滴灌模式和土壤水分对冬小麦土壤水提取量和水分利用的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193716

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索高效的灌溉策略以减少灌水量并提高作物水分利用效率以缓解黄淮海冬麦区水资源短缺。采用田间裂区试验设计,探究地表滴灌(DI)和地下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同土壤水分状况(分别为田间持水量的50%~60%,60%~70%,70%~80%,记为W₅₀、W₆₀和W₇₀)对冬小麦产量、土壤水提取量、蒸散量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,对于整个生长季,与DI处理相比,SDI处理降低0~0.8 m土层土壤水提取比降低11.8%~21.8%,但SDI处理0.8~1.6 m土层土壤水提取量增加28.4%~29.8%。SDI处理的平均土面蒸发量和灌溉量分别比DI处理减少23.1%,8.9%。虽然花后SDI和DI处理间蒸腾速率的差异不显著,但在W₅₀和W₆₀条件下(亏缺灌溉),SDI处理的净光合速率和叶面积指数均高于DI处理。与DI处理相比,在亏缺灌溉条件下,SDI处理的产量增加14.5%~29.3%,水分利用效率增加13.9%~25.9%。与DI处理相比,在W₇₀条件下,SDI处理更多灌溉水下渗到0.8 m以下土层,从而显著降低上层土壤的土壤水提取量及叶片的净光合速率,导致产量降低4.1%~8.9%。SDI处理在W₆₀条件下能够从深层土壤提取更多水分,并调控冬小麦的光合特性,从而提高冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率。

关键词: 冬小麦, 滴灌模式, 亏缺灌溉, 土壤水提取量, 光合特性, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

To explore efficient irrigation strategies to reduce irrigation amount and improve crop water productivity to alleviate water scarcity in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain winter wheat region of China. A split-plot field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of surface drip irrigation(DI)and subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)systems on wheat yield,soil water extraction,evapotranspiration(ET),and water use efficiency(WUE).The DI and SDI systems consisted of three irrigation schedules(50%-60%,60%-70%,and 70%-80% of field capacity;hereafter,W₅₀,W₆₀ and W₇₀,respectively).The SDI treatment decreased the proportion by 11.8%-21.8% of soil water extraction in the 0-0.8 m soil layers while increased the amount by 28.4%-29.8% of soil water extraction in the 0.8-1.6 m soil layers for the whole growth period.The soil evaporation and irrigation amount of SDI were 23.1%,8.9% lower than that of DI on average,respectively.Although the transpiration rate did not differ significantly between SDI and DI after anthesis,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n)and leaf area index were higher in the SDI treatment than those in the DI under W₅₀ and W₆₀ conditions(deficit irrigation).As a result,the SDI treatment increased the yield by 14.5%-29.3% and WUE by 13.9%-25.9% under deficit irrigation conditions as compared to DI.Compared to DI, SDI decreased P_n and soil water extraction in the upper soil layers significantly under W₇₀ condition due to more soil water stored below 0.8 m soil layer,and resulted in yield reduction by 4.1%-8.9%.SDI with W₆₀ can extract more soil water from subsoil and regulate the photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat,thereby improving yield and WUE.

Key words: Winter wheat, Drip irrigation method, Deficit irrigation, Soil water extraction, Photosynthetic characteristics, Water use efficiency

杨明达, 张素瑜, 杨慎骄, 关小康, 李帅, 陈金平, 王同朝. 滴灌模式和土壤水分对冬小麦土壤水提取量和水分利用的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2023, 38(2): 149-159. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193716.

YANG Mingda, ZHANG Suyu, YANG Shenjiao, GUAN Xiaokang, LI Shuai, CHEN Jinping, WANG Tongchao. Effects of Drip Irrigation Method and Soil Moisture on Soil Water Extraction and Water Use of Winter Wheat[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2023, 38(2): 149-159. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193716.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2023/V38/I2/149

图/表 9

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土层深度/m Soil depth	田间持水量/(cm³/cm³) Field capacity	土壤容重/(g/cm³) Soil bulk	砂粒/% Sand	粉粒/% Silt	黏粒/% Clay
0~0.2	30.9	1.33	54.8	28.5	16.7
0.2~0.4	31.8	1.35	52.7	28.8	18.5
0.4~0.6	31.6	1.31	50.1	30.4	19.5
0.6~0.8	30.0	1.36	59.0	29.7	11.3
0.8~1.0	28.5	1.38	60.4	29.0	10.6
1.0~1.6	29.4	1.38	58.8	29.5	11.7

