化肥减施下磷肥运筹对越冬长茬番茄生长和磷利用率的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194788

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究高量施肥地区化肥氮磷钾同步减施条件下,磷肥减施比例以及磷肥运筹方式对番茄产量、化肥磷利用率和土壤肥力水平的影响,试验于河北省定兴县日光温室,种植越冬长茬番茄,共设计6个处理,其中PB2处理化肥磷全部基施,其他减施处理化肥磷采用“基施+追施”运筹模式,分别是:农户常规施肥(CF,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为1 009.5-774.0-1 458.0 kg/hm²)、化肥磷减施1(P1,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为750.0-375.0-1 125.0 kg/hm²)、化肥磷减施2(PB2,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为750.0-225.0-1 125.0 kg/hm²)、化肥磷减施3(PT2,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为750.0-225.0-1 125.0 kg/hm²)、化肥磷减施4(P3,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为750.0-75.0-1 125.0 kg/hm²)、化肥磷减施5(P4,N-P₂O₅-K₂O为750.0-0.0-1 125.0 kg/hm²)。研究表明,3 a间PT2处理与常规施肥处理相比产量平均增加12.0%,增幅最高。P1、PB2和PT2处理连续3 a减施后根系干质量增幅明显,植株化肥磷利用率、化肥磷收获指数和化肥磷农学利用效率显著提升;PT2处理根冠与CF处理相比,平均增加48.2%,化肥磷利用率、化肥磷收获指数分别平均高32.9,2.7百分点,农学利用率较CF处理提升9.02倍,在所有减施处理中最高。土壤硝态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量较CF处理3 a间分别平均降低了8.2%~14.9%,4.4%~19.9%,7.3%~24.8%。综上,在过量施用化肥的设施菜地,化肥减施35.2%(其中化肥磷减施70.9%)不会降低作物产量,化肥磷采用“基施+追施”运筹模式番茄产量也较全部基施有所提高,一定程度上降低了土壤速效磷含量并增加了化肥磷肥利用率。

关键词: 番茄, 磷肥, 产量, 肥料利用率, 土壤速效养分

Abstract:

Abstract:To explore the effects of phosphorus fertilizer reduction ratio and phosphorus fertilizer management method on tomato yield,phosphorus utilization rate and soil fertility level under simultaneous reduction of chemical fertilizer nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in high fertilizer application areas,an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located in Dingxing County,Hebei Province.Overwintered long-season tomato was chosen as the experimental plant.Treatments included CF(N-P₂O₅-K₂O,1 009.5-774.0-1 458.0 kg/ha),P1(N-P₂O₅-K₂O,750.0-375.0-1 125.0 kg/ha),PB2(N-P₂O₅-K₂O,750.0-225.0-1 125.0 kg/ha),PT2(N-P₂O₅-K₂O,750.0-225.0-1 125.0 kg/ha),P3(N-P₂O₅-K₂O,750.0-75.0-1 125.0 kg/ha)and P4(N-P₂O₅-K₂O,750.0-0.0-1 125.0 kg/ha).Fertilizer phosphorus was applied basally in the PB2 treatment,and the other fertilizer-reduced treatment fertilizer phosphorus was applied in a "Basal dressing and topdressing" method.The result showed that compared to CF,tomato yield of PT2 treatment over the three-year period revealed an average increase of 12.0%,with the highest increase.After three years of fertilizer reduction,the root dry weight of P1,PB2 and PT2 significantly increased,along with improvements in the chemical phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate,phosphorus fertilizer agronomic utilization rate,and the chemical phosphorus fertilizer harvest index.Compared to CF,PT2 treatment resulted in an increase in root shoot ratio of 48.2%, phosphorus fertilizer recovery rate and phosphorus fertilizer harvest index increased by an average of 32.9 and 2.7 percent points, phosphorus fertilizer agronomic utilization rate was 9.02 times higher than that of CF.PT2 treatment was the highest among all fertilizer reduction treatments.Compared to the CF treatment,soil $NO_3^{-}$-N,Available P and Available K contents were reduced by an average of 8.2%—14.9%,4.4%—19.9%,and 7.3%—24.8%,respectively,over the three-year period.In conclusion,a 35.2% reduction in chemical fertilizer,which included a 70.9% decrease in chemical phosphorus fertilizer,did not have a negative impact on yield in greenhouses with excessive fertilizer use.Additionally,the combination of "Basal dressing and topdressing" method for phosphate management enhances tomato yield in comparison to basal dressing alone.This method also reduces available phosphorus content and increases the efficiency of chemical phosphorus fertilizer utilization.

