表观平衡:冬小麦盈余6.7%,夏玉米亏缺47.1%。基于2002-2006年,2012-2016年多点大面积磷肥在冬小麦、夏玉米上的效应函数计算出最高产量P₂O₅用量:冬小麦分别为107.3,125.1 kg/hm²,夏玉米分别为52.0,58.9 kg/hm²。过量施用磷肥连续种植3 a 6茬,土壤积累磷均表现出显著的增产效应。冬小麦-夏玉米轮作秸秆还田下,冬小麦、夏玉米推荐P₂O₅用量分别为90~100,30 kg/hm²;秸秆不还田分别为100~120,45 kg/hm²。

关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米轮作, 土壤磷素, 磷肥, 供磷能力, 产量效应

Abstract:

This study investigated the dynamics of soil phosphorus,yield responses to soil phosphorus and phosphate fertilizer in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the last decades,which was important for the scientific application of phosphate fertilizer in continuous high-yielding cropping.A combined method that included in situ phosphate fertilizer experiment under different soil fertility conditions,the analysis of changes of soil available P since 1978,the response of yield to phosphate fertilizer was used.Average content of soil available P of winter wheat-summer maize rotation area was 22.43 mg/kg,and the soil available P of the piedmont plain of Taihang mountain was greater than the alluvial plain.During 1996-1999,the soil available P content of the the piedmont plain and the alluvial plain was 15.09,11.90 mg/kg in cultivated land,respectively,the application rate of P₂O₅ in the winter wheat season of the rotation system was 180 kg/ha;the soil P supply capacity for winter wheat in these two regions piedmont were 83.9%,75.8%,respectively,and for summer maize they were 83.3%,89.7%,respectively.Under the condition of winter wheat straw returning,soil P surplus of these two regions was estimated to be 52.8%,55.4%,respectively.During 2010-2012,the soil available P of the piedmont plain of Taihang mountain was 27.22 mg/kg,the application rate in winter wheat and summer maize season were 108,60 kg/ha,respectively.The soil P supply capacity in winter wheat season was 84.6%,90.1% in summer maize season.Soil P surplus was estimated to be 6.7% in winter wheat season,and soil P of deficit was estimated to be 47.1% in summer maize season without straw returning.The application rate of P₂O₅ for the maximal yield production of winter wheat and summer maize were calculated according to the yield responses of winter wheat and summer maize to the P fertilization rates at multiple sites during 2002-2006 and 2012-2016.For winter wheat they were 107.3,125.1 kg/ha,respectively,and for summer maize they were 52.0,58.9 kg/ha,respectively.The accumulated P increaded the yield of winter wheat and summer maize for excess application 3 time of P fertilizer in 3 years 6 crop.The recommendation of P₂O₅ rate for winter wheat and summer maize with wheat straw returning were 90-100 kg/ha and 30 kg/ha,respectively,and they were 100-120 kg/ha and 45 kg/ha without wheat straw returning.

Key words: Winter wheat-summer maize rotation, Soil phosphorus, Phosphate fertilizer, Phosphorus supply capacity, Yield response