宁夏灌区春玉米产量、光合特性及荧光参数对磷素用量的响应

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195110

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究水肥一体化下不同施磷量对玉米光合特性、荧光参数及产量的影响,为宁夏地区玉米磷肥高效施用提供理论依据和技术支撑。试验于2019—2020年在宁夏银川平吉堡农场开展,设6个磷素水平,依次为0,60,120,180,240,300 kg/hm²,分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3、P4、P5。分析不同磷肥处理下春玉米叶片光合特性和荧光参数的变化规律及其与产量之间的相互关系。2 a 大喇叭口期,P3较其他处理,叶面积指数(LAI)分别提高了4.21%~12.78%,4.68%~15.60%。磷肥用量在180 kg/hm²时对促进玉米叶面积指数和光合势(LAD)效果最优。2 a全生育期内,相较于不施磷肥处理,P3处理下LAD显著提高14.42%。玉米光合特性对施磷强度的响应不同,随着施磷强度的升高,净光合速率(Pn)均在抽雄期后达到最大值,2 a中的R1期,相较于不施磷肥处理,P3处理下Pn显著提高10.68%。玉米花后(R1)叶片胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)与Pn均呈显著正相关,决定系数(R²)分别为0.926 5,0.889 9,0.832 0。施磷可以提高玉米光系统Ⅱ综合性能指数(PI),2 a中于R1期,PI有最大峰值,相较于其他处理,P3处理下PI分别提高了1.12%~8.50%,8.47%~15.40%。施磷量为180 kg/hm²产量最大,相较于不施磷处理,2 a产量平均提高17.27%。根据产量拟合方程分析表明,施磷量在179.34 kg/hm²时玉米产量达到最大值13 823.84 kg/hm²。Pearson相关性分析表明,适当的叶面积指数(LAI)会显著影响玉米后期产量,光合参数对玉米产量建成均产生极显著影响;主成分分析表明,P3处理对玉米产量优化效果综合得分最高。磷肥的合理运筹能够有效地保证较高的SPAD值、PSⅡ反应中心的活性,提高玉米对光能的捕获与利用,促进光合作用,从而提高玉米的产量。

关键词: 玉米, 施磷量, 光合特性, 荧光参数, 产量

Abstract:

To study the photosynthetic characteristics,fluorescence parameters and yield response to phosphorus in maize,and to clarify the optimal phosphorus application rate for maize under drip irrigation and water fertilization technology.Providing solid theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of maize in Ningxia region.The experiment was carried out at Pingjipu Farm,Yinchuan,Ningxia,from 2019 to 2020,with six phosphorus treatments in the order of 0(P0),60(P1),120(P2),180(P3),240(P4),and 300 kg/ha(P5).Analysis of the changing patterns of photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of spring maize leaves and their correlation with yield under different phosphorus fertilizer treatments.In two years,during the big bell mouth stage,leaf area index (LAI) was increased by 4.21% to 12.78% and 4.68% to 15.60% for P3 compared to other treatments,respectively.Phosphorus fertilizer at 180 kg/ha was most effective in promoting leaf area index and photosynthetic potential(LAD) of maize.LAD was significantly increased by 14.42% under P3 treatment compared to no phosphorus fertilizer treatment during the full two year period.The photosynthetic characteristics of maize responded differently to the intensity of phosphorus application,and as the intensity of phosphorus application increased,the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) all reached the maximum value after the stamen pumping stage,and at the R1 stage of the 2 years,the Pn was significantly increased by 10.68% under the P3 treatment as compared to the no-phosphorus-fertilizer treatment.The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.926 5,0.889 9,and 0.832 0,respectively.Phosphorus application increased the maize photosystem Ⅱ composite performance index (PI),which had its maximum peak at the R1 stage in 2 years,and PI increased by 1.12% to 8.50% and 8.47% to 15.40% under the P3 treatment compared with the other treatments,respectively.The maximum yield was obtained at 180 kg/ha of phosphorus application,which was 17.27% higher as compared to no phosphorus treatment.Based on the analysis of the yield fitting equation,it was shown that the maximum corn yield of 13 823.84 kg/ha was reached at 179.34 kg/ha of phosphorus applied.Pearson's correlation analysis showed that appropriate leaf area index significantly affected maize yield in the late stage,and the photosynthetic parameters all had highly significant effects on maize yield completion;principal component analysis showed that the P3 treatment had the highest composite score for the optimization effect on maize yield.Reasonable transportation of phosphorus fertilizer can effectively ensure higher SPAD value,PSⅡ reaction center activity,improve the capture and utilization of light energy in spring maize,and promote photosynthesis,so as to improve the yield and economic benefits of maize.

