大豆生长及产量和品质对不同施肥模式的响应

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195164

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

肥料施用不当会导致大豆贪青晚熟、倒伏、病虫害加重及肥料和产量效益下降。为提高肥料效益,充分发挥大豆单产和品质潜力,采用单因素试验设计,通过大田研究了7种施肥模式F1(基施3 000 kg/hm²有机肥+300 kg/hm²化肥)、F2(基施3 000 kg/hm²有机肥+150 kg/hm²化肥+追施150 kg/hm²化肥)、F3(基施3 000 kg/hm²有机肥+225 kg/hm²化肥+追施75 kg/hm²化肥)、F4(基施1 500 kg/hm²有机肥+75 kg/hm²化肥+追施225 kg/hm²化肥)、F5(基施300 kg/hm²化肥)、F6(基施150 kg/hm²化肥+追施150 kg/hm²化肥)和F7(基施225 kg/hm²化肥+追施75 kg/hm²化肥)对大豆生长发育、光合、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施有机肥相比单施化肥可显著提高大豆根干质量,单施化肥以基追比3∶1最有利于增加根干质量。有机肥与化肥配施单株鲜叶质量、干叶质量、鲜茎质量、干茎质量及单株鲜质量和干质量高于单施化肥,单施化肥各处理间上述指标差异不显著。有机肥与化肥配施提高了大豆结荚期和鼓粒期单株叶片数和叶面积指数,不施有机肥条件下化肥基追比3∶1有利于提高大豆叶片数和叶面积指数。有机肥与化肥配施比单施化肥开花期和鼓粒期的光合速率分别提高了16.69%~21.66%和14.99%~30.66%,化肥基追比不合理或减少有机肥用量会降低大豆生育中后期叶绿素含量和光合速率。增施有机肥可提高大豆产量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,而降低粗脂肪含量,单施化肥以基追比3∶1最利于增产。综合得出,有机肥与化肥配施在改善大豆生长发育、光合及产量和品质方面明显优于单施化肥,单施化肥以基追比3∶1表现较优。

关键词: 大豆, 根干质量, 叶面积指数, 叶绿素含量, 光合速率, 蛋白质含量

Abstract:

Improper application of soybean fertilizer can lead to late ripening,lodging,worsening of diseases and pests,and a decrease in fertilizer and yield benefits,to improve fertilizer efficiency and fully tap into the potential of soybean yield and quality,therefore,this article investigates the effects of seven fertilization modes F1(basic application of 3 000 kg/ha organic fertilizer+300 kg/ha chemical fertilizer),F2(basic application of 3 000 kg/ha organic fertilizer+150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer+topdressing 150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer),F3(basic application of 3 000 kg/ha organic fertilizer+225 kg/ha chemical fertilizer+topdressing 75 kg/ha chemical fertilizer),F4(basic application of 1 500 kg/ha organic fertilizer+75 kg/ha chemical fertilizer+topdressing 225 kg/ha chemical fertilizer),F5(basic application of 300 kg/ha chemical fertilizer),F6(basic application of 150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer+topdressing 150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer)and F7(basic application of 225 kg/ha chemical fertilizer+topdressing 75 kg/ha chemical fertilizer)on soybean growth,development,photosynthesis,yield,and quality through field experiments using a single factor experimental design.The results showed that increasing the application of organic fertilizer significantly enhanced the dry weight of soybean roots when compared to applying chemical fertilizer alone,applying chemical fertilizer alone with a base to top dressing ratio of 3∶1 was the most beneficial for increasing root dry weight.The combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer resulted in higher fresh leaf weight,dry leaf weight,fresh stem weight,dry stem weight per plant,as well as higher fresh weight and dry weight per plant when compared to single application of chemical fertilizer,and there were no significant differences in the above indicators among the treatments treated with single application of chemical fertilizer.The combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer increased the number of leaves per plant and leaf area index of soybean at pod bearing stage and filling stage,under the condition of no organic fertilizer application,the base to top dressing ratio of 3∶1 of chemical fertilizer was beneficial for improving the number of leaves and leaf area index of soybean.Compared to single application of chemical fertilizer,combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer increased the photosynthetic rate at flowering and filling stages by 16.69%—21.66% and 14.99%—30.66%,respectively,unreasonable base to top dressing ratio of chemical fertilizer or reducing organic fertilizer dosage could affect the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of soybean in the middle and later stages of growth and development.Increasing organic fertilizer application amount could increase soybean yield and protein content,while reduce fat content,applying chemical fertilizer alone with a base to top dressing ratio of 3∶1 was the most conducive to increasing yield.Therefore,it can be concluded that the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is significantly better than that of single application of chemical fertilizer in improving soybean growth and development,photosynthesis,yield,and quality,in addition,single application of chemical fertilizer performs better with a base to top dressing ratio of 3∶1.

Key words: Soybean, Root dry weight, Leaf area index, Chlorophyll content, Photosynthetic rate, Protein content

张向前, 杜世州, 乔玉强, 曹承富, 李玮, 赵竹, 陈欢, 丁永刚, 尚云秋. 大豆生长及产量和品质对不同施肥模式的响应[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(6): 186-192. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195164.

