Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Different-Colored Fresh Edible Corn Through Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20196314

Abstract

Abstract:

This study aimed to elucidate the compositional differences and molecular regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins in kernels of fresh-eating maize with different colors by integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses,thereby providing candidate genes and a theoretical basis for molecular breeding of colored fresh-eating maize.White WN2000,yellow HN,colored CN1,and black HTN188 were used as materials.Metabolomics was employed to identify anthocyanin-related metabolites and screen differential metabolites;transcriptome sequencing was conducted to obtain differentially expressed genes(DEGs).Metabolite gene associations were analyzed through GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment,and key structural genes and transcriptional regulators were mined within the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.The results showed that 49 anthocyanin-related metabolites were identified in total.Major anthocyanins,including cyanidin,peonidin,and pelargonidin,accumulated significantly in HTN188,indicating stronger pigment deposition.Transcriptome analysis identified 12 557 DEGs,among which structural genes such as F3H,DFR,and UFGT,as well as transcription factors including MYB and bHLH,were significantly up-regulated in varieties with high anthocyanin content.Correlation analysis revealed that the expression level of Zm00001d011438 was significantly and positively correlated with total anthocyanin content,suggesting that it may play a key role in kernel anthocyanin accumulation.Overall,the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses characterized differences in anthocyanin composition and related gene expression among differently colored fresh-eating maize kernels,and identified structural genes,transcription factors,and the candidate Zm00001d011438 associated with the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway,providing references for subsequent functional validation and genetic improvement.

Key words: Maize, Anthocyanin, Metabolome, Transcriptome, Structural gene

CLC Number:

S513玉米(玉蜀黍)

JIANG Chao, YAN Linan, SHI Hanbo, YIN Wenxu, LI Hui, LIU Songtao, LU Haibo, ZHAO Haichao, HUANG Zhihong. Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Different-Colored Fresh Edible Corn Through Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(4): 12-23. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20196314.

/ / Recommend / Download Citations

URL: http://www.hbnxb.net/EN/10.7668/hbnxb.20196314

http://www.hbnxb.net/EN/Y2026/V41/I4/12

Figures/Tables 8

Tab.1 qRT-PCR Primer sequence

基因 Gene	正向引物 (5'—3') Forward primer (5'—3')	反向引物 (5'—3') Reverse primer (5'—3')
Zm00001d017274	TGCTCTTCTTGGAGGGAAACG	AACGTGCTGGACTCACCTAA
Zm00001d028180	TGGTCTCAACGACACGATGG	CCCTCCATGACACAGGCAAT
Zm00001d014995	AGTCCATCATCGTCGCAGTC	TCGTTCTCGACCTCTCGTCT
Zm00001d034635	GCCAAAGAAGGGTCAGGTCA	TTTGAGGGTCCATTCCCGTG
Zm00001d044122	CGAGACAAACTCACCGGGAT	GAAAGGGAAGGTGCTGGTCA
Zm00001d032961	ATTCAACGGGGGAGGTAAGC	TGGGGACTGAAACGGTGATG
Zm00001d010521	ATTTAGTGGGCCTCGGTGTG	AACCTAATTGTGGGCCTGGG
Zm00001d047107	GGGCGATGAGCAACACATTC	GGACATCCCACAATGGAGCA
Zm00001d050455	TAGTAGTAGACCAGCGGCGT	ATGACGAAGCAAGTGGTGGT
Zm00001d026370	AAAGTCCAGTCCTGATCGCC	GGTACAGGACGCTGGATGAC
GADPH	GGTGGTGCTAAGCGTGTGAA	GCCAAATTCGTTGTCGTACC

Fig.1 Phenotype and anthocyanin content of different color maize varieties

Fig.2 Metabolomic analysis of maize cultivars with different kernel colors A.Anthocyanin metabolites detected in samples.B—D.Differentially accumulated anthocyanins in three pairwise comparisons:B.HN vs WN2000;C.CN1 vs WN2000;D.HTN188 vs WN2000.

Fig.3 GO annotation A.HN vs WN2000;B.CN1 vs WN2000;C.HTN188 vs WN2000.1.Multicellular organismal process;2.Biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms;3.Reproductive process;4.Developmental process;5.Localization;6.Response to stimulus;7.Biological regulation;8.Metabolic process;9.Cellular process;10.Protein-containing complex;11.Cellular anatomical entity;12.Molecular transducer activity;13.Antioxidant activity;14.Molecular function regulator activity;15.Structural molecule activity;16.ATP-dependent activity;17.Transcription regulator activity;18.Transporter activity;19.Catalytic activity;20.Binding.