Key words: Maize, Phosphorus application, Photosynthetic characteristic, Fluorescence parameter, Yield

洪自强, 张正珍, 王佳, 周甜, 李翻过, 苏明, 吴宏亮, 康建宏. 宁夏灌区春玉米产量、光合特性及荧光参数对磷素用量的响应[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(6): 163-175. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195110.

HONG Ziqiang, ZHANG Zhengzhen, WANG Jia, ZHOU Tian, LI Fanguo, SU Ming, WU Hongliang, KANG Jianhong. Response Pattern of Spring Maize Yield,Photosynthetic Characteristics and Fluorescence Parameters to Phosphorus Dosage in Ningxia Irrigation Area[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(6): 163-175. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195110.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I6/163

图/表 18

图1 2019年和2020年春玉米生育期试验地日平均气温和降水量

Fig.1 Daily mean temperature and precipitation at the test site during the 2019 and 2020 spring maize growth periods

表1 2019—2020试验地耕层土壤基本理化性状

Tab.1 Basic physical and chemical properties of topsoil in the 2019—2020 experimental plot

年份 Year	有机质/ (g/kg) OM	全氮/ (g/kg) Total N	全磷/ (g/kg) Total P	碱解氮/ (mg/kg) Available N	有效磷/ (mg/kg) Available P	速效钾/ (mg/kg) Available K	pH
2019	13.62	0.74	0.44	32.41	16.61	95.42	8.17
2020	12.51	0.71	0.41	28.54	15.42	94.78	8.12

表2 玉米各生育时期灌水次数与灌水量

Tab.2 Number of times and amount of water irrigated in each growth period of maize

生育时期 Growth period	灌水定额/(m³/hm²) Irrigation quota	灌水次数 Number of times of irrigation	灌水总量/(m³/hm²) Amount of irrigation
播种期Sowing stage	240	1	240
苗期Seedling stage	195	1	195
拔节期—抽雄期Jointing stage—Tasseling stage	240	3	720
抽雄期—吐丝期Tasseling stage—Silking stage	270	2	540
吐期丝—灌浆期Silking stage—Filling stage	270	3	810
成熟期Maturation stage	210	1	210
合计Total		11	2 715

图2 不同施磷量下玉米叶面积指数的变化

Fig.2 Changes of maize leaf area index under different phosphorus application

表3 不同施磷量下春玉米LAD的变化

Tab.3 Changes in LAD of spring corn under different phosphorus application

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	V3—V6期 V3—V6 period	V6—V12期 V6—V12 period	V12—R1期 V12—R1 period	R1—R3期 R1—R3 period	V3—R3期 V3—R3 period
2019	P0	6.23±0.35c	43.06±0.46c	82.63±0.47c	136.04±4.81c	267.96±4.18d
	P1	7.44±0.59c	46.80±2.69abc	85.95±5.00bc	138.67±12.32bc	278.86±14.11bcd
	P2	10.90±3.82ab	52.05±7.70ab	89.54±3.91ab	145.16±3.10abc	297.65±18.32ab
	P3	11.66±0.86a	54.17±4.71a	93.31±6.70a	151.09±5.39a	310.22±16.93a
	P4	8.16±2.17bc	47.25±5.01abc	88.76±1.12abc	147.88±0.76ab	292.05±7.51abc
	P5	7.63±2.75c	45.60±5.75bc	83.31±3.78bc	138.08±3.49bc	274.62±11.13cd
2020	P0	6.01±0.05b	51.50±2.15b	90.97±2.02b	147.83±1.43b	296.31±4.75b
	P1	6.80±0.38b	53.49±0.41b	92.66±1.91b	151.17±0.22b	304.12±1.48b
	P2	7.55±1.07ab	57.41±6.45ab	98.54±5.25ab	156.55±4.37ab	320.05±16.83ab
	P3	9.29±1.02a	62.39±5.72a	102.16±4.43a	161.18±9.71a	335.02±20.60a
	P4	7.06±0.61ab	53.60±3.39b	95.43±4.47ab	157.24±3.49ab	313.32±11.58ab
	P5	6.65±0.42b	52.30±2.75b	92.70±5.63b	151.08±4.72b	302.73±11.14b

图3 不同施磷量下玉米叶片SPAD值的变化图中不同小写字母表示不同施磷水平间的差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig.3 Changes of SPAD value of maize leaves under different phosphorus application Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences between different phosphorus application levels (P<0.05).

