化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤理化特性和微生物群落结构的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194778

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,为烟草生产上肥料减量和有机肥的合理施用提供理论参考。以常规施肥不配施有机肥为对照(CK),采用Illumina高通量测序技术,结合生物信息学,分析化肥减量10%(T1)、化肥减量10%+芝麻饼肥(T2)、化肥减量10%+腐殖酸肥(T3)、化肥减量10%+芝麻饼肥+腐殖酸肥(T4)等不同处理下土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,T1处理的植烟土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性均下降、土壤物理特性略有改善,配施有机肥使土壤养分和物理特性得到进一步改善,容重降低、含水率和孔隙度增加,T2和T4处理的有效磷、速效钾含量显著高于CK和T1处理,所有配施有机肥处理的土壤酶活性均显著增加。配施有机肥增加了植烟土壤中的细菌和真菌门类,其中优势细菌门类均为变形菌门和放线菌门,其次是厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门,优势真菌门类为子囊菌门、子囊菌门盘菌亚门、被孢霉门、绿藻门、纤毛虫门、担子菌门。Alpha多样性指数表明,化肥减量降低了微生物群落的丰富度,但配施有机肥处理增加了细菌和真菌群落多样性指数,其中细菌群落丰富度提高更明显。RDA分析表明,影响土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的重要土壤理化因子包括有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、有效磷和土壤物理特性等,相对而言土壤理化因子对细菌群落结构的影响更大。综上,化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤养分、物理特性、土壤酶活性及微生物群结构有显著改善效果,尤其以同时配施芝麻饼肥和腐殖酸肥处理的效果更佳。

关键词: 烟草, 化肥减量, 有机肥, 植烟土壤, 理化特性, 微生物群落结构

Abstract:

To explore the effects of fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer application on physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of tobacco-planting soil,and provide theoretical reference for fertilizer reduction and rational application of organic fertilizer in tobacco production.Using conventional fertilization without organic fertilizer as control(CK),Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology combined with bioinformatics,the changes of soil physical and chemical properties and microbial community structure under different treatments such as 10% reduction of fertilizer(T1),10% reduction of fertilizer+sesame cake fertilizer(T2),10% reduction of fertilizer + humic acid fertilizer(T3),and 10% reduction of fertilizer + sesame cake fertilizer + humic acid fertilizer(T4)were analyzed.The results showed that compared with CK,soil nutrient content and soil enzyme activity decreased under T1 treatment,and soil physical properties were slightly improved.Combined with organic fertilizer,soil nutrient and physical properties were further improved,bulk density decreased,moisture content and porosity increased,and the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium under T2 and T4 treatment were significantly higher than those under CK and T1 treatment.The enzyme activity of soil treated with organic fertilizer increased significantly.Combined application of organic fertilizer increased the bacteria and fungi in tobacco-growing soil,among which the dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota.Followed by Firmicutes,Bacteroidota,Chloroflexi and Acidobacteriota.The dominant fungal groups are Ascomycota,Anthophyta,Mortierellomycota,Chlorophyta,Ciliophora and Basidiomycota.The Alpha diversity index showed that the reduction of fertilizer decreased the richness of microbial community,but the combined application of organic fertilizer increased the diversity index of bacterial and fungal communities,and the bacterial community richness increased more significantly.RDA analysis showed that the important soil physicochemical factors affecting soil microbial community structure and diversity included organic matter,available potassium,alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and soil physical properties,etc.Soil physicochemical factors had a greater impact on bacterial community structure.In conclusion,under the condition of fertilizer reduction,organic fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer can significantly improve soil nutrients,physical properties,soil enzyme activity and microflora structure,especially when combined with sesame cake fertilizer and humic acid fertilizer treatment.

Key words: Tabacco, Fertilizer reduction, Organic fertilizer, Tobacco-growing soil, Physicochemical properties, Microbial community structure

孙子隽, 钟国兴, 张少搏, 杨欣, 彭金良, 郭维, 梁耀星, 李淮源, 白云峰, 陈建军, 邓世媛. 化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤理化特性和微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(3): 146-158. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194778.

