深耕时间和方式对旱地麦-玉复种体系小麦产量形成的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193617

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为筛选适于旱地冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系中冬小麦高产的深耕时间和方式,于2019年6月-2021年6月,在豫西典型的旱作麦-玉复种轮作种植区设置夏深翻(SP)、夏深松(SS)、秋深翻(AP)和秋深松(AS)4个处理,研究了2个试验年度的小麦产量、产量构成和穗部性状,以及2020-2021年度的小麦群体茎蘖数、旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率、干物质和氮素积累转运特性。深耕时间和方式对旱地冬小麦产量、产量构成因素、穗部性状、茎蘖数、旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率、干物质和氮素积累转运均有显著影响。与夏深翻相比,秋深松的冬小麦产量、穗数、返青-成熟期地上部干物质积累总量、花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量、开花-成熟期氮素积累总量、花前氮素转运量、灌浆中后期旗叶SPAD值和抽穗-灌浆后期旗叶净光合速率分别显著提高18.38%~19.55%, 16.85%~26.05%,15.33%~20.28%,16.47%, 20.43%, 26.11%~33.81%, 36.49%, 5.24%~9.69%和5.55%~23.70%。秋深松能够增加小麦的茎蘖数、旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率, 改善干物质和氮素积累转运特性, 最终在增加穗数的同时稳定穗粒数和千粒质量, 显著提高籽粒产量, 是适宜于旱地麦-玉复种体系小麦生产的耕作模式。

关键词: 冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系, 旱地, 耕作时间, 耕作方式, 产量, 光合特性, 积累转运

Abstract:

In order to screen the proper time and method of deep tillage for achieving high yield of winter wheat in the winter wheat-summer maize(namely,wheat-maize)multiple cropping system in dryland,a field experiment including four treatments,namely deep plowing in summer season(SP),subsoiling in summer season(SS),deep plowing in autumn season(AP)and subsoiling in autumn season(AS),was carried out in the typical dryland wheat-maize production area in Western Henan Province from June 2019 to June 2021.The yield,yield components and spike traits of wheat in the two experimental years,as well as tiller numbers,SPAD and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)in flag leaves,the characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transportation in 2020-2021 were investigated.Both the time and method of deep tillage had significant effects on the grain yield,yield components,spike traits,tiller number,flag leaf SPAD and Pn,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transportation in dryland winter wheat.Compared with SP, the yield, spike number, shoot dry matter accumulation from regreening to maturity, pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, total nitrogen accumulation from anthesis to maturity, pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation, flag leaf SPAD values during mid-late grain filling stage and flag leaf Pn from heading to latter grain filling of winter wheat in AS were significantly increased by 18.38%-19.55%, 16.85%-26.05%, 15.33%-20.28%, 16.47%, 20.43%, 26.11%-33.81%,36.49%,5.24%-9.69%, and 5.55%-23.70%, respectively.AS can increase the tiller numbers,flag leaf SPAD and Pn,and improve the characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and transportation,thereby ultimately stabilizing the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight when increasing the number of spikes,and significantly increasing the grain yield of winter wheat.It is a suitable tillage pattern for wheat in wheat-maize multiple cropping system in dryland.

Key words: Winter wheat-summer maize multiple cropping system, Dryland, Tillage time, Tillage methods, Yield, Photosynthetic characteristics, Accumulation and transportation

汪洪涛, 赵凯男, 张军, 黄修利, 赵雯馨, 李淑靖, 黄明, 李友军, 吴金芝, 蒋向. 深耕时间和方式对旱地麦-玉复种体系小麦产量形成的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2023, 38(2): 139-148. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193617.

WANG Hongtao, ZHAO Kainan, ZHANG Jun, HUANG Xiuli, ZHAO Wenxin, LI Shujing, HUANG Ming, LI Youjun, WU Jinzhi, JIANG Xiang. Effects of Time and Method of Deep Tillage on Yield Formation of Wheat in Dryland Wheat-Maize Multiple Cropping System[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2023, 38(2): 139-148. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193617.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2023/V38/I2/139

图/表 10

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土层深度/cm Soil layer	有机质/(g/kg) Organic matter	全氮/(g/kg) Total N	有效磷/(mg/kg) Available P	速效钾/(mg/kg) Available K	pH
0~20	14.69	1.11	9.04	139.60	7.57
20~40	9.99	0.89	2.52	107.35	7.40

土层深度/cm Soil layer	有机质/(g/kg) Organic matter	全氮/(g/kg) Total N	有效磷/(mg/kg) Available P	速效钾/(mg/kg) Available K	pH
0~20	14.69	1.11	9.04	139.60	7.57
20~40	9.99	0.89	2.52	107.35	7.40

