摘要：

为了提高玉米产量、减少氮肥施用及提高氮肥利用效率,对氮高效玉米品种进行筛选和推广,研究氮肥管理对不同氮效率玉米品种氮吸收、利用和田间氮平衡的影响,探明氮肥运筹对不同氮效率玉米品种氮素吸收、利用及田间氮平衡的影响对于玉米的高效育种和栽培至关重要,因此,于2015-2016年在川中丘陵区开展了为期2 a的田间试验。结果表明:正红311(ZH311)在吐丝期和成熟期茎鞘和叶片氮分配比例均显著高于先玉508(XY508)。此外,ZH311花后籽粒氮积累量和花后氮籽粒贡献率显著高于XY508,而花前氮转运及花前氮转运贡献率显著低于XY508。氮高效品种ZH311营养器官中较高的氮分配比例使得其各阶段氮积累量均显著高于氮低效品种XY508,吐丝后氮素积累优势较吐丝前更明显。ZH311吐丝后氮的高效积累抑制了其吐丝前氮的转运,使得其吐丝前氮积累的转运率和对籽粒的贡献率均显著低于XY508,且ZH311的氮素吸收效率、氮素回收效率和氮素偏生产力均显著高于XY508。与XY508相比,ZH311根系能更有效地吸收和利用40~80 cm土层中的无机氮,减少氮沉降,显著减少表观氮损失,且2个品种氮素表观损失差异主要来自追肥后。综上所述,氮高效玉米品种ZH311较氮低效品种XY508不仅能提高单位面积产量,而且能减少氮损失,从而降低环境风险。

关键词: 玉米, 氮管理, 无机氮, 氮平衡

Abstract:

To increase crop yields,reduce the application of chemical fertilizers,and improve nutrient utilization efficiency,N-efficient maize cultivars were screened and popularized. An understanding of nitrogen uptake,utilization,and field balance in maize cultivars with contrasting nitrogen efficiency response to N management is essential for efficient breeding and cultivation of maize to produce fodder and bio-energy. To determine the effects of N management on these factors during maize cultivation,a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in a subtropical semi-humid climate zone. The results showed that the proportion of N in the stem plus sheath and leaves in ZH311 during VT and R6 was significantly higher than that of XY508. In addition,the N accumulation into grain post-silking(NAG)and contribution of NAG to grain(CNAG)of ZH311 were significantly higher than those of XY508,while the N redistribution rate(NRR)and contribution of NRA to grain yield(CNRA)of ZH311 were significantly lower than those of XY508. The higher proportion of N in the vegetative organs of a N-efficient cultivar,ZH311,led to a significantly higher N accumulation in each stage than that observed for the N-inefficient cultivar XY508. The N accumulation advantage of ZH311 was higher after silking than before silking. The high post-silking N accumulation of ZH311 inhibited the pre-silking N transport that determines the N transport rate and contribution rate to grain of pre-silking N accumulation,which were significantly lower than those of XY508. Meanwhile,the N uptake efficiency,N recovery efficiency,and N partial productivity of ZH311 were significantly higher than those of XY508. Compared with that of XY508,the root system of ZH311 could more effectively absorb and utilize inorganic N in the 40-80 cm soil layer,reduce N deposition,and significantly decrease apparent N losses. The differences in apparent N losses between the two cultivars were mainly elicited post-topdressing. In summary,ZH311 has not only a higher yield per unit area than XY508,but also lower N losses,consequently reducing environmental risks.

Key words: Maize, Nitrogen management, Inorganic N, Nitrogen balance