SUN Zijun, ZHONG Guoxing, ZHANG Shaobo, YANG Xin, PENG Jinliang, GUO Wei, LIANG Yaoxing, LI Huaiyuan, BAI Yunfeng, CHEN Jianjun, DENG Shiyuan. Effects of Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Community Structure of Tobacco-planting Soil[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(3): 146-158. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194778.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I3/146

图/表 18

表1 试验设计及施肥量

Tab.1 Experimental design and fertilization amount kg/hm²

处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	芝麻饼肥 Sesame cake	腐殖酸肥 Humus
CK	147.0	142.0	483.0	0	0
T1	132.3	127.8	434.7	0	0
T2	132.3	127.8	434.7	600	0
T3	132.3	127.8	434.7	0	450
T4	132.3	127.8	434.7	600	450

表2 化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤养分和物理特性的影响

Tab.2 Effects of fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on soil nutrients and physical properties

处理 Treatment	有机质/(g/kg) Organic matter	碱解氮/(mg/kg) Available nitrogen	有效磷/(mg/kg) Available phosphorus	速效钾/(mg/kg) Available potassium	容重/(g/cm³) Soil bulk density	含水率/% Soil moisture content	孔隙度/% Soil porosity
CK	36.80±0.42a	23.93±3.00b	62.62±2.22c	517.89±4.37c	1.62±0.01a	31.02±0.01d	38.46±0.51d
T1	35.88±0.10a	16.65±2.31d	47.57±3.59d	347.13±3.20d	1.54±0.02a	34.64±0.00c	41.52±0.81c
T2	37.97±0.39a	26.00±3.76b	89.68±1.32a	566.41±6.37b	1.27±0.03d	40.47±0.01a	51.69±0.98a
T3	37.09±0.26a	21.12±1.50c	51.37±0.98d	652.40±6.48a	1.38±0.02c	37.59±0.00b	47.59±0.58b
T4	38.09±0.37a	35.24±3.42a	80.66±2.90b	642.80±14.36a	1.44±0.00b	36.43±0.00bc	45.14±0.11b

表3 化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤酶活性的影响

Tab.3 Effect of fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on soil enzyme activity mg/(g·d)

处理 Treatment	蛋白酶 Protease	酸性磷酸酶 Acid phosphatase	蔗糖酶 Sucrase	脲酶 Urease
CK	11.63±0.14b	11.77±0.08c	3.95±0.04a	5.53±0.04c
T1	10.90±0.25c	8.03±0.18d	3.93±0.22a	4.36±0.16d
T2	13.96±0.19a	15.55±0.09a	4.12±0.02a	7.53±0.07a
T3	13.69±0.03a	12.70±0.25b	4.06±0.03a	5.97±0.04b
T4	11.95±0.13b	13.13±0.16b	4.26±0.06a	7.43±0.06a

图1 各处理土壤中细菌OTU和属的数目

Fig.1 The number of bacterial OTUs and genera in each treated soil

图2 各处理土壤中细菌属的Venn图

Fig.2 Venn diagram of bacteria genera in each treated soil

图3 各处理土壤中细菌门水平分布

Fig.3 The horizontal distribution of bacteria in each treated soil

图4 各处理土壤中细菌属水平分布

Fig.4 The horizontal distribution of bacterial genera in soil under different treatments

图5 土壤细菌主要菌属在各处理中的百分比

Fig.5 Percentage of major soil bacteria genera in each treatment

图6 各处理土壤中细菌属水平分布热图

Fig.6 Heat map of horizontal distribution of bacteria in each treated soil

图7 各处理土壤真菌OTU和属的数目

Fig.7 The number of fungal OTUs and genera in each treated soil

图8 各处理土壤真菌属的Venn图

Fig.8 Venn diagram of fungi genera in each treated soil

图9 各处理土壤真菌门水平分布

Fig.9 The horizontal distribution of fungi in each treated soil

图10 各处理土壤真菌属水平分布

Fig.10 The horizontal distribution of fungal genera in soil under different treatments

图11 土壤真菌主要菌属在各处理中的百分比

Fig.11 Percentage of major soil fungi genera in each treatment

图12 各处理土壤中真菌属水平分布热图

Fig.12 Heat map of horizontal distribution of fungi in each treated soil

表4 不同处理土壤微生物群落的Alpha多样性指数

Tab.4 Alpha diversity index of soil microbial communities under different treatments

处理 Treatment	细菌 Bacteria					真菌 Fungi
处理 Treatment	Ace指数 Ace index	Chao指数 Chao index	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson index	Ace指数 Ace index		Chao指数 Chao index		Shannon指数 Shannon index	Simpson指数 Simpson index
CK	3 739.22±86.37b	3 656.23±84.75b	9.38±0.07a	0.99±0.00a		928.27±95.21b		989.48±26.46a	6.21±0.05a	0.96±0.00a
T1	2 954.15±441.83c	3 210.76±111.91c	7.91±0.44b	0.97±0.01a		975.53±17.55ab		974.82±22.64a	5.74±0.17a	0.95±0.01a
T2	3 761.83±165.64b	3 674.52±167.02b	8.13±0.21b	0.95±0.01a		1 032.00±41.98a		1 019.08±41.46a	5.77±0.31a	0.94±0.01a
T3	4 031.67±74.33ab	3 947.78±73.15ab	9.60±0.09a	0.99±0.00a		953.99±26.84ab		955.17±26.75a	5.78±0.29a	0.95±0.01a
T4	4 337.55±632.12a	4 249.27±95.13a	9.09±0.96a	0.96±0.03a		1 011.60±13.80a		1 002.98±8.98a	5.97±0.25a	0.95±0.01a

