生物有机肥与化肥配施对芝麻冠层特性及产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195882

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探明实现芝麻进一步增产的调控途径,选用豫芝ND837为材料,设置施用三元复合肥(M1:675 kg/hm²)、三元复合肥与生物有机肥配施(M2:三元复合肥405 kg/hm²、生物有机肥4 500 kg/hm²)2个处理,研究了有机肥和化肥配施对芝麻冠层垂直分布上不同部位冠层光合特性及产量形成的调控效应。结果表明,M2处理显著增加了植株上、中、下3个部位的叶面积指数,提高了上部和中部叶片的光合有效辐射截获率(PARi),但降低了下部的PARi。M2处理显著提高了各部位的光合速率、SPAD值和光合势,从而显著增加了各部位及总的干物质积累量。这使得上部和中部单株蒴数分别增加10.99%,7.55%,千粒质量分别增加5.69%,4.96%,籽粒产量分别增加16.77%,10.61%,总产量增加289.42 kg/hm²,增幅达14.43%。综上所述,与传统单施化肥相比,生物有机肥与化肥配施能够提高芝麻冠层各部位的光合能力,特别是上部冠层的光合效率,从而提升整个冠层的光合效率,最终带来更高的产量。

关键词: 芝麻, 生物有机肥, 叶面积指数, 光合有效辐射截获率, 冠层特性

Abstract:

In order to find out the way to achieve further improvement in the yield of sesame,a field experiment was conducted using the sesame variety Yuzhi ND837 with two treatments application of three-nutrient compound fertilizer (M1:675 kg/ha) and co-application of three-nutrient compound fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer (M2:405 kg/ha three-nutrient compound fertilizer+4 500 kg/ha bio-organic fertilizer).The study investigated the effects of organic-chemical fertilizer co-application on the canopy photosynthetic characteristics,and yield formation across different vertical layers of sesame canopy.The results demonstrated that M2 significantly increased the leaf area index at all canopy levels,enhanced the photosynthetically active radiation interception rate (PARi) in the upper and middle layer while reducing the PARi of the lower leaves.The M2 significantly improved the photosynthetic rate,SPAD values,and photosynthetic potential at all canopy levels,thereby significantly increasing dry matter accumulation in each layer and overall. This resulted in increases of 10.99% and 7.55% in the number of capsules per plant in the upper and middle layers respectively;increases of 5.69% and 4.96% in thousand-grain weight;increases of 16.77% and 10.61%in grain yield;and a total yield increase of 289.42 kg/ha,representing 14.43% increase.In conclusion,compared to conventional chemical fertilizer,the co-application of organic-chemical fertilizer optimizes the photosynthetic capacity of sesame at different canopy layers,particularly in the upper canopy,thereby enhancing the overall canopy photosynthetic efficiency and ultimately resulting in higher yields.

Key words: Sesame, Bio-organic fertilizer, Leaf area index, Photosynthetically active radiation interception rate, Canopy characteristics

中图分类号:

S565.3

戴晋, 郑飞娜, 张仙美, 郑磊, 杨森要, 高桐梅. 生物有机肥与化肥配施对芝麻冠层特性及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(6): 152-159. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195882.

DAI Jin, ZHENG Feina, ZHANG Xianmei, ZHENG Lei, YANG Senyao, GAO Tongmei. Effects of Combined Application of Bio-organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Canopy Characteristics and Yield of Sesame[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(6): 152-159. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195882.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I6/152

图/表 10

图1 2024年芝麻生长季气温及降雨量

Fig.1 Air temperature and precipitation during sesame growing seasons in 2024

图2 不同施肥方式下芝麻初花期及盛花期叶面积指数图中不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。图3—7同。

Fig.2 The leaf area index of sesame at initial flowering and full flowering stages under different fertilization methods Different letters in the figure indicate significant difference(P<0.05).The same as Fig.3—7.