Fig.4 KEGG enrichment A.HN vs WN2000:1.Butanoate metabolism;2.beta-Alanine metabolism;3.Glutathione metabolism;4.Arginine biosynthesis;5.Alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism;6.Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism;7.Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids;8.Fructose and mannose metabolism;9.Arginine and proline metabolism;10.Arachidonic acid metabolism;11.Peroxisome;12.Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms;13.Valine,leucine and isoleucine degradation;14.Plant hormone signal transduction;15.Nitrogen metabolism;16.Cutin,suberine and wax biosynthesis;17.Fatty acid biosynthesis;18.Other glycan degradation;19.Starch and sucrose metabolism;20.Protein export.B.CN1 vs WN2000:1.Glutathione metabolism;2.Fructose and mannose metabolism;3.Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism;4.Butanoate metabolism;5.Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms;6.Fatty acid biosynthesis;7.Cutin,suberine and wax biosynthesis;8.Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis;9.Plant hormone signal transduction;10.Alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism;11.Valine,leucine and isoleucine degradation;12.Porphyrin metabolism;13.Pyruvate metabolism;14.Citrate cycle(TCA cycle);15.Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis;16.Glycerolipid metabolism;17.Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism;18.Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis;19.Riboflavin metabolism;20.Galactose metabolism.C.HTN188 vs WN2000:1.Glutathione metabolism;2.Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis;3.Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids;4.Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms;5.Fructose and mannose metabolism;6.Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism;7.Butanoate metabolism;8.Photosynthesis- antenna proteins;9.Arginine and proline metabolism;10.Alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism;11.Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism;12.Cutin,suberine and wax biosynthesis;13.Other glycan degradation;14.Arginine biosynthesis;15.Glycerophospholipid metabolism;16.beta-Alanine metabolism;17.Peroxisome;18.Starch and sucrose metabolism;19.Glycerolipid metabolism;20.Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglio series.

Fig.5 Analysis of DEGs in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in maize A.Heatmap illustrating log₂(FPKM values)of DEGs involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and structural enzyme genes.Enzymes include 4-coumarate-CoA ligase(4CL),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase(C4H),chalcone synthase(CHS),flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H),chalcone isomerase(CHI),flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase(F3'H),dihydroflavonol 4-reductase(DFR),flavonol synthase(FLS),UDP-flavonoid glucosyltransferase(UFGT),anthocyanidin synthase(ANS),anthocyanidin reductase(ANR),and leucoanthocyanidin reductase(LAR).The heatmap color gradient reflects gene regulation:red for upregulation,white for no change,and blue for downregulation.B.Heatmap of all DEGs in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway based on FPKM values.

Fig.6 Interaction network of key structural enzyme genes and transcription factors(TFs)in maize anthocyanin biosynthesis

