多雨烟区烤烟种植密度对烟株发病率及土壤微生物多样性的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193994

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确多雨烟区适宜的烤烟种植密度,探讨种植密度对多雨烟区烟叶品质的影响及土壤微生物的响应特征。以云烟87为材料,研究不同种植密度(CK 16 650株/hm²;T1 18 525株/hm²)对烟叶产质量及土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与CK处理相比,T1处理的烟株株高增加了6.02%,产量增加了8.65%。成熟期T1处理的烟草黑胫病、根黑腐病、炭疽病的发病率分别比CK处理降低了15.38%,11.76%,18.18%。T1处理根际土壤细菌群落物种多样性比CK处理增加了1.62%,丰富度降低了0.99%;真菌群落物种丰富度增加了3.76%,多样性降低了4.71%。T1处理与CK处理的细菌和真菌群落结构相似,但土壤样品中微生物优势类群不一致。T1处理的土壤变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门的细菌相对丰度以及子囊菌门的真菌相对丰度较高;T1处理土壤的鞘氨醇单胞杆菌属细菌相对丰度和青霉属真菌相对丰度显著提高。冗余分析(RDA)显示,环境因子(日照时长、降雨量、温度)显著影响了细菌和真菌群落结构,对土壤细菌群落变化的影响强度为降雨量>温度>日照时长;对土壤真菌群落变化的影响强度为日照时长>降雨量>温度。多雨烟区适当增加烤烟的种植密度可改善土壤微环境,减少病害发生,进而提高烤后烟叶品质及提高烟农收入。

关键词: 烟草, 种植密度, 品质, 发病率, 土壤微生物多样性

Abstract:

To explore the effect of planting density on disease and quality of tobacco and the response characteristics of soil microorganisms in rainy regions,a field experiment was conducted in the Rainy Regions.The random block design was adopted to study the effects of different planting densities(CK was 16 650 and T₁ was 18 525 plants/ha) on yield of tobacco and soil microbial community structure during the experimental periods. Results suggested that:compared with the CK treatment,T1 treatment increased by 6.02% for the tobacco plant height,and 8.65% for yield,respectively. Compared with CK treatment,T1 treatment decreased by 15.38% for tobacco black shank,11.76% for tobacco black root rot,and 18.18% for tobacco anthracnose at the mature stage,respectively. T1 treatment increased by 1.62%for the species diversity and decreased by 0.99% for the richness of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community,increased by 3.76% for the species richness and decreased by 4.71% for the diversity of the fungal community when compared with CK treatment. The bacterial and fungal community structure of the T1 treatment was similar to that of the CK treatment,but the microbial dominant taxa in the soil samples was inconsistent. In the horizontal structure of phylum,T1 treatment relative abundance of bacteria in the soil Proteobacter,Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria,and fungal in the soil Ascomycota was higher. In the horizontal structure of genera,T1 treatment relative abundance of bacteria Sphingomonas and fungi Penicillium was significantly improved. Redundancy analysis (RDA)showed that environmental factors (sunshine duration,rainfall,and temperature)significantly affected the bacterial and fungal community structure,and the influence of soil bacterial community was rainfall>temperature>sunshine duration,the influence of soil fungal community was sunshine duration>rainfall>temperature,respectively. This study indicated that properly increasing the planting density of flue-cured tobacco in rainy regions could improve the soil microenvironment,and reduce tobacco diseases,which could improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco and increase the income of tobacco farmers.

Key words: Tobacco, Planting density, Quality, Disease, Soil microbial diversity

郭凡, 王戈, 陶怡帆, 张锦韬, 欧阳铖人. 多雨烟区烤烟种植密度对烟株发病率及土壤微生物多样性的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2023, 38(S1): 354-361. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193994.

GUO Fan, WANG Ge, TAO Yifan, ZHANG Jintao, OUYANG Chengren. Effects of Planting Density of Flue-cured Tobacco on Disease and Soil Microbial Diversity in the Rainy Regions[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2023, 38(S1): 354-361. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193994.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2023/V38/IS1/354

图/表 9

表1 PCR扩增引物

Tab.1 PCR amplification primers

微生物Microbial	引物(5'—3') Primers(5'—3')
细菌Bacteria	F:ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG
(V3+V4)	R:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT
真菌Fungi	F:CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA
(ITS1+ITS2)	R:GCTGCGTTCATCGATGC

图1 普洱地区5—10月气候特征

Fig.1 Climatic characteristics of the Puer region from May to October

表2 不同种植密度对烤烟旺长期农艺性状的影响

Tab.2 Effects of agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco under different planting densities

处理 Treatment	行株距 Row and plant spacing	株高/cm Plant height	茎围/cm Stem girth	叶长/cm Leaf length	叶宽/cm Leaf width	有效叶数 Number of effective leaves
CK	120 cm×50 cm	44.18±5.89b	5.64±0.67b	48.92±4.69a	22.22±2.63a	9.8±1.6a
T1	120 cm×45 cm	46.84±0.42a	5.96±0.35a	46.80±4.24b	20.58±0.91b	9.4±0.6b

图2 不同种植密度对烟株发病率的影响不同小写字母表示在P<0.05水平有显著差异。

Fig.2 Effects of plant diseases under different planting densities Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level.

表3 不同种植密度对烤烟产量的影响

Tab.3 Effects of yield of tobacco under different planting densities

处理 Treatment	行株距 Row and plant spacing	产量/ (kg/hm²) Capacity	中上等烟比例/% Proportion of middle and upper class cigarettes
CK	120 cm×50 cm	2 463±53b	85.64±1.20a
T1	120 cm×45 cm	2 676±41a	86.27±2.30a

图3 不同种植密度下细菌及真菌群落的Alpha多样性(OTUs) A、B为细菌群落结构的差异;C、D为真菌群落结构的差异。不同小写字母表示相同时期内各处理在0.05水平有显著差异。

Fig.3 Alpha-diverse of bacterial and fungal communities of roasted tobacco at different planting densities (OTUs) A and B are differences in bacterial community structure;C and D are differences in fungal community structure. Different lowercase letters indicate the same period the period there was a significant difference at 0.05 level.

图4 不同种植密度土壤微生物的NMDS模型细菌及真菌群落结构的差异

Fig.4 Differences in NMDS model bacterial and fungal community structure of soil microorganisms at different planting densities

图5 不同种植密度土壤细菌及真菌群落结构门水平和属水平物种组成 A、B为种植密度的细菌及真菌门水平群落结构,C、D为种植密度的细菌和真菌属水平群落结构。

Fig.5 Phylum level and genus level species composition of soil bacterial and fungal community structure at different planting densities A and B show the phylum level community structure of bacteria and fungi at planting density,and C and D show the genus level community structure of bacteria and fungi at planting density.

图6 烤烟根际土壤理化性质与细菌及真菌群落(门水平)的冗余分析 A、B为种植密度的细菌及真菌群落和环境变量之间的关系。实线代表土壤化性质,虚线代表细菌种类群;RF.降雨量;T.温度;L.日照时长。

Fig.6 Redundancy analysis of roasted tobacco inter-root soil physicochemical properties and bacterial and fungal communities (phylum level) A and B show the relationship between bacterial and fungal communities and environmental variables for planting density. Solid lines represent soil chemical properties and dashed lines represent bacterial species groups;RF. Rainfall;T.Temperature;L.Sunshine duration.

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