图3 不同施肥方式下芝麻初花期和盛花期光合有效辐射截获率

Fig.3 The interception rate of photosynthetically active radiation of sesame at initial flowering and full flowering stages under different fertilization methods

图4 不同施肥方式下芝麻初花期和盛花期净光合速率

Fig.4 Net photosynthesis rate of sesame at initial flowering and full flowering stages under different fertilization methods

图5 不同施肥方式下芝麻初花期和盛花期叶绿素相对含量

Fig.5 SPAD value of sesame at initial flowering and full flowering stages under different fertilization methods

图6 不同施肥方式下芝麻初花期和盛花期光合势

Fig.6 Photosynthetic potential of sesame at initial flowering and full flowering stages under different fertilization methods

表1 不同施肥方式下芝麻地上部单株干物质积累量

Tab.1 Dry matter accumulation per plant of aboveground parts of sesame under different fertilization methods g

施肥方式 Fertilization method	植株部位 Plant part	初花期 Initial-flowering stage	盛花初期 Early full-bloom stage	盛花中期 Mid full-bloom stage	盛花末期 Late full-bloom stage	成熟期 Maturity stage
M1	t	6.29±0.57e	18.25±1.32d	28.93±2.15c	34.98±2.56d	37.98±2.81d
	m	6.93±0.49e	12.89±1.05ef	18.23±1.47d	24.88±1.83f	25.80±1.96f
	g	8.60±0.63d	8.74±0.71g	10.16±0.89f	11.11±1.02h	11.12±1.05h
	单株	21.81±1.74b	39.88±2.95b	57.32±3.86b	70.96±4.52b	74.90±4.78b
M2	t	7.59±0.68d	21.57±1.58c	33.34±2.41c	40.66±2.98c	44.16±3.25c
	m	7.98±0.56d	14.57±1.13e	20.17±1.62d	27.45±2.05e	29.50±2.21e
	g	9.69±0.75c	9.88±0.84fg	11.51±0.97e	12.84±1.15g	13.78±1.23g
	单株	25.26±1.98a	46.02±3.42a	65.02±4.37a	80.24±5.16a	86.44±5.43a

表2 不同施肥方式下芝麻各部位产量及其构成因素

Tab.2 Sesame yield and its components of each part under different fertilization methods

施肥方式 Fertilization method	植株部位 Plant part	单株蒴数 Capsules number per plant	蒴粒数 Kernel number per capsule	千粒质量/g Thousand grains weight	产量/(kg/hm²) Yield
M1	t	59.88±4.26b	60.16±3.85b	2.46±0.15b	1 243.24±89.66b
	m	30.18±2.78d	69.89±4.12a	2.62±0.17ab	762.05±61.38d
M2	t	66.46±4.73a	62.62±3.98b	2.60±0.16ab	1 451.77±102.45a
	m	32.46±3.01c	70.53±4.36a	2.75±0.19a	842.94±67.52c

图7 不同施肥方式下芝麻成熟期地上部总干物质积累量、产量与收获指数

Fig.7 Total dry matter accumulation of aboveground part,yield and harvest index under different fertilization methods at sesame maturity stage

图8 不同施肥方式下芝麻各指标间相关性分析 X₁.产量;X₂.单株蒴数;X₃.蒴粒数;X₄.千粒质量;X₅.初花期干物质积累量;X₆.盛花初期干物质积累量;X₇.盛花中期干物质积累量;X₈.盛花末期干物质积累量;X₉.成熟期干物质积累量;X₁₀.收获指数;X₁₁.初花期叶面积指数;X₁₂.盛花初期叶面积指数;X₁₃.盛花中期叶面积指数;X₁₄.盛花末期叶面积指数;X₁₅.初花期光合有效辐射截获率;X₁₆.盛花初期光合有效辐射截获率;X₁₇.盛花中期光合有效辐射截获率;X₁₈.盛花末期光合有效辐射截获率;X₁₉.初花期净光合速率;X₂₀.盛花初期净光合速率;X₂₁.盛花中期净光合速率;X₂₂.盛花末期净光合速率;X₂₃.初花期SPAD值;X₂₄.盛花初期SPAD值;X₂₅.盛花中期SPAD值;X₂₆.盛花末期SPAD值;X₂₇.初花期光合势;X₂₈.盛花初期光合势;X₂₉.盛花中期光合势;X₃₀.盛花末期光合势。^*表示P≤0.05;^**表示P≤0.01;^***表示P≤0.001。

