摘要：

为了明确干旱胁迫对不同抗旱性冬小麦灌浆期下午旗叶光合荧光特性和产量的影响,2018—2019年度和2019—2020年度,在防雨棚池栽条件下,以强抗旱性冬小麦品种晋麦47(JM47)和弱抗旱性冬小麦品种偃展4110(YZ4110)为材料,采取测墒补灌的方法,设置重度干旱(W1:播前65% MFC(最大田间持水量)+拔节后45%~55% MFC)、中度干旱(W2:播前75% MFC +拔节后55%~65% MFC)、轻度干旱(W3:播前75% MFC +拔节后65%~75% MFC)、适宜供水(W4:播前75% MFC +拔节后75%~85% MFC)4个处理,测定了灌浆前期、中期和中后期14:00—16:00的旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(IWUE)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)以及成熟期的产量及其构成因素。结果表明,水分和品种对小麦灌浆期下午的旗叶光合、荧光特性和成熟期的产量均有显著影响。从2 a均值来看,与W4相比,干旱胁迫处理(W1、W2和W3)灌浆期下午的旗叶Pn、Gs和ΦPSⅡ,JM47分别降低2.07%~68.92%,-3.23%~50.00%和-1.89%~30.19%;YZ4110分别降低7.71%~80.19%,11.11%~59.26%和0~73.47%;JM47和YZ4110灌浆中期下午的旗叶Tr分别降低6.30%~32.87%和6.49%~41.74%,灌浆中后期下午旗叶Fv/Fm分别降低1.20%~18.52%和2.50%~30.00%,且上述指标的降幅基本表现为JM47<YZ4110。与YZ4110相比,干旱胁迫处理(W1、W2和W3)JM47灌浆期下午的旗叶Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ和Fv/Fm分别提高0.86%~64.89%,8.33%~36.36%,1.96%~184.62%和1.25%~17.86%,JM47的产量分别提高28.91%,8.06%和5.40%。除IWUE外,灌浆期下午旗叶光合荧光参数与产量均显著或极显著相关,但相关系数因品种和灌浆时期而异,JM47以灌浆前期旗叶Tr,灌浆中期旗叶ΦPSⅡ,灌浆中后期Pn、Gs和Fv/Fm的相关系数最大;YZ4110以灌浆前期旗叶Pn、Gs和Tr,灌浆中期旗叶ΦPSⅡ,灌浆中后期旗叶Fv/Fm的相关系数最大。综上,干旱会导致灌浆期下午旗叶光合能力和籽粒产量降低,强抗旱性品种JM47在灌浆期下午能保持较好的旗叶光合荧光特性,可在干旱胁迫下显著提高灌浆中期下午的旗叶ΦPSⅡ和灌浆中后期下午的旗叶Pn、Gs和Fv/Fm,从而提高籽粒产量。

关键词: 冬小麦, 干旱胁迫, 灌浆期下午, 光合, 荧光, 产量

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of drought stress on the photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaf in the afternoon during grain filling stage and grain yield of winter wheat with different drought resistance,an experiment with two winter wheat cultivars and four water levels was conducted under the condition of rainproof pond cultivation in 2018—2019 and 2019—2020.The two winter wheat cultivars were Jinmai 47(JM47,strong drought resistance)and Yanzhan 4110(YZ4110,weak drought resistance).The four water treatments included severe drought(W1:65% MFC(maximum field water capacity)before sowing + 45%—55% MFC after jointing),moderate drought(W2:75% MFC before sowing + 55%—65% MFC after jointing),mild drought(W3:75% MFC before sowing+65%—75% MFC after jointing),suitable water supply(W4:75%MFC before sowing+75%—85% MFC after jointing).The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO₂ concentration(Ci),transpiration rate(Tr),instantaneous water use efficiency(IWUE),maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ (Fv/Fm)and actual photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(ΦPS Ⅱ)in flag leaf from 14:00 to 16:00 during the early,medium and medium-late grain filling stage and the grain yield and its components at maturity were investigated.The results showed that both water and cultivars had significant effects on the photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage and the grain yield at maturity of winter wheat.From the two-year average,compared with W4,the Pn,Gs and ΦPSⅡ in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage under drought stress(W1,W2 and W3)respectively decreased by 2.07%—68.92%,-3.23%—50.00% and -1.89%—30.19% in JM47,and decreased by 7.71%—80.19%,11.11%—59.26% and 0—73.47% in YZ4110;the flag leaf Tr values in the afternoon during the medium grain filling stage in JM47 and YZ4110 respectively decreased by 6.30%—32.87% and 6.49%—41.74%,and the flag leaf Fv/Fm values in the afternoon during the medium-late grain filling stage decreased by 1.20%—18.52% and 2.50%—30.00%.In general,for all the above indexes,the decreasing amplitude for the same index was JM47<YZ4110.Compared with YZ4110,the Pn,Gs,ΦPSⅡ and Fv/Fm in flag leaf in the afternoon during the grain filling stage under drought stress(W1,W2 and W3)of JM47 respectively increased by 0.86%—64.89%,8.33%—36.36%,1.96%—184.62% and 1.25%—17.86%,and the grain yields of JM47 were respectively increased by 28.91%,8.06% and 5.40%.Except for IWUE,the flag leaf photosynthetic parameters in the afternoon during the grain filling stage were significantly and extremely significant correlated with grain yield,but the correlation indexes varied with variety and grain filling stage.For JM47,the correlation indexes between the grain yield and flag leaf photosynthetic parameters were highest for Pn,Gs and Fv/Fm during the medium-late grain filling stage,for ΦPSⅡ during the medium grain filling stage,and for Tr during the early grain filling stage.For YZ4110,the correlation indexes were highest for Pn,Gs and Tr during the early grain filling stage,for ΦPSⅡ during the medium grain filling stage and for Fv/Fm during the medium-late grain filling stage.In summary,drought stress decreased the photosynthetic function of flag leaf in the afternoon during grain filling stage and thus decreased the grain yield of winter wheat,the strong drought resistance variety could maintain better flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics in the afternoon during the grain the filling stage under drought stress condition,and significantly improved the ΦPSⅡ of flag leaf in the afternoon during the medium grain filling stage and the Pn,Gs and Fv/Fm of flag leaf in the afternoon during the medium-late grain filling stage,thereby increasing the grain yield.

Key words: Winter wheat, Drought stress, Afternoon of the grain filling stage, Photosynthesis, Fluorescence, Yield