Fig.7 Transcriptome results verified by qPCR

References 51

[1]	应武, 骆乐谈, 阮松林, 李金文. 不同生物刺激剂对鲜食玉米产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(17):89-94.doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400063.
	Ying W, Luo L T, Ruan S L, Li J W. Effects of different bio-stimulants on yield and quality of fresh-eating maize[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(17):89-94. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190400063
[2]	赵久然, 卢柏山, 史亚兴, 徐丽. 我国糯玉米育种及产业发展动态[J]. 玉米科学, 2016, 24(4):67-71.doi:10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20160413.
	Zhao J R, Lu B S, Shi Y X, Xu L. Development trends of waxy corn breeding and industry in China[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2016, 24(4):67-71.
[3]	Lao F, Giusti M M. The effect of pigment matrix,temperature and amount of carrier on the yield and final color properties of spray dried purple corn(Zea mays L.) cob anthocyanin powders[J]. Food Chemistry, 2017, 227:376-382.doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.091. URL
[4]	Sun C L, Deng L, Du M M, Zhao J H, Chen Q, Huang T T, Jiang H L, Li C B, Li C Y. A transcriptional network promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in tomato flesh[J]. Molecular Plant, 2020, 13(1):42-58.doi:10.1016/j.molp.2019.10.010. pmid: 31678614
[5]	Liu X T, Liu H F, Tian B M, Shi G Y, Liu C, Guo J L, Cao G Q, Wei F. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses of anthocyanin biosynthesis reveal key metabolites and candidate genes in purple wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)[J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 2023, 175(3):e13921.doi:10.1111/ppl.13921. URL
[6]	Lu B Y, Gong Z H. Research progress of anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation from purple pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)[C]// Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Conference on Biological Sciences and Technology(BST 2017). Zhuhai: Atlantis Press, 2018.doi:10.2991/bst-17.2018.53.
[7]	Tanaka Y, Tsuda S, Kusumi T. Metabolic engineering to modify flower color[J]. Plant and Cell Physiology, 1998, 39(11):1119-1126.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029312. URL
[8]	Grotewold E. The genetics and biochemistry of floral pigments[J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2006, 57:761-780.doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105248. pmid: 16669781
[9]	Freyre R, Griesbach R J. Inheritance of flower color in Anagallis monelli L.[J]. HortScience, 2004, 39(6):1220-1223.doi:10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1220. URL
[10]	Santos-Buelga C, Mateus N, Mateus N. De Freitas V.Anthocyanins,plant pigments and beyond[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014, 62(29):6879-6884.doi:10.1021/jf501950s. pmid: 24970106
[11]	Fan X P, Fan B H, Wang Y X, Yang W C. Anthocyanin accumulation enhanced in Lc-transgenic cotton under light and increased resistance to bollworm[J]. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 2016, 10(1):382.doi:10.1007/s11816-015-0382-3.
[12]	Liang J, He J X. Protective role of anthocyanins in plants under low nitrogen stress[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2018, 498(4):946-953.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.087. pmid: 29548824
[13]	Kong J M, Chia L S, Goh N K, Chia T F, Brouillard R. Analysis and biological activities of anthocyanins[J]. Phytochemistry, 2003, 64(5):923-933.doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00438-2. URL
[14]	Magaña Cerino J, Peniche Pavía H, Tiessen A, Gurrola Díaz C. Pigmented maize(Zea mays L.) contains anthocyanins with potential therapeutic action against oxidative stress-a review[J]. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2019:85-99.doi:10.31883/pjfns/113272.
[15]	Colombo F, Di Lorenzo C, Petroni K, Silano M, Pilu R, Falletta E, Biella S, Restani P. Pigmented corn varieties as functional ingredients for gluten-free products[J]. Foods, 2021, 10(8):1770.doi:10.3390/foods10081770. URL
[16]	Peniche Pavía H A, Guzmán T J, Magaña Cerino J M, Gurrola Díaz C M, Axel T. Maize flavonoid biosynthesis,regulation,and human health relevance:a review[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(16):5166.doi:10.3390/molecules27165166. URL
[17]	Kim H Y, Lee K Y, Kim M, Hong M J, Deepa P, Kim S. A review of the biological properties of purple corn(Zea mays L.)[J]. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 2023, 91(1):6.doi:10.3390/scipharm91010006. URL
[18]	Fan L X, Wang Y, Xu L, Tang M J, Zhang X L, Ying J L, Li C, Dong J H, Liu L W. A genome-wide association study uncovers a critical role of the RsPAP2 gene in red-skinned Raphanus sativus L.[J]. Horticulture Research, 2020, 7:164.doi:10.1038/s41438-020-00385-y.
