点深施肥对寒地水稻产量品质及氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20191431

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为建立提高水稻肥料利用率的资源节约和环境友好型肥料施用方式，在提出一种水稻点深施肥方式基础上，采用随机区组设计，比较了全层施肥、侧深施肥和点深施肥的产量与氮肥利用率及其形成机制。点深施肥较侧深施肥和全层施肥分别增产10.20%，15.12%，穗数和千粒质量的增加是其增产的主要原因。各时期地上部干物质积累量、叶面积指数和高效叶面积指数基本上呈点深施肥 > 侧深施肥 > 全层施肥的趋势。点深施肥的根总长度、根平均直径、根总表面积和根总体积分别较全层施肥高54.91%，25.00%，55.27%，119.52%。点深施肥分蘖期、齐穗期和灌浆期的SPAD值比侧深施肥高4.91%，8.95%，7.66%，比全层施肥高5.95%，9.05%，7.16%。点深施肥分蘖期、齐穗期和灌浆期的净光合速率比侧深施肥高6.70%，8.43%，17.70%，比全层施肥高13.30%，3.64%，25.84%。齐穗期剑叶谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝酸还原酶活性呈点深施肥 > 侧深施肥 > 全层施肥的趋势，点深施肥较侧深施肥分别提高24.32%，93.89%，43.34%，较全层施肥分别提高14.04%，138.19%，57.84%。点深施肥植株地上部氮含量、氮肥农学利用率、吸收利用率和偏生产力分别较全层施肥提高10.83%，46.18%，56.50%，14.96%，较侧深施肥分别提高7.46%，26.74%，29.92%，10.02%。点深施肥的加工品质、垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量与侧深施肥和全层施肥无显著差异。点深施肥和侧深施肥蛋白质含量较全层施肥分别下降6.95%，3.89%，食味评分分别提高1.63，1.01分。采用点深施肥有利于提高寒地水稻的产量、改善食味品质、提高肥料利用率。

关键词: 水稻, 寒地, 点深施肥, 产量, 品质, 氮肥利用率

Abstract: In order to establish a resource-saving and environmentally-friendly fertilizer application method to improve the utilization rate of rice fertilizer, the randomized blocks design was adopted to compare the yield, nitrogen utilization and formation mechanism of whole layer fertilization, side deep fertilization and point deep fertilization based on the proposed deep point fertilization method in rice. The results showed the yield of point deep fertilization was higher than that of side deep fertilization and whole layer fertilization, with an increase of 10.20% and 15.12% respectively, and the increase of spike number and thousand kernels weight were the main reasons for these. The above ground dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and efficient leaf area index all showed the trend of point deep fertilization > side deep fertilization > whole layer fertilization in every period. The total root length, average root diameter, total root surface area and total root volume of point deep fertilization were 54.91%, 25.00%, 55.27% and 119.52% higher than that of whole layer fertilization. The SPAD values of point deep fertilization at tillering stage, full heading stage and filling stage were increased by 4.91%, 8.95% and 7.66% compared with side deep fertilization, and 5.95%, 9.05% and 7.16% compared with whole layer fertilization, respectively. At the same stages, net photosynthetic rate of point deep fertilization were 6.70%, 8.43% and 17.70% higher than that of side deep fertilization, and 13.30%, 3.64% and 25.84% higher than that of whole layer fertilization. The activity of flag leaf glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase ranked as point deep fertilization > side deep fertilization > whole layer fertilization, and point deep fertilization were 24.32%, 93.89% and 43.34% higher than side deep fertilization, and 14.04%, 138.19% and 57.84% higher than whole layer fertilization respectively in full heading stage. Total aboveground plant nitrogen content, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, recovery efficiency and partial productivity of point deep fertilization were enhanced by 10.83%, 46.18%, 56.50% and 14.96% compared with whole layer fertilization, and 7.46%, 26.74%, 29.92% and 10.02% compared with side deep fertilization, respectively. The processing quality, chalky grain rate, chalkiness degree and amylose content of point deep fertilization showed no significant difference from that of side deep fertilization and whole layer fertilization. The protein content of point deep fertilization and side deep fertilization was 6.95% and 3.89% lower than that of whole layer fertilization, while the food taste score was 1.63 and 1.01 higher than that of whole layer fertilization. The application of deep point fertilization is beneficial to increase rice yield, improve eating quality and fertilizer utilization rate in cold region.

Key words: Rice, Cold region, Point-deep fertilization, Yield, Quality, Nitrogen utilization

中图分类号:

李红宇, 李逸, 赵海成, 刘梦红, 郑桂萍, 吕艳东, 范名宇. 点深施肥对寒地水稻产量品质及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2021, 36(1): 159-168. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20191431.

LI Hongyu, LI Yi, ZHAO Haicheng, LIU Menghong, ZHENG Guiping, Lü Yandong, FAN Mingyu. Effects of Point Deep Fertilization on Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Utilization of Rice in Cold Region[J]. ACTA AGRICULTURAE BOREALI-SINICA, 2021, 36(1): 159-168. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20191431.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2021/V36/I1/159

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