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²) Spike number	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	穗长/cm Spike length	小穗数 Spikelet number	不孕小穗数 Sterile spikelet number	产量/ (kg/hm²) Yield
2019-2020	SP	440.7±3.4b	24.8±0.4a	42.1±0.3a	8.1±0.1b	18.3±0.1b	2.5±0.0a	4 923.9±19.2b
	SS	444.9±1.7b	24.5±0.3a	42.5±0.2a	8.1±0.0b	18.4±0.4ab	2.3±0.0a	4 896.3±76.3b
	AP	507.7±2.3a	24.8±0.2a	41.8±0.5a	8.6±0.0a	19.4±0.5ab	2.3±0.1a	5 726.4±66.3a
	AS	514.9±5.7a	25.4±0.0a	42.2±0.2a	8.7±0.2a	19.8±0.5a	2.3±0.1a	5 886.5±77.8a
2020-2021	SP	382.9±3.7c	33.3±0.3a	49.1±0.6a	8.3±0.1a	19.4±0.3b	2.9±0.1a	5 005.9±123.0c
	SS	385.2±3.6c	33.5±0.4a	49.6±0.1a	8.5±0.1a	19.7±0.4b	2.8±0.3a	5 036.7±33.6c
	AP	462.6±1.2b	33.6±0.7a	49.0±0.3a	8.7±0.3a	20.7±0.3ab	2.4±0.2b	5 425.7±16.9b
	AS	482.6±3.7a	34.1±0.6a	49.0±0.0a	8.9±0.1a	21.7±0.6a	2.2±0.1b	5 926.0±34.2a
F值	年度	405.2^**	906.8^**	942.0^**	3.5	22.4^**	4.1	0.0
F value	处理	356.1^**	1.2	1.6	7.7^**	9.5^**	3.1	101.9^**
	年度×处理	6.9^**	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.4	1.7	4.6^*

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²) Spike number	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	穗长/cm Spike length	小穗数 Spikelet number	不孕小穗数 Sterile spikelet number	产量/ (kg/hm²) Yield
2019-2020	SP	440.7±3.4b	24.8±0.4a	42.1±0.3a	8.1±0.1b	18.3±0.1b	2.5±0.0a	4 923.9±19.2b
	SS	444.9±1.7b	24.5±0.3a	42.5±0.2a	8.1±0.0b	18.4±0.4ab	2.3±0.0a	4 896.3±76.3b
	AP	507.7±2.3a	24.8±0.2a	41.8±0.5a	8.6±0.0a	19.4±0.5ab	2.3±0.1a	5 726.4±66.3a
	AS	514.9±5.7a	25.4±0.0a	42.2±0.2a	8.7±0.2a	19.8±0.5a	2.3±0.1a	5 886.5±77.8a
2020-2021	SP	382.9±3.7c	33.3±0.3a	49.1±0.6a	8.3±0.1a	19.4±0.3b	2.9±0.1a	5 005.9±123.0c
	SS	385.2±3.6c	33.5±0.4a	49.6±0.1a	8.5±0.1a	19.7±0.4b	2.8±0.3a	5 036.7±33.6c
	AP	462.6±1.2b	33.6±0.7a	49.0±0.3a	8.7±0.3a	20.7±0.3ab	2.4±0.2b	5 425.7±16.9b
	AS	482.6±3.7a	34.1±0.6a	49.0±0.0a	8.9±0.1a	21.7±0.6a	2.2±0.1b	5 926.0±34.2a
F值	年度	405.2^**	906.8^**	942.0^**	3.5	22.4^**	4.1	0.0
F value	处理	356.1^**	1.2	1.6	7.7^**	9.5^**	3.1	101.9^**
	年度×处理	6.9^**	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.4	1.7	4.6^*

处理 Treatment	花前干物质Pre-anthesis dry matter			花后干物质Post-anthesis dry matter
处理 Treatment	转运量/(kg/hm²) Translocation amount	转运率/% Translocation rate	对籽粒贡献率/% Contribution rate to grain	积累量/(kg/hm²) Accumulation amount	对籽粒贡献率/% Contribution rate to grain
SP	2 590.1±60.0b	24.8±0.6a	51.7±1.2a	2 415.8±213.0b	48.3±4.3a
SS	2 706.0±72.8b	25.4±0.7a	53.7±1.4a	2 330.7±58.2b	46.3±1.2a
AP	2 737.1±147.5b	22.9±1.2b	50.5±2.7a	2 688.7±29.3a	49.6±0.5a
AS	3 016.7±66.6a	24.1±0.5ab	50.9±1.1a	2 909.3±59.2a	49.1±1.0a

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