Fig.8 Correlation analysis among indexes of sesame under different fertilization methods X₁.Yield;X₂.Capsules number per plant;X₃.Kernel number per capsule;X₄.Thousand grain weight;X₅.Dry matter accumulation of initial-flowering stage;X₆.Dry matter accumulation of early full-bloom stage;X₇.Dry matter accumulation of mid full-bloom stage;X₈.Dry matter accumulation of late full-bloom stage;X₉.Dry matter accumulation of maturity stage;X₁₀.Harvest index;X₁₁.Harvest index of initial-flowering stage;X₁₂.Harvest index of early full-bloom stage;X₁₃.Harvest index of mid full-bloom stage;X₁₄.Harvest index of late full-bloom stage;X₁₅.Interception rate of photosynthetically active radiation of initial-flowering stage;X₁₆.Interception rate of photosynthetically active radiation of early full-bloom stage;X₁₇.Interception rate of photosynthetically active radiation of mid full-bloom stage;X₁₈.Interception rate of photosynthetically active radiation of late full-bloom stage;X₁₉.Net photosynthesis rate of initial-flowering stage;X₂₀.Net photosynthesis rate of early full-bloom stage;X₂₁.Net photosynthesis rate of mid full-bloom stage;X₂₂.Net photosynthesis rate of late full-bloom stage;X₂₃.SPAD value of initial-flowering stage;X₂₄.SPAD value of early full-bloom stage;X₂₅.SPAD value of mid full-bloom stage;X₂₆.SPAD value of late full-bloom stage;X₂₇.Photosynthetic potential of initial-flowering stage;X₂₈.Photosynthetic potential of early full-bloom stage;X₂₉.Photosynthetic potential of mid full-bloom stage;X₃₀.Photosynthetic potential of late full-bloom stage.^*indicates P≤0.05;^**indicates P≤0.01;^*** indicates P≤0.001.