图4 不同施磷量下玉米叶片Pn的变化

Fig.4 Changes of net photosynthetic rate of maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图5 不同施磷量下玉米叶片Ci的变化

Fig.5 Changes of intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图6 不同施磷量下玉米叶片Gs的变化

Fig.6 Changes of stomatal conductance of maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图7 不同施磷量下玉米叶片Tr的变化

Fig.7 Changes of transpiration rate of maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图8 玉米叶片Ci、Gs、Tr与Pn间的相关分析

Fig.8 Correlation analysis of Ci,Gs,Tr and Pn in maize leaves

图9 不同施磷量下玉米叶片Fv/Fm的变化

Fig.9 Changes of Fv/Fm in maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图10 不同施磷量下玉米叶片Fv/F0的变化

Fig.10 Fv/F0 changes of maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图11 不同施磷量下玉米叶片PI的变化

Fig.11 Changes of PI in maize leaves under different phosphorus application

图12 不同施磷量下玉米叶片ABS/RC的变化

Fig.12 Changes of ABS/RC in maize leaves under different phosphorus application rates

表4 磷肥用量对玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响

Tab.4 Effects of phosphorus fertilizer dosage on maize yield and yield components

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量/(kg/hm²) Yield	穗粗/mm Ear diameter	穗长/cm Ear length	穗行数 Number of rows per ear	行粒数 Number of kernels per row	秃尖/cm Bare top length	百粒质量/g Weight of 100-kernel
2019	P0	12 522.7±234.5b	49.36±0.73a	16.00±1.53a	16.37±0.21a	30.67±0.54a	1.02±0.31ab	28.25±0.32b
	P1	13 001.3±82.5ab	49.63±1.17a	16.21±0.57a	16.63±0.11a	31.17±0.14a	0.99±0.18ab	28.60±0.40b
	P2	13 248.5±336.1ab	50.27±0.39a	17.23±1.08a	16.33±0.37a	30.80±0.45a	0.84±0.13ab	29.36±0.58ab
	P3	14 194.6±364.1a	50.56±0.55a	17.53±0.64a	16.67±0.19a	30.97±0.69a	0.69±0.21b	30.98±0.31a
	P4	13 740.7±322.5a	50.48±0.43a	16.14±1.57a	16.67±0.10a	30.90±1.27a	1.14±0.21a	30.08±0.60ab
	P5	13 275.7±465.0ab	49.71±1.26a	16.87±0.35a	16.47±0.43a	31.23±0.57a	1.12±0.08ab	28.96±0.73ab
2020	P0	11 814.3±53.9a	52.01±0.30a	16.97±0.97ab	14.33±0.41a	27.80±3.59a	2.32±0.75a	32.85±1.03b
	P1	12 515.2±30.3a	52.07±0.13a	17.75±0.37ab	14.23±0.15a	29.37±1.07a	2.37±0.77a	33.01±0.11b
	P2	13 591.7±172.0a	50.26±0.21a	17.53±0.39ab	13.87±0.62a	31.57±4.60a	2.38±0.56a	34.16±0.39ab
	P3	14 318.1±56.5a	52.48±0.81a	18.76±0.98a	14.40±0.84a	31.70±1.51a	1.71±0.19b	34.57±1.14a
	P4	13 315.5±179.2a	51.81±1.09a	17.89±0.52ab	14.27±0.88a	29.87±4.63a	2.40±0.64a	34.34±0.09ab
	P5	12 604.4±5.4a	52.41±2.11a	17.91±0.19ab	14.27±0.35a	29.47±0.79a	2.91±1.03a	33.06±0.64b

图13 不同施磷量下玉米光合特性、荧光参数与产量之间的相关分析 SPAD.相对叶绿素含量;LAI.叶面积指数;Pn.净光合速率;Ci.胞间二氧化碳浓度;Gs.气孔导度;Tr.蒸腾速率;PI.PS Ⅱ综合性能指数;ABS/RC.吸收的能量与反应中心的数量之比;Fv/F0.PS Ⅱ潜在活性;Fv/Fm.PS Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量;^*.P<0.05,^**.P<0.01。图14同。

Fig.13 Correlation analysis between maize photosynthetic characteristics, fluorescence parameters and yield under different phosphorus application SPAD.Relative chlorophyll content;LAI.Leaf area index;Pn.Net photosynthetic rate;Ci.Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration;Gs.Stomatal conductance;Tr.Transpiration rate;PI.PS Ⅱ integrative performance index;ABS/RC.The ratio of the absorbed energy to the number of reaction centers;Fv/F0.Potential activity of PS Ⅱ;Fv/Fm.Maximum PS Ⅱ photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ;^*.P<0.05;^**.P<0.01.The same as Fig.14.

图14 不同施磷量下玉米光合特性、荧光参数与产量之间的主成分分析

Fig.14 Principal component analysis between maize photosynthetic characteristics,fluorescence parameters and yield under different phosphorus application

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