[19]	Zhao J. Flavonoid transport mechanisms:how to go,and with whom[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2015, 20(9):576-585.doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.06.007. URL
[20]	冯清香, 朱哈修, 杜洋, 徐艳茹, 王晨晨, 刘雪, 李大勇, 周军, 张彬. 菊苣ANS基因的克隆及表达分析[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(3):51-59.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195328.
	Feng Q X, Zhu H X, Du Y, Xu Y R, Wang C C, Liu X, Li D Y, Zhou J, Zhang B. Cloning and expression analysis of ANS gene in Cichorium intybus[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(3):51-59.
[21]	Zhou H, Kui L W, Wang H L, Gu C, Dare A P, Espley R V, He H P, Allan A C, Han Y P. Molecular genetics of blood-fleshed peach reveals activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by NAC transcription factors[J]. The Plant Journal, 2015, 82(1):105-121.doi:10.1111/tpj.12792. pmid: 25688923
[22]	An J P, Qu F J, Yao J F, Wang X N, You C X, Wang X F, Hao Y J. The bZIP transcription factor MdHY5 regulates anthocyanin accumulation and nitrate assimilation in apple[J]. Horticulture Research, 2017, 4:17023.doi:10.1038/hortres.2017.23. URL
[23]	Lloyd A, Brockman A, Aguirre L, Campbell A, Bean A, Cantero A, Gonzalez A. Advances in the MYB-bHLH-WD repeat(MBW)pigment regulatory model:addition of a WRKY factor and co-option of an anthocyanin MYB for betalain regulation[J]. Plant & Cell Physiology, 2017, 58(9):1431-1441.doi:10.1093/pcp/pcx075.
[24]	Lu W J, Chen J X, Ren X C, Yuan J J, Han X Y, Mao L C, Ying T J, Luo Z S. One novel strawberry MADS-box transcription factor FaMADS1a acts as a negative regulator in fruit ripening[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2018, 227:124-131.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.042. URL
[25]	Fang H C, Dong Y H, Yue X X, Hu J F, Jiang S H, Xu H F, Wang Y C, Su M Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z Y, Wang N, Chen X S. The B-box zinc finger protein MdBBX20 integrates anthocyanin accumulation in response to ultraviolet radiation and low temperature[J]. Plant,Cell & Environment, 2019, 42(7):2090-2104.doi:10.1111/pce.13552. URL
[26]	Jiang G X, Li Z W, Song Y B, Zhu H, Lin S, Huang R M, Jiang Y M, Duan X W. LcNAC13 physically interacts with LcR1MYB1 to coregulate anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes during litchi fruit ripening[J]. Biomolecules, 2019, 9(4):135.doi:10.3390/biom9040135. URL
[27]	Gonzalez A, Zhao M Z, Leavitt J M, Lloyd A M. Regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway by the TTG1/bHLH/Myb transcriptional complex in Arabidopsis seedlings[J]. The Plant Journal, 2008, 53(5):814-827.doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03373.x. pmid: 18036197
[28]	Gerats T, Strommer J. Petunia:evolutionary,developmental and physiological genetics[M]. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2009.doi:10.1007/978-0-387-84796-2.
[29]	Saito K, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Nakabayashi R, Higashi Y, Yamazaki M, Tohge T, Fernie A R. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis:structural and genetic diversity[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2013, 72:21-34.doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.001. URL
[30]	Hernandez J M, Heine G F, Irani N G, Feller A, Kim M G, Matulnik T, Chandler V L, Grotewold E. Different mechanisms participate in the R-dependent activity of the R2R3 MYB transcription factor C1[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2004, 279(46):48205-48213.doi:10.1074/jbc.M407845200. URL
[31]	Zhang H C, Wang H J, Li Y M, Gao J, Yuan X, Wang L M, Wang X C, Zhao Y G, Fu Z Z. Chemical basis and comparative transcriptome analysis of petal discoloration of rose red double delight[J]. Acta Botanica, 2022, 57(5):649-660.doi:10.11983/CBB22049.
[32]	Fan Y, Sun L, Song S L, Sun Y, Fan X Y, Li Y F, Li R C, Sun H M. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis of anthocyanin accumulation during the color formation of bicolor flowers in Eustoma grandiflorum[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2023, 314:111952.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111952. URL
[33]	Qiu Y J, Cai C C, Mo X, Zhao X Y, Wu L J, Liu F, Li R, Liu C, Chen J, Tian M L. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the effect of flavonoids on flower color variation in Dendrobium nobile Lindl[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2023, 14:1220507.doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1220507.
[34]	Knievel D C, Abdel-Aal E S M, Rabalski I, Nakamura T, Hucl P. Grain color development and the inheritance of high anthocyanin blue aleurone and purple pericarp in spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)[J]. Journal of Cereal Science, 2009, 50(1):113-120.doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2009.03.007. URL