参考文献 32

[1]	Wei X, Liu K Y, Zhang Y X, Feng Q, Wang L H, Zhao Y, Li D H, Zhao Q, Zhu X D, Zhu X F, Li W J, Fan D L, Gao Y, Lu Y Q, Zhang X M, Tang X M, Zhou C C, Zhu C R, Liu L F, Zhong R C, Tian Q L, Wen Z R, Weng Q J, Han B, Huang X H, Zhang X R. Genetic discovery for oil production and quality in sesame[J]. Nature Communications, 2015,6:8609.doi:10.1038/ncomms9609.
[2]	World Health Organization. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023:urbanization,agrifood systems transformation and healthy diets across the rural urban continuum[M]. Rome: Food & Agriculture Organization, 2023.
[3]	El Mahdi A R A. Response of sesame to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in Northern Sudan[J]. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2008, 8(2):304-308.
[4]	Gholamhoseini M. Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of Iranian sesame cultivars for grain yield and oil quality[J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2022,108:104448.doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104448.
[5]	Martínez-Dalmau J, Berbel J, Ordóñez-Fernández R. Nitrogen fertilization. A review of the risks associated with the inefficiency of its use and policy responses[J]. Sustainability, 2021, 13(10):5625.doi:10.3390/su13105625.
[6]	吕树立, 丁芳, 田壮博. 喷施调环酸钙对不同密度芝麻机收农艺性状、产量及品质的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2025, 54(2):58-65.doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2025.02.007.
	Lyu S L, Ding F, Tian Z B. Effects of spraying prohexadione calcium on mechanical harvesting agronomic characters,yield and quality of sesame under different densities[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 54(2):58-65.
[7]	Sebilo M, Mayer B, Nicolardot B, Pinay G, Mariotti A. Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110(45):18185-18189.doi:10.1073/pnas.1305372110.
[8]	Chen L J, Jiang Y J, Wang H T, Zhao Q G, Sun B. Effects of long-term application of organic materials on phosphorus fractions and availability in red soil[J]. Soils, 2020, 52(3):451-457.doi:10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2020.03.015.
[9]	Huang S H, Chen H, Wei F, Quan C Q, Xu M H, Chen Z N, Li J C, Li H Y, Shi L J, Tang D F. Comparative analysis of organic and compound fertilizers on the yield and metabolites of Platostoma palustre[J]. Phyton, 2024, 93(10):2645-2662.doi:10.32604/phyton.2024.053492.
[10]	Wan L J, Li J J, Zhang J, Zheng Y Q, Deng L, Yi S L. Research progress on the technology of organic fertilizer partial substitution for chemical fertilizer[J]. North Horticulture, 2021, 11:133-142.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3621.2021.11.022.
[11]	Wang J, Cui W L, Che Z, Liang F, Wen Y K, Zhan M M, Dong X, Jin W J, Dong Z R, Song H. Effects of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and manure on fungal and bacterial contributions to N₂O production along a soil acidity gradient[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,753:142011.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142011.
[12]	安玉麟, 郭富国, 杨文耀. 河套黄灌区油用向日葵氮磷钾肥料效应分析[J]. 华北农学报, 2007, 22(5):147-151.doi:10.7668/hbnxb.2007.05.036.
	An Y L, Guo F G, Yang W Y. A study on the effect ofapplication N,P,K of oil sunflower in Hetao irrigated area of Inner Mongolia[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2007, 22(5):147-151.
[13]	雷新慧, 吴怡欣, 王家乐, 陶金才, 万晨茜, 王孟, 高小丽, 冯佰利, 高金锋. 种植密度与施肥水平对甜荞光合特性、产量及抗倒伏的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(2):264-277.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.004.
	Lei X H, Wu Y X, Wang J L, Tao J C, Wan C X, Wang M, Gao X L, Feng B L, Gao J F. Effects of planting density and fertilization level on photosynthesis,yield,and lodging resistance of common buckwheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(2):264-277.
[14]	刘秉鑫, 孟浩峰, 李玲玲, 谢军红, 周永杰, 田鑫, 王春艳, 张国超. 有机肥替代基施化肥氮对旱作玉米叶片光合性能、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2024, 32(9):96-107.doi:10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20240911.
	Liu B X, Meng H F, Li L L, Xie J H, Zhou Y J, Tian X, Wang C Y, Zhang G C. Effects of organic fertilizer substitution for basal chemical nitrogen on photosynthetic performance,yield,and nitrogen use efficiency in rainfed maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2024, 32(9):96-107.
[15]	石鑫蕊, 任彬彬, 江琳琳, 范淑秀, 曹英丽, 马殿荣. 有机肥替代部分化肥对水稻光合速率、氮素利用率和产量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(1):154-162.doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202101.021.
	Shi X R, Ren B B, Jiang L L, Fan S X, Cao Y L, Ma D R. Effects of organic manure partial substitution for chemical fertilizer on the photosynthetic rate,nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 32(1):154-162.
[16]	Zuo Y N, Zhang J X, Zhao R, Dai H Y, Zhang Z H. Application of vermicompost improves strawberry growth and quality through increased photosynthesis rate,free radical scavenging and soil enzymatic activity[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2018, 233:132-140.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.023.
[17]	Tian P L, Zhang J X, Ding L, Zhong T, Yin M, Yang R H, Du L L, Xie Y R. Simulation and analysis of pumpkin leaf growth-photosynthesis-yield relationship under water-fertilizer coupling by SEM[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2025,340:113923.doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113923.
