摘要： 针对覆盖保水增产但会降低籽粒含氮量问题，以休闲期深翻后全覆盖、半覆盖和不覆盖（对照）为主区，以播前配施磷肥（P₂O₅）75（低磷，LP），135（中磷，MP），180 kg/hm²（高磷，HP）为副区，在山西省南部开展试验，以期为该地区旱地小麦提供产量与品质同步提升的耕作栽培技术。结果表明，与不覆盖相比，夏覆盖播种期土壤蓄水量显著提高，达27.47～43.09 mm，休闲期蓄水效率显著提高，达7.51%～11.79%，且全覆盖显著高于半覆盖；夏覆盖配施磷肥有利于增加花前土壤蓄水量，降低开花期土壤蓄水量，全覆盖配施135 kg/hm²磷肥幅度最大；同等磷肥条件下，夏覆盖产量和水分利用效率分别提高27%～51%和18%～29%，全覆盖产量高于半覆盖；全覆盖条件下，135 kg/hm²磷肥可促进灌浆初期和中期籽粒淀粉积累、灌浆初期蛋白质积累；夏覆盖配施135 kg/hm²磷肥成熟期籽粒的淀粉含量、淀粉和蛋白质产量提高，但籽粒蛋白质含量降低，且全覆盖高于半覆盖，籽粒蛋白质含量相反。此外，旱地麦田夏覆盖配施磷肥条件下，籽粒产量与播种期、返青期、拔节期土壤蓄水量呈显著正相关，与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关、与蛋白质含量呈负相关；开花期土壤蓄水量与淀粉含量和蛋白质含量呈负相关。籽粒产量、淀粉和蛋白质产量回归方程拟合曲线为线性函数，最高点是全覆盖配施135 kg/hm²磷肥处理。可见，休闲期深翻后覆盖能够显著提高播前底墒，配施磷肥有利于返青期和拔节期土壤蓄水量增加，开花期土壤蓄水量降低，促进营养器官前期生长发育和灌浆前期的籽粒碳氮积累，最终达到产量和品质同步提升的目的。综合而言，山西省南部旱地小麦采用休闲期深翻后全覆盖配施135 kg/hm²磷肥是实现产量和品质同步提高的耕作栽培技术。

关键词: 旱地小麦, 夏覆盖, 磷肥调控, 土壤水分, 淀粉, 蛋白质, 品质

Abstract: To cover the problem of water conservation and yield increase, but reduce the nitrogen content of grain, this study mainly covered with full-mulch, half-mulch, and non-mulch (control) after deep falling in fallow, and before sowing applied phosphate fertilizer(P₂O₅)75(low phosphorus, LP), 135(medium phosphorus, MP), 180 kg/ha (high phosphorus, HP) were tested in sub-regions in the Southern part of Shanxi Province. This paper aimed for dryland wheat in the region to provide cultivation and cultivation techniques that increase production and quality simultaneously. The results showed that the soil water storage capacity increased significantly during summer sowing time, reaching 27.47 -43.09 mm, and the water storage efficiency in the recreational period increased significantly, reaching 7.51% -11.79%, and the full-mulch was significantly higher than that of the half-mulch. The application of phosphate fertilizer was beneficial to increase the soil moisture before flowering and reduce the soil moisture at the flowering stage. The full-mulch of 135 kg/ha fertilizer was the largest; The summer coverage yield and water use efficiency increased by 27% -51% and 18% -29%, respectively, and full-mulch yield was higher than half-mulch; under full mulch, 135 kg/ha P fertilizer could promote grain starch yield and protein yield at the early filling stage in the early and middle stage of grain filling; summer cover combined application of 135 kg/ha P fertilizer at mature stage starch content, yield and protein yield of grain increased, but the grain protein content decreased, and the full mulch was higher than that of half-mulch, the grain protein content was opposite. In addition, under the condition of combined application of P fertilizer under summer coverage in dryland, the grain yield was positively correlated with the soil moisture at the sowing date, returning greening stage and jointing stage, positively correlated with the starch content, and negatively correlated with the protein content; the soil water content during flowering starch content was negatively correlated and negatively correlated with the protein content. Grain yield, starch and protein yield regression equation regression curve fitting function was a linear function, the highest point was full-mulch with 135 kg/ha treatment. It could be seen that the cover after deep fall in the leisure period could significantly improve the pre-planting tillage. The combination of phosphate fertilizer was beneficial to the increase of soil moisture during the returning green stage and the jointing stage, the decrease of soil moisture during the flowering stage, and the promotion of the early growth and development of the vegetative organ and the yield of carbon and nitrogen in the early filling stage. Ultimately, the goal of simultaneous improvement in production and quality was achieved. The use of 135 kg/ha P fertilizer in full-mulch and deep turning in Southern dryland wheat in Shanxi Province is a farming technique that achieves simultaneous increase in yield and quality.

Key words: Dryland wheat, Summer mulch, Phosphate fertilizer regulation, Soil moisture, Starch, Protein, Quality

中图分类号: 

• S512.01

• S143.2