[35]	Rodriguez-Amaya D B. Update on natural food pigments- a mini-review on carotenoids,anthocyanins,and betalains[J]. Food Research International, 2019, 124:200-205.doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.05.028. pmid: 31466641
[36]	Tsuda T, Watanabe M, Ohshima K, Norinobu S, Choi S W, Kawakishi S, Osawa T. Antioxidative activity of the anthocyanin pigments cyanidin 3-O-.beta.-D-glucoside and cyanidin[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1994, 42(11):2407-2410.doi:10.1021/jf00047a009. URL
[37]	Li L R, Zhang M W, Liu L W, Wei Z C, Zhang R F. Comparing antioxidant stability of anthocyanin extracts in seed coats of three black cereal and oil crops[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2007, 40(9):2045-2052.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1003-0174.2006.03.021.
[38]	Malik M, Zhao C W, Schoene N, Guisti M M, Moyer M P, Magnuson B A. Anthocyanin-rich extract from Aronia meloncarpa E induces a cell cycle block in colon cancer but not normal colonic cells[J]. Nutrition and Cancer, 2003, 46(2):186-196.doi:10.1207/S15327914NC4602_12. URL
[39]	Singletary K W, Stansbury M J, Giusti M, Van Breemen R B, Wallig M, Rimando A. Inhibition of rat mammary tumorigenesis by concord grape juice constituents[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003, 51(25):7280-7286.doi:10.1021/jf030278l. pmid: 14640571
[40]	Boss P K, Davies C, Robinson S P. Analysis of the expression of anthocyanin pathway genes in developing Vitis vinifera L.cv Shiraz grape berries and the implications for pathway regulation[J]. Plant Physiology, 1996, 111(4):1059-1066.doi:10.1104/pp.111.4.1059. pmid: 12226348
[41]	Kim J T, Yi G, Chung I M, Son B Y, Bae H H, Go Y S, Ha J Y, Baek S B, Kim S L. Timing and pattern of anthocyanin accumulation during grain filling in purple waxy corn(Zea mays L.) suggest optimal harvest dates[J]. ACS Omega, 2020, 5(25):15702-15708.doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c02099. URL
[42]	Martin C. The control of flower coloration[J]. Molecular Biology of Flowering, 1993:219-255.
[43]	de Pascual-Teresa S, Santos-Buelga C, Rivas-Gonzalo J C. LC-MS analysis of anthocyanins from purple corn cob[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2002, 82(9):1003-1006.doi:10.1002/jsfa.1143. URL
[44]	Mora-Rochín S, Gaxiola-Cuevas N, Gutiérrez-Uribe J A, Milán-Carrillo J, Milán-Noris E M, Reyes-Moreno C, Serna-Saldivar S O, Cuevas-Rodríguez E O. Effect of traditional nixtamalization on anthocyanin content and profile in Mexican blue maize(Zea mays L.) landraces[J]. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 2016, 68:563-569.doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.01.009. URL
[45]	Chatham L A, West L, Berhow M A, Vermillion K E, Juvik J A. Unique flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms in Apache red purple corn[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66(41):10844-10854.doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04723. pmid: 30249092
[46]	Ferrer J L, Austin M B, Stewart C, Noel J P. Structure and function of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2008, 46(3):356-370.doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.12.009. pmid: 18272377
[47]	Zhang Y, Butelli E, Martin C. Engineering anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants[J]. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2014, 19:81-90.doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.011. pmid: 24907528
[48]	王海菊, 陈晓涓, 李拓键, 罗军, 屈燕. 不同花色绿绒蒿DFR基因克隆及表达分析[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(3):88-95.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194661.
	Wang H J, Chen X J, Li T J, Luo J, Qu Y. Cloning and expression analysis of DFR gene from Meconopsis with different colors[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(3):88-95.
[49]	Haselmair-Gosch C, Miosic S, Nitarska D, Roth B L, Walliser B, Paltram R, Lucaciu R C, Eidenberger L, Rattei T, Olbricht K, Stich K, Halbwirth H. Great cause-Small effect:undeclared genetically engineered orange petunias harbor an inefficient dihydroflavonol 4-reductase[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, 9:149.doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00149. pmid: 29541079
[50]	Liu H L, Lou Q, Ma J R, Su B B, Gao Z Z, Liu Y L. Cloning and functional characterization of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene involved in anthocyanidin biosynthesis of grape hyacinth[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2019, 20(19):4743.doi:10.3390/ijms20194743. URL
[51]	Meyer P, Heidmann I, Forkmann G, Saedler H. A new Petunia flower colour generated by transformation of a mutant with a maize gene[J]. Nature, 1987, 330(6149):677-678.doi:10.1038/330677a0.

Please choose a citation manager

Content to export