[18]	刘威, 赵园园, 陈小龙, 韦建玉, 李娟, 谢天琪, 史宏志. 不同有机肥对豫中和滇西烟区土壤氮素矿化及酶活性的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2023, 52(11):85-93.doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2023.11.010.
	Liu W, Zhao Y Y, Chen X L, Wei J Y, Li J, Xie T Q, Shi H Z. Effects of different organic fertilizers on soil nitrogen mineralization and enzyme activity in the tobacco growing areas of central Henan and Western Yunnan[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 52(11):85-93.
[19]	He X, Qiao Y, Liang L, Knapp S. Agricultural management practices and economic impacts:a review[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2018, 162:1-10.doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.012.
[20]	Zhang Y, Wang X, Li J, Liu H. Effects of fertilizer application on sesame yield and economic benefits:a case study in Northern China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2020, 158(3):245-256.doi:10.1017/S0021859620000160.
[21]	李春明, 裴新涌, 张海洋, 高桐梅, 李丰, 王龙, 卫双玲. 施氮量对黑芝麻冠层结构、产量及经济效益的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2021, 50(12):48-55.doi:10.15933/j.cnki.1004-3268.2021.12.006.
	Li C M, Pei X Y, Zhang H Y, Gao T M, Li F, Wang L, Wei S L. Effects of nitrogen application rate on canopy architecture,yield,and economic benefit of black sesame[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 50(12):48-55.
[22]	马婧, 张甜笑, 申昊, 王生明, 陈嘉, 樊明. 有机肥部分替代化肥对土壤理化性状及春小麦产量的影响[J]. 现代农业科技, 2025(3):1-4,11.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2025.03.001.
	Ma J, Zhang T X, Shen H, Wang S M, Chen J, Fan M. Effect of partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties and spring wheat yield[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2025(3):1-4,11.
[23]	孙德辉, 杨恩帅, 杜远鹏, 高振. 化肥减量配施菌草牛粪对瘠薄地土壤肥力的影响[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2025, 53(2):157-164.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2025.02.032.
	Sun D H, Yang E S, Du Y P, Gao Z. Effect of fertilizer reduction combined with the application of fungi and cow manure on soil fertility in barren land[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 53(2):157-164.
[24]	肖治林, 顾汉柱, 张耗. 高产高效水稻冠层光能利用特征研究进展[J]. 中国稻米, 2022, 28(4):30-34.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2022.04.007.
	Xiao Z L, Gu H Z, Zhang H. Research progress on canopy light energy utilization for high-yield and high-efficiency rice[J]. China Rice, 2022, 28(4):30-34.
[25]	杨婷婷, 孙继颖, 苑志强, 刘剑, 徐茂, 杨世伟, 王朝冉, 曹国辉. 不同追氮量对耐盐碱大豆品种产量和光合特性的影响[J]. 内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 46(4):1-9,92.doi:15.1209.S.20241220.1424.006.
	Yang T T, Sun J Y, Yuan Z Q, Liu J, Xu M, Yang S W, Wang C R, Cao G H. Effects of different nitrogen topdressing amounts on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of saline-alkali tolerant soybean varieties[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 46(4):1-9,92.
[26]	张颖, 王超, 骆永丽. 株行距配置对冬小麦冠层结构、光环境及产量的影响[J]. 山东农业科学, 2024, 56(8):37-43.doi:10.14083/j.issn.1001-4942.2024.08.006.
	Zhang Y, Wang C, Luo Y L. Effects of plant and row spacing configuration on canopy structure,light environment,and yield of winter wheat[J]. Shandong Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 56(8):37-43.
[27]	王婷婷, 饶德民, 孟凡钢, 于德彬, 张鸣浩, 张伟. 作物超高产品种生理及产量性状对施肥量的响应研究综述[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2023, 51(5):1-4,11.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2023.05.001.
	Wang T T, Rao D M, Meng F G, Yu D B, Zhang M H, Zhang W. A review of the responses of crop ultra-high product species to fertilization rates[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 51(5):1-4,11.
[28]	杨莉莉, 王永合, 韩稳社, 马林英, 杨乖成, 韩艳云, 同延安. 氮肥减量配施有机肥对苹果产量品质及土壤生物学特性的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2021, 40(3):631-639.doi:10.11654/jaes.2020-1234.
	Yang L L, Wang Y H, Han W S, Ma L Y, Yang G C, Han Y Y, Tong Y A. Effects of reducing nitrogen fertilizer and applying organic fertilizer on apple yield and quality and soil biological characteristics[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2021, 40(3):631-639.
[29]	Liang Q, Shi X J, Li N N, Shi F, Tian Y, Zhang H X, Hao X Z, Luo H H. Fertilizer reduction combined with organic liquid fertilizer improved canopy structure and function and increased cotton yield[J]. Agronomy, 2022, 12(8):1759.doi:10.3390/agronomy12081759.
[30]	芦海灵, 郭中义, 卫双玲. 有机无机肥配施对芝麻产量及土壤性质的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2021, 58(3):467-473.doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.03.009.
	Lu H L, Guo Z Y, Wei S L. Effects of combinative application of organic and inorganic fertilizer on sesame yield and soil properties[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 58(3):467-473.
[31]	朱金籴, 朱学刚, 杜文青, 邱拓宇, 赵新彬. 化肥减量配施有机肥对设施番茄光合特性、品质和产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2025(3):185-189.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4079.2025.01.001.
	Zhu J C, Zhu X G, Du W Q, Qiu T Y, Zhao X B. Effects of fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer application on photosynthetic characteristics,quality and yield of tomatoes cultivated in facilities[J]. Crops, 2025(3):185-189.
[32]	Lin S D, Wei K, Wang Q J, Sun Y, Deng M J, Tao W H. Effects of organic fertilizer on photosynthesis,yield,and quality of pakchoi under different irrigation conditions[J]. Plants, 2024, 13(10):1308.doi:10.3390/plants13101308.

选择文件类型/文献管理软件名称

选择包含的内容