Key words: Tomato, Phosphorus fertilizer, Yield, Fertilizer utilization efficiency, Soil available nutrient

邓鹏志, 袁硕, 唐继伟, 冀宏杰, 张怀志, 黄绍文. 化肥减施下磷肥运筹对越冬长茬番茄生长和磷利用率的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(4): 162-169. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194788.

DENG Pengzhi, YUAN Shuo, TANG Jiwei, JI Hongjie, ZHANG Huaizhi, HUANG Shaowen. Effect of Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Pattern on the Growth and Phosphorus Fertilizer Utilization of Long-season Tomato in Greenhouse under Reduced Fertilizer Application[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(4): 162-169. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194788.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I4/162

图/表 6

表1 各处理中化肥用量和施肥方式

Tab.1 Amount of chemical fertilizer and fertilization pattern of each treatment

处理 Treatment		化肥养分用量/(kg/hm²) Amount of chemical fertilizer nutrients			化肥磷基追比 Basal-dressed/top-dressing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer
处理 Treatment		N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CF	农户常规施肥	1 009.5	774.0	1 458.0	30:70
P1	氮钾减施25.7%,22.8%,化肥磷较农户降低50%	750.0	375.0	1 125.0	20:80
PB2	与P1等氮等钾,化肥磷较农户降低70.9%	750.0	225.0	1 125.0	100:0
PT2	与P1等氮等钾,化肥磷较农户降低70.9%	750.0	225.0	1 125.0	20:80
P3	与P1等氮等钾,化肥磷较农户降低90.3%	750.0	75.0	1 125.0	20:80
P4	与P1等氮等钾,不施化肥磷	750.0	0.0	1 125.0	20:80

表2 不同处理土壤速效养分含量

Tab.2 Soil available nutrient content of each treatment mg/kg

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	硝态氮 N $O 3 -$ -N	速效磷 Available P	速效钾 Available K
2018	CF	45.5±1.4a	253.4±0.7a	756.0±37.0a
	P1	41.7±0.7a	250.6±5.8a	704.3±5.4ab
	PB2	41.3±1.1a	243.8±8.5a	609.5±19.8b
	PT2	42.2±0.7a	232.2±0.4a	635.9±5.4b
	P3	40.5±2.8a	228.3±3.4a	587.2±7.7b
	P4	41.8±1.1a	225.9±3.5a	627.6±25.9b
2019	CF	62.3±2.5a	218.6±7.5a	433.1±5.1a
	P1	58.6±4.1a	187.8±1.4b	426.0±6.2a
	PB2	56.6±1.7a	183.8±5.4b	420.5±10.1a
	PT2	56.7±1.5a	171.8±4.4b	424.0±12.6a
	P3	58.3±1.7a	170.5±3.9b	414.4±7.1a
	P4	57.7±2.4a	161.7±4.1b	392.2±5.9a
2020	CF	69.1±1.2a	243.8±6.1a	884.6±7.4a
	P1	65.5±1.6a	241.1±4.7a	808.0±8.2a
	PB2	56.2±2.1a	232.0±3.9a	837.0±18.4a
	PT2	57.7±1.3a	218.1±3.1a	853.0±21.8a
	P3	59.1±1.1a	217.8±4.6a	829.8±20.7a
	P4	61.7±4.7a	211.7±10.4a	818.3±5.7a