ZHANG Xiangqian, DU Shizhou, QIAO Yuqiang, CAO Chengfu, LI Wei, ZHAO Zhu, CHEN Huan, DING Yonggang, SHANG Yunqiu. A Study on the Response of Soybean Growth,Yield,and Quality to Different Fertilization Models[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(6): 186-192. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195164.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I6/186

图/表 8

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[1]	蒋龙刚, 史建硕, 郭丽, 任燕利, 潘丽佳, 王丽英. 不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆产量与品质的影响[J]. 大豆科学, 2023, 42(2):220-227.doi:10.11861/j.issn.1000-9841.2023.02.0220.

施肥模式 Fertilization mode	单株鲜叶质量 Fresh leaf weight per plant	单株干叶质量 Dry leaf weight per plant	单株鲜茎质量 Fresh stem weight per plant	单株干茎质量 Dry stem weight per plant	单株鲜质量 Fresh weight per plant	单株干质量 Dry weight per plant
F1	34.43±2.31ab	8.56±1.23abc	51.77±4.23ab	10.20±1.23bc	86.20±4.32bc	18.77±0.68abc
F2	39.83±1.42a	9.87±1.06a	56.87±5.12a	11.91±2.35a	96.70±5.12a	21.80±2.12a
F3	36.87±3.01ab	9.05±2.01ab	54.20±3.69a	10.97±1.89ab	91.07±3.69ab	20.00±1.69ab
F4	31.50±2.04bc	8.25±1.35bc	49.70±4.21abc	9.63±1.35cd	81.20±4.56c	17.87±2.06bcd
F5	26.09±1.36cd	7.40±1.12c	44.83±3.36bc	8.41±1.36de	70.93±2.98d	15.80±2.36cd
F6	25.23±2.25d	7.23±0.98c	42.70±2.24c	7.78±1.56e	67.93±3.69d	15.00±1.31d
F7	28.04±2.39cd	7.67±0.87bc	46.32±2.65bc	8.67±1.42de	74.37±5.36d	16.37±1.65cd

施肥模式 Fertilization mode	单株鲜叶质量 Fresh leaf weight per plant	单株干叶质量 Dry leaf weight per plant	单株鲜茎质量 Fresh stem weight per plant	单株干茎质量 Dry stem weight per plant	单株鲜质量 Fresh weight per plant	单株干质量 Dry weight per plant
F1	34.43±2.31ab	8.56±1.23abc	51.77±4.23ab	10.20±1.23bc	86.20±4.32bc	18.77±0.68abc
F2	39.83±1.42a	9.87±1.06a	56.87±5.12a	11.91±2.35a	96.70±5.12a	21.80±2.12a
F3	36.87±3.01ab	9.05±2.01ab	54.20±3.69a	10.97±1.89ab	91.07±3.69ab	20.00±1.69ab
F4	31.50±2.04bc	8.25±1.35bc	49.70±4.21abc	9.63±1.35cd	81.20±4.56c	17.87±2.06bcd
F5	26.09±1.36cd	7.40±1.12c	44.83±3.36bc	8.41±1.36de	70.93±2.98d	15.80±2.36cd
F6	25.23±2.25d	7.23±0.98c	42.70±2.24c	7.78±1.56e	67.93±3.69d	15.00±1.31d
F7	28.04±2.39cd	7.67±0.87bc	46.32±2.65bc	8.67±1.42de	74.37±5.36d	16.37±1.65cd

施肥模式 Fertilization mode	单株荚数 Number of pods per plant	单株粒数 Number of grains per plant	单株粒质量/g Grains weight per plant	单株质量/g Weight per plant	产量/ (kg/hm²) Yield
F1	77.00±4.23ab	178.00±6.89a	38.39±2.23a	59.86±3.46bc	3 100.0±120.15c
F2	83.67±4.56a	187.00±7.56a	41.37±2.34a	67.75±4.56a	3 483.1±89.66a
F3	80.67±3.67ab	181.33±6.54a	40.07±3.12a	63.87±5.36ab	3 275.7±103.23b
F4	75.67±4.56b	167.33±6.69b	37.47±1.45ab	56.00±6.12cd	3 049.3±88.65c
F5	65.00±3.21c	149.33±7.12c	32.84±4.12c	48.40±3.36e	2 830.8±95.37d
F6	64.27±3.56c	146.00±6.98c	31.50±2.13c	46.20±3.45e	2 785.9±88.76d
F7	66.33±4.41c	152.67±5.78c	33.37±1.32bc	50.58±4.12de	2 898.8±102.32d

施肥模式 Fertilization mode	单株荚数 Number of pods per plant	单株粒数 Number of grains per plant	单株粒质量/g Grains weight per plant	单株质量/g Weight per plant	产量/ (kg/hm²) Yield
F1	77.00±4.23ab	178.00±6.89a	38.39±2.23a	59.86±3.46bc	3 100.0±120.15c
F2	83.67±4.56a	187.00±7.56a	41.37±2.34a	67.75±4.56a	3 483.1±89.66a
F3	80.67±3.67ab	181.33±6.54a	40.07±3.12a	63.87±5.36ab	3 275.7±103.23b
F4	75.67±4.56b	167.33±6.69b	37.47±1.45ab	56.00±6.12cd	3 049.3±88.65c
F5	65.00±3.21c	149.33±7.12c	32.84±4.12c	48.40±3.36e	2 830.8±95.37d
F6	64.27±3.56c	146.00±6.98c	31.50±2.13c	46.20±3.45e	2 785.9±88.76d
F7	66.33±4.41c	152.67±5.78c	33.37±1.32bc	50.58±4.12de	2 898.8±102.32d

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