土层深度/m Soil depth	田间持水量/(cm³/cm³) Field capacity	土壤容重/(g/cm³) Soil bulk	砂粒/% Sand	粉粒/% Silt	黏粒/% Clay
0~0.2	30.9	1.33	54.8	28.5	16.7
0.2~0.4	31.8	1.35	52.7	28.8	18.5
0.4~0.6	31.6	1.31	50.1	30.4	19.5
0.6~0.8	30.0	1.36	59.0	29.7	11.3
0.8~1.0	28.5	1.38	60.4	29.0	10.6
1.0~1.6	29.4	1.38	58.8	29.5	11.7

年份 Year	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	土壤水分 Soil water	拔节-开花期During jointing stage to anthesis stage				开花-成熟期During anthesis stage to maturity
年份 Year	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	土壤水分 Soil water	0~0.4 m	0.4~0.8 m	0.8~1.6 m	0~1.6 m	0~0.4 m	0.4~0.8 m	0.8~1.6 m	0~1.6 m
2016-2017	SDI	W₅₀	1.28±0.22ab	11.60±1.01b	18.55±1.99b	31.43±3.21a	9.15±1.42c	11.13±1.62a	17.18±1.62a	37.46±3.92a
		W₆₀	-2.60±0.41b	15.55±1.05a	18.76±1.58b	31.71±2.56a	10.50±1.86c	9.05±1.44b	9.83±1.15b	29.38±3.11bc
		W₇₀	-18.50±1.52d	14.58±1.28a	21.38±2.11a	17.46±1.88c	7.65±1.14d	8.90±1.36b	5.60±0.38c	22.15±1.34d
	DI	W₅₀	2.75±0.25a	13.00±1.22ab	16.85±1.75bc	32.60±3.52a	16.65±1.78a	5.95±0.68c	8.65±1.64b	31.25±1.65b
		W₆₀	-9.18±0.62c	15.13±1.23a	17.63±1.32b	23.58±2.21b	15.85±2.34a	5.20±1.04c	5.23±0.45c	26.28±2.03c
		W₇₀	-18.75±1.25d	15.10±1.69a	15.78±1.21c	12.13±2.01d	13.50±1.31ab	4.70±0.88c	3.35±0.29d	21.55±2.43d
	方差分析	灌溉方式	ns	ns	^*	^*	^**	^**	^**	^**
		土壤水分	^**	^*	ns	^**	^*	^*	^**	^**
		交互作用	^**	ns	^*	^**	^*	^**	^**	^**
2017-2018	SDI	W₅₀	9.13±1.51a	12.36±1.29a	14.96±0.63b	36.45±1.56a	3.32±0.77b	7.30±0.91a	14.25±2.17a	24.87±1.53a
		W₆₀	3.98±0.30b	6.63±1.69b	17.28±2.21a	27.89±2.27c	1.50±0.29b	5.30±0.82ab	7.80±1.32bc	14.60±2.10bc
		W₇₀	-6.53±0.93d	3.73±0.22c	17.33±1.39a	14.53±0.92e	2.90±0.32b	4.00±0.51b	5.93±0.62c	12.83±0.69c
	DI	W₅₀	1.55±0.53b	14.30±2.11a	14.95±1.65b	30.80±2.25b	6.25±1.31ab	5.10±1.70ab	6.96±0.46c	18.31±2.14b
		W₆₀	-2.50±0.81c	9.40±0.98ab	13.00±0.35c	19.90±2.10d	8.08±1.44a	3.60±0.71b	5.25±0.95c	16.93±2.63b
		W₇₀	-3.28±0.86cd	3.55±0.97c	13.73±0.98c	14.00±1.61e	6.85±0.77ab	3.80±1.30b	1.50±0.62d	12.15±1.01c
	方差分析	灌溉方式	^*	ns	^**	^**	^*	^*	^**	ns
		土壤水分	^**	^**	ns	^**	ns	^**	^**	^**
		交互作用	^*	ns	^*	^**	ns	^**	^*	^**