表2 不同处理土壤速效养分含量

Tab.2 Soil available nutrient content of each treatment mg/kg

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	硝态氮 N $O 3 -$ -N	速效磷 Available P	速效钾 Available K
2018	CF	45.5±1.4a	253.4±0.7a	756.0±37.0a
	P1	41.7±0.7a	250.6±5.8a	704.3±5.4ab
	PB2	41.3±1.1a	243.8±8.5a	609.5±19.8b
	PT2	42.2±0.7a	232.2±0.4a	635.9±5.4b
	P3	40.5±2.8a	228.3±3.4a	587.2±7.7b
	P4	41.8±1.1a	225.9±3.5a	627.6±25.9b
2019	CF	62.3±2.5a	218.6±7.5a	433.1±5.1a
	P1	58.6±4.1a	187.8±1.4b	426.0±6.2a
	PB2	56.6±1.7a	183.8±5.4b	420.5±10.1a
	PT2	56.7±1.5a	171.8±4.4b	424.0±12.6a
	P3	58.3±1.7a	170.5±3.9b	414.4±7.1a
	P4	57.7±2.4a	161.7±4.1b	392.2±5.9a
2020	CF	69.1±1.2a	243.8±6.1a	884.6±7.4a
	P1	65.5±1.6a	241.1±4.7a	808.0±8.2a
	PB2	56.2±2.1a	232.0±3.9a	837.0±18.4a
	PT2	57.7±1.3a	218.1±3.1a	853.0±21.8a
	P3	59.1±1.1a	217.8±4.6a	829.8±20.7a
	P4	61.7±4.7a	211.7±10.4a	818.3±5.7a

图1 2019—2020年不同施肥处理对越冬长茬番茄地上部和根系的影响不同字母表示年内处理间差异达0.05显著水平。图2同。

Fig.1 Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application pattern on shoot and root of overwinter long-season tomato in greenhouse during the period 2019—2020 Different letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level within the year.The same as Fig.2.

图2 2018—2020年不同施磷肥处理对越冬长茬番茄产量的影响

Fig.2 Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application pattern on yield of overwinter long-season tomato in greenhouse during the period 2018—2020

表3 不同处理化肥磷利用效率

Tab.3 Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application pattern on chemical phosphorus utilization efficiency

处理 Treatment	2019			2020
处理 Treatment	化肥磷利用率/% P fertilizer utilization rate	磷收获指数/% P harvest index	磷农学利用率/(kg/kg) P fertilizer agronomic utilization rate	化肥磷利用率/% P fertilizer utilization rate	磷收获指数/% P harvest index	磷农学利用率/(kg/kg) P fertilizer agronomic utilization rate
CF	0.1±0.1c	8.8±1.1b	-1.1±3.8c	10.4±1.6d	21.5±1.8a	5.0±2.3e
P1	3.9±1.9bc	9.5±0.2ab	20.5±2.0b	21.6±4.3c	24.4±2.6a	20.0±4.0d
PB2	9.2±2.7b	9.5±0.7ab	41.1±2.2a	41.2±4.2b	24.7±1.7a	40.4±1.8b
PT2	19.9±4.1a	10.5±0.3a	62.6±6.6a	56.4±1.5a	25.2±0.8a	50.1±5.0a
P3	1.6±0.8c	9.5±0.4ab	47.6±7.0a	39.6±2.0b	24.5±1.9a	33.7±3.5c
P4		8.6±1.6b			23.6±4.1a

图3 土壤速效养分、番茄生物量、化肥磷利用率与番茄产量相关性分析 ^*.相关性显著(P<0.05);^**.相关性极显著(P<0.01)。

Fig.3 Correlations of soil available nutrients,tomato biomass,phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate and tomato yield ^*.Significant correlation at the 0.05 level;^**.Extremely significant correlation at the 0.01 level.

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