表5 土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性与微生物群落组成多样性相关性分析

Tab.5 Correlation analysis of soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition diversity

项目 Item	AN	AP	AK	SBD	SMC	SP	Pro	Aci	Suc	Ure	细菌 Bacteria									真菌 Fungi
项目 Item	AN	AP	AK	SBD	SMC	SP	Pro	Aci	Suc	Ure	OTU	Ace		Shannon		Simpson		Chao		OTU		Ace		Shannon		Simpson		Chao
OM	0.86	0.88^*	0.81	-0.66	0.58	0.65	0.61	0.91^*	0.90^*	1.00^**	0.86		0.84		0.22		-0.53		0.80		0.67		0.64		0.09		-0.46		0.64
AN		0.77	0.67	-0.25	0.20	0.24	0.14	0.61	0.89^*	0.83	0.88^*		0.82		0.29		-0.44		0.83		0.81		0.49		0.37		-0.11		0.62
AP			0.45	-0.56	0.51	0.55	0.43	0.82	0.72	0.91^*	0.58		0.52		-0.16		-0.75		0.46		0.81		0.76		0.11		-0.52		0.92^*
AK				-0.51	0.41	0.51	0.67	0.78	0.74	0.76	0.93^*		0.96^**		0.69		0.02		0.93^*		0.19		0.18		0.15		-0.14		0.10
SBD					-0.99^**	-1.00^**	-0.87	-0.73	-0.59	-0.71	-0.34		-0.36		0.19		0.58		-0.33		-0.28		-0.74		0.64		0.91^*		-0.32
SMC						0.99^**	0.78	0.62	0.57	0.64	0.24		0.26		-0.31		-0.64		0.26		0.31		0.79		-0.74		-0.95^*		0.30
SP							0.87	0.73	0.58	0.70	0.33		0.35		-0.20		-0.58		0.32		0.27		0.74		-0.65		-0.91^*		0.32
Pro								0.82	0.39	0.63	0.42		0.48		0.18		-0.17		0.39		0.06		0.36		-0.36		-0.62		0.14
Aci									0.66	0.92^*	0.72		0.72		0.23		-0.38		0.62		0.38		0.50		0.05		-0.49		0.58
Suc										0.89^*	0.84		0.80		0.17		-0.56		0.85		0.76		0.69		0.07		-0.45		0.48
Ure											0.81		0.78		0.13		-0.59		0.74		0.68		0.70		0.03		-0.53		0.69

图13 土壤微生物群落结构与土壤理化性质和酶活性的冗余分析蓝色箭头.物种;红色箭头.土壤理化性质和酶活性;箭头长短.土壤理化性质和酶活性对于物种群落影响程度的大小。Bac.芽孢杆菌属;Can.Candidatus_Udaeobacter;Clo.狭义梭菌属1;Epu.刺骨鱼菌属;Fla.黄霉杆菌属;Gem.芽孢单菌属;Int.间胞囊菌属;Par.副梭菌属;Ral.罗尔斯通菌属;Sph.鞘氨醇单胞菌属;Coe.单星藻属;Cyp.杯梗孢属;Fusa.镰刀菌属;Fusi.Fusicolla;Mor.被孢霉属;Myr.粪壳菌属;Pan.斑褶菇属;Ple.织球壳属;Pyr.拟棘壳孢属;Zop.Zopfiella.

Fig.13 Redundancy analysis of soil microbial community structure and soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities Blue arrow.Species;Red arrow.Soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity;Arrow length.The degree of influence of soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity on species community.Bac.Bacillus;Can.Candidatus_Udaeobacter;Clo.Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1;Epu.Epulopiscium;Fla.Flavisolibacter;Gem.Gemmatimonas;Int.Intrasporangium;Par.Paraclostridium;Ral.Ralstonia;Sph.Sphingomonas;Coe.Coelastrella;Cyp.Cyphellophora;Fusa.Fusarium;Fusi.Fusicolla;Mor.Mortierella;Myr.Myrmecridium;Pan.Panaeolus;Ple.Plectosphaerella;Pyr.Pyrenochaetopsis;Zop.Zopfiella.

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