豫北潮土区轮耕模式对小麦光合特性、产量及土壤养分的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193066

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索豫北潮土地区适宜的耕作模式,在2016-2019年小麦季设置3 a一周期的5种耕作模式组合,即连续旋耕(RT-RT-RT)、深耕-旋耕-旋耕(DT-RT-RT)、深耕-旋耕-条旋耕(DT-RT-SRT)、深耕-条旋耕-条旋耕(DT-SRT-SRT)和深耕-条旋耕-旋耕(DT-SRT-RT),测定并分析不同耕作模式下小麦生育期光合特性、土壤速效养分含量及籽粒产量。结果表明,与RT-RT-RT相比,轮耕处理的小麦光合特性有所改善,净光合速率、气孔导度以DT-SRT-RT处理较佳,平均增幅分别为10.85%,7.83%;DT-SRT-RT叶绿素含量的增加随生育期的推进逐渐明显,在灌浆期较RT-RT-RT 显著提高16.52%;与RT-RT-RT相比,轮耕处理提高了0~50 cm土层土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量。此外,DT-SRT-RT小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量和产量均高于RT-RT-RT,较RT-RT-RT增产14.64%。相关分析表明,小麦净光合速率与小麦产量呈正相关,在开花期达极显著水平;表层土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量总体上均与小麦产量呈显著正相关。总的来说,在豫北潮土地区,实施轮耕可提高小麦生育期光合速率、土壤速效养分含量和产量及其构成因素,其中以DT-SRT-RT效果最佳。

关键词: 小麦, 轮耕, 光合特性, 产量, 土壤养分, 豫北潮土

Abstract:

To select the optimum tillage mode for the fluvo-aquic soil in North Henan,a three-year field experiment was carried out during 2016 to 2019. The experiment was designed with five combinations of three different tillage practices in wheat season as continuous rotary tillage(RT-RT-RT);deep tillage-rotary tillage-rotary tillage(DT-RT-RT);deep tillage-rotary tillage-strip rotary tillage(DT-RT-SRT);deep tillage-strip rotary tillage-strip rotary tillage(DT-SRT-SRT);deep tillage-strip tillage-rotary tillage(DT-SRT-RT). The photosynthetic indexes,soil available nutrients,and wheat yield were measured and analyzed under different treatments. The results showed that compared with RT-RT-RT,photosynthetic characteristics under different rotation tillage treatments improved. Compared with RT-RT-RT,the net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance under DT-SRT-RT increased by 10.85%,7.83%,respectively. The chlorophyll content increased gradually with the growth stage under DT-SRT-RT,and it was significantly higher than that under RT-RT-RT at the filling stage,with an increment of 16.52%. The content of available nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in the 0-50 cm soil layer increased under treatments with rotation tillage. Additionally,the spike number,grains per spike,1000-grain weight,and yield of wheat under DT-SRT-RT were higher than those under RT-RT-RT,therein,the yield under DT-SRT-RT was the highest with an increment of 14.64%. The correlation analysis showed that the net photosynthetic rate was positively correlated with wheat yield,which reached significant level at the flowering period. The contents of nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in surface soil were significantly positively correlated with wheat yield. Generally,for the fluvo-aquic soil area in North Henan,the photosynthetic characteristics of wheat,soil available nutrients content and the components of yield were improved by rotation tillage modes,and therein,the DT-SRT-RT was the optimum one.

Key words: Wheat, Rotation tillage, Photosynthetic characteristics, Yield, Soil nutrients, Fluvo-aquic soil in North Henan

牛润芝, 朱长伟, 姜桂英, 杨锦, 罗澜, 申凤敏, 刘芳, 刘世亮. 豫北潮土区轮耕模式对小麦光合特性、产量及土壤养分的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(4): 182-189. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193066.

NIU Runzhi, ZHU Changwei, JIANG Guiying, YANG Jin, LUO Lan, SHEN Fengmin, LIU Fang, LIU Shiliang. Effects of Rotation Tillage Pattern on Wheat Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield,and Soil Nutrients in Fluvo-aquic Soil in North Henan[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(4): 182-189. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193066.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2022/V37/I4/182

图/表 8

图1 不同处理小麦不同生育时期净光合速率不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。图2-4同。

Fig.1 Net photosynthetic rate under different treatments at different wheat growth stages Different small letters above the bars show significant differences among different treatments at 0.05 level. The same as Fig.2-4.

图2 不同处理小麦不同生育时期气孔导度

Fig.2 Stomatal conductance under different treatments at different wheat growth stages

图3 不同处理小麦不同生育时期胞间CO₂浓度

Fig.3 Intercellular CO₂ concentration under different treatments at different wheat growth stages

图4 不同处理小麦不同生育时期叶绿素含量

Fig.4 Chlorophyll content in flag leaves under different treatments at different growth stages

图5 不同处理土壤速效养分含量

Fig.5 Soil available nutrients content under different treatments

表1 不同处理小麦产量及其构成因素

Tab.1 The wheat yield and yield components under different treatments

处理 Treatment	穗数/(万穗/hm²) Spike number	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	产量/(kg/hm²) Yield	氮肥偏生产力/(kg/kg) Nitrogen partial productivity
RT-RT-RT	574.00±12.68d	28.43±0.98b	41.89±1.03c	5 719±153d	27.24±0.73d
DT-RT-RT	636.00±8.83b	28.93±1.00ab	43.36±1.90bc	6 300±53b	30.00±0.25b
DT-RT-SRT	604.33±6.18c	26.20±1.80c	48.57±1.54a	6 003±95c	28.59±0.45c
DT-SRT-SRT	648.33±12.28ab	30.80±1.00a	44.13±1.20bc	6 477±36ab	30.84±0.17ab
DT-SRT-RT	667.00±8.04a	31.00±0.59a	46.22±0.95ab	6 557±67a	31.22±0.32a

表2 小麦不同生育时期净光合速率与产量及其构成因素的相关性分析

Tab.2 Correlation analysis of net photosynthetic rate and wheat yield at different growth stages

生育时期 Growth stage	穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒质量 1000-grain weight	产量 Yield
拔节期Jointing stage	0.396	0.313	-0.193	0.332
抽穗期Heading stage	0.712^**	0.097	0.484	0.626^*
开花期Flowering stage	0.792^**	0.428	0.224	0.763^**
灌浆期Filling stage	0.712^**	0.313	0.308	0.578

表3 土壤养分含量与小麦产量的相关性

Tab.3 Correlation analysis of soil nutrients content and wheat yield

土层深度/cm Soil depth	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen	碱解氮 Available nitrogen	有效磷 Available phosphorus	速效钾 Available potassium
0~10	0.722^**	0.797^**	0.171	0.721^**	0.753^**
10~20	0.641^*	0.542^*	0.391	0.000	0.674^**
20~30	0.557^*	0.534^*	0.383	0.627^*	0.442
30~40	0.543^*	0.612^*	0.143	0.580^*	0.492
40~50	0.283	0.076	-0.115	0.283	0.214

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