年份 Year	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	土壤水分 Soil water	拔节-开花期During jointing stage to anthesis stage				开花-成熟期During anthesis stage to maturity
年份 Year	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	土壤水分 Soil water	0~0.4 m	0.4~0.8 m	0.8~1.6 m	0~1.6 m	0~0.4 m	0.4~0.8 m	0.8~1.6 m	0~1.6 m
2016-2017	SDI	W₅₀	1.28±0.22ab	11.60±1.01b	18.55±1.99b	31.43±3.21a	9.15±1.42c	11.13±1.62a	17.18±1.62a	37.46±3.92a
		W₆₀	-2.60±0.41b	15.55±1.05a	18.76±1.58b	31.71±2.56a	10.50±1.86c	9.05±1.44b	9.83±1.15b	29.38±3.11bc
		W₇₀	-18.50±1.52d	14.58±1.28a	21.38±2.11a	17.46±1.88c	7.65±1.14d	8.90±1.36b	5.60±0.38c	22.15±1.34d
	DI	W₅₀	2.75±0.25a	13.00±1.22ab	16.85±1.75bc	32.60±3.52a	16.65±1.78a	5.95±0.68c	8.65±1.64b	31.25±1.65b
		W₆₀	-9.18±0.62c	15.13±1.23a	17.63±1.32b	23.58±2.21b	15.85±2.34a	5.20±1.04c	5.23±0.45c	26.28±2.03c
		W₇₀	-18.75±1.25d	15.10±1.69a	15.78±1.21c	12.13±2.01d	13.50±1.31ab	4.70±0.88c	3.35±0.29d	21.55±2.43d
	方差分析	灌溉方式	ns	ns	^*	^*	^**	^**	^**	^**
		土壤水分	^**	^*	ns	^**	^*	^*	^**	^**
		交互作用	^**	ns	^*	^**	^*	^**	^**	^**
2017-2018	SDI	W₅₀	9.13±1.51a	12.36±1.29a	14.96±0.63b	36.45±1.56a	3.32±0.77b	7.30±0.91a	14.25±2.17a	24.87±1.53a
		W₆₀	3.98±0.30b	6.63±1.69b	17.28±2.21a	27.89±2.27c	1.50±0.29b	5.30±0.82ab	7.80±1.32bc	14.60±2.10bc
		W₇₀	-6.53±0.93d	3.73±0.22c	17.33±1.39a	14.53±0.92e	2.90±0.32b	4.00±0.51b	5.93±0.62c	12.83±0.69c
	DI	W₅₀	1.55±0.53b	14.30±2.11a	14.95±1.65b	30.80±2.25b	6.25±1.31ab	5.10±1.70ab	6.96±0.46c	18.31±2.14b
		W₆₀	-2.50±0.81c	9.40±0.98ab	13.00±0.35c	19.90±2.10d	8.08±1.44a	3.60±0.71b	5.25±0.95c	16.93±2.63b
		W₇₀	-3.28±0.86cd	3.55±0.97c	13.73±0.98c	14.00±1.61e	6.85±0.77ab	3.80±1.30b	1.50±0.62d	12.15±1.01c
	方差分析	灌溉方式	^*	ns	^**	^**	^*	^*	^**	ns
		土壤水分	^**	^**	ns	^**	ns	^**	^**	^**
		交互作用	^*	ns	^*	^**	ns	^**	^*	^**

年份 Year	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	土壤水分 Soil water	拔节期 Jointing stage	开花期 Anthesis stage	灌浆期 Filling stage
2016-2017	SDI	W₅₀	4.82±0.41d	5.63±0.44c	4.57±0.45d
		W₆₀	6.28±0.72c	7.76±0.72ab	6.51±0.72ab
		W₇₀	7.15±0.66a	8.00±0.74a	6.69±0.61ab
	DI	W₅₀	5.09±0.82d	5.45±0.66c	4.13±0.48e
		W₆₀	6.66±0.44b	7.23±0.62b	5.61±0.68c
		W₇₀	7.32±0.95a	8.28±0.84a	6.89±0.66a
	方差分析	灌溉方式	^*	ns	^**
		土壤水分	^**	^**	^**
		交互作用	ns	^**	^**
2017-2018	SDI	W₅₀	4.26±0.62e	5.24±0.62d	4.00±0.52c
		W₆₀	5.51±0.81c	6.93±0.54bc	5.99±0.55a
		W₇₀	5.85±0.36b	7.08±0.82b	6.02±0.72a
	DI	W₅₀	4.59±0.66d	5.03±0.48d	3.52±0.44d
		W₆₀	5.83±0.42b	6.57±0.84c	5.04±0.74b
		W₇₀	6.66±0.56a	7.56±0.66a	6.26±0.66a
	方差分析	灌溉方式	^**	ns	^**
		土壤水分	^**	^**	^**
		交互作用	ns	^*	^**

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