磷肥施用方式对黄淮地区夏玉米土壤磷素有效性及产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究黄淮地区适宜的磷肥施用方式,通过开展大田试验对4种磷肥施用方式(常规撒施(P1)、分层施(P2)、条施(P3)、穴施(P4)) 下玉米不同生育时期干物质积累量、根系形态指标、不同土层土壤速效磷含量及磷酸酶活性、玉米产量及其构成因素进行测定分析。结果表明,不同施磷方式下,P2、P4处理的穗长和行粒数较P1处理显著提高22.57%,16.81%和15.19%,7.60%,P2、P3、P4处理穗粒数较P1处理分别显著提高25.26%,13.86%,17.00%,但P2处理单位面积穗数较P1处理显著降低15.30%,最终P2、P4处理产量较P1分别显著提高15.20%,10.79%。根系性状中,施磷方式显著影响了根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数,其中P2和P4处理的根长较P1处理显著提高30.41%,33.75%; P2处理根表面积相较于P1处理显著提高23.77%,P4处理根表面积相较于P1和P3处理显著提高29.60%,21.70%;P2和P4处理下的根体积和根尖数较P1和P3处理均显著提高。对土壤速效磷含量分析表明,三叶期10~20 cm的土层中,P2和P4处理速效磷含量较P1显著提高;成熟期,0~20 cm土层中P2、P3、P4处理土壤速效磷含量较P1处理发生不同程度降低,20~30 cm土层中P4处理较P1处理发生显著降低。相关性分析表明,三叶期10~20 cm土层中酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关,P2和P4处理在该土层下酸性磷酸酶活性和土壤速效磷含量均较高,有利于土壤中的磷素转化为玉米可吸收态。综上所述,磷肥分层施和穴施较传统撒施能提高玉米生育前期土壤中磷素有效性,促进根系生长发育,进而提高夏玉米产量,为黄淮地区较适宜的玉米磷肥施用方式。

关键词: 玉米, 磷肥, 施用方式, 产量, 速效磷, 根系, 磷酸酶

Abstract:

In order to explore the suitable phosphate fertilizer application methods in the Huang-Huai area,this research conducted field experiments to investigate the dry matter accumulation,root morphological indexes,available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity in different soil layers,maize yield and its component factors of four phosphate fertilizer application methods(conventional broadcast (P1),layered application (P2),strip application (P3) and hole application (P4)).The results showed that the ear length and kernel row number of P2 and P4 were significantly increased by 22.57%,16.81% and 15.19%,7.60% compared with P1.The grain number per spike of P2,P3 and P4 were significantly increased by 25.26%,13.86% and 17.00% compared with P1,respectively.Additionally,a decrease of spikes per area was found in P2 (15.30%) compared with P1.The yields of P2 and P4 were significantly increased by 15.20% and 10.79% compared with P1.Among root traits,the root length,root surface area,root volume and root tip number were significantly affected by the phosphorus application method.The root length under P2 and P4 treatments was significantly increased by 30.41% and 33.75% compared with P1.The root surface area of P2 treatment was significantly increased by 23.77% compared with P1.The root surface area of P4 treatment was significantly increased by 29.60% and 21.70% compared with P1 and P3 treatments,respectively.The root volume and root tip number of P2 and P4 treatments were significantly higher than those of P1 and P3.The analysis of soil available phosphorus content showed that the available phosphorus contents of P2 and P4 were significantly higher than that of P1 in the soil layer of 10—20 cm at three-leaf stage of maize.The available phosphorus contents of P2,P3 and P4 in the 0—20 cm soil layer were lower than that of P1,and the available phosphorus content of P4 in the soil layer of 20—30 cm was significantly lower than that of P1 at maturity stage.Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between acid phosphatase activity and soil available phosphorus content in the 10—20 cm soil layer at three-leaf stage of maize.The acid phosphatase activity and soil available phosphorus content in P2 and P4 treatments were higher in this soil layer,which was conducive to the conversion of soil phosphorus into maize absorbable state.In conclusion,compared with the traditional application method,layered phosphorus application and cave phosphorus application can improve the soil phosphorus availability in the early stage of maize,promote the growth and development of roots,and then increase the summer maize yield,so they are more suitable application method for corn phosphorus fertilizer in Huang-Huai area.

Key words: Corn, Phosphorus fertilizer, Application method, Yield, Available phosphorus, Root system, Phosphatase

窦航宇, 阮毅好, 张颖蕾, 宋苗苗, 张义涵, 杨留洋, 杨青华, 王浩. 磷肥施用方式对黄淮地区夏玉米土壤磷素有效性及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(1): 127-134. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194022.

DOU Hangyu, RUAN Yihao, ZHANG Yinglei, SONG Miaomiao, ZHANG Yihan, YANG Liuyang, YANG Qinghua, WANG Hao. Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Method on Soil Phosphorus Availability and Yield of Summer Maize in Huang-Huai Area[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(1): 127-134. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194022.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I1/127

图/表 6

图1 不同施磷方式玉米地上部干物质积累量不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。图2—3同。

Fig.1 Aboveground dry matter accumulation of maize under different phosphorus fertilizer application methods Different letters indicate significant difference between treatments(P<0.05).The same as Fig.2—3.

表1 不同施磷方式下玉米产量、穗部性状和产量构成因素

Tab.1 Yield,ear traits and yield components of maize under different phosphorus fertilizer application methods

处理 Treatment	穗长/cm Spike length	穗粗/mm Spike width	穗行数 Rows per spike	行粒数 Kernels per row	穗粒数 Grains per spike	百粒质量/g 100 grains weight	单位面积穗数/ (穗/hm²) Spikes per area	产量/ (kg/hm²) Yield
P1	12.67±2.31b	44.25±1.42a	15.33±1.15a	26.33±1.15b	403.64±46.19b	23.10±0.66a	70 366.38±893.34a	6 561.02±529.25b
P2	15.53±1.23a	46.63±2.65a	16.67±1.15a	30.33±3.06a	505.60±19.73a	25.09±1.54a	59 580.84±233.21b	7 558.13±828.37a
P3	13.40±1.58b	45.51±1.93a	15.67±1.15a	29.33±1.73a	459.60±31.18a	23.62±1.33a	64 327.37±324.34a	6 983.22±935.54ab
P4	14.80±1.20a	45.61±1.56a	16.67±1.15a	28.33±0.58a	472.26±51.16a	23.81±1.58a	64 648.61±452.34a	7 269.42±193.56a
与产量相关系数	0.537^*	0.356	0.045	0.584^*	0.417^*	0.213	0.322
Coefficient of
correlation with yield

表2 不同施磷方式下玉米三叶期根系长度、表面积、体积和根尖数量

Tab.2 Root length,surface area,volume and number of root tips of maize at three-leaf stage under different phosphorus fertilizer application methods

处理 Treatment	根长/cm Root length	根表面积/cm² Root surface area	根体积/cm³ Root volume	根尖数/个 Root tip number
P1	47.85±7.46b	19.86±20.70c	0.42±0.02b	303.00±96.44b
P2	62.40±6.54a	24.58±1.89ab	0.56±0.06a	524.00±58.28a
P3	59.38±3.12ab	21.14±2.23bc	0.45±0.02b	247.00±36.72b
P4	64.00±9.74a	25.73±1.57a	0.81±0.09a	622.00±66.03a

图2 不同施磷方式下玉米三叶期和成熟期土壤速效磷含量

Fig.2 Soil available phosphorus content at three-leaf stage and maturity stage of maize under different phosphorus fertilizer application methods

图3 不同施磷方式下玉米三叶期和成熟期土壤磷酸酶活性

Fig.3 Soil phosphatase activity at three-leaf stage and maturity stage of maize under different phosphorus fertilizer application methods

表3 不同施磷方式下土壤速效磷含量与酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性的相关系数

Tab.3 Correlation coefficient between soil available phosphorus content and enzyme activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase under different phosphate fertilizer application methods

土层深度/cm Soil depth	三叶期 Three-leaf stage		成熟期 Maturity stage
土层深度/cm Soil depth	ACP	ALP	ACP	ALP
0~10	0.530	-0.169	-0.018	-0.030
10~20	0.676^*	0.294	0.166	-0.322
20~30	0.563	0.173	0.056	-0.125

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