摘要： 为解决降雨偏少且季节分布不均和施肥偏多但方式不合理等我国旱地小麦生产面临的主要问题，并探讨旱地小麦增产增收的栽培模式。设置常规平作（平作+均匀施肥）、垄沟种植（起垄沟播+均匀施肥）、垄沟种植减肥（起垄沟播+减肥25%+均匀施肥）、垄沟种植定位施肥（起垄沟播+减肥25%+播种行侧下定位条施）4种栽培模式，比较了小麦主要生育时期的茎蘖数和干物质积累量，播前和收获期0~200 cm土壤水分以及产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力。与常规平作相比，垄沟种植促进了休闲季土壤蓄水，从而使播前土壤蓄水量提高5.4%~5.5%，主要生育时期的群体茎蘖数和干物质积累量显著增加，进而使小麦产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力分别提高10.1%~11.2%，7.2%~8.6%，10.3%~11.4%。垄沟种植减肥较垄沟种植，肥料偏生产力显著增加，增幅为22.9%~34.6%，产量和水分利用效率在第1年无显著差异，后2 a显著降低，但上述指标均优于常规平作。与其他3个处理相比，垄沟种植定位施肥的产量和水肥利用效率均最优，虽然产量和水分利用效率较垄沟种植的增幅不显著，但肥料偏生产力显著提高35.2%~37.8%。可见，在豫西旱地，垄沟种植有利于提高小麦产量和水分利用效率，垄沟种植+减肥25%会在一定程度上降低小麦产量，但有利于提高肥料偏生产力。垄沟种植定位施肥协同提高了产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力，是适宜于旱区推广的冬小麦栽培措施。

关键词: 冬小麦, 垄沟种植, 施肥优化, 产量, 水分利用效率, 肥料偏生产力

Abstract: In order to solve the main problems of dry land wheat production in China, such as low rainfall and uneven seasonal distribution, unreasonable fertilization method, the cultivation mode of dry land wheat was discussed.The experiment comprised four cultivation patterns, namely, conventional cropping with uniform fertilization(CK), furrow planting with uniform fertilization(FP), furrow planting with uniform fertilization but reduction of fertilizer application rate by 25%(FPRF), furrow planting with site-dressing fertilization but reduction of fertilizer application rate by 25%(FPOF). Tiller number, dry matter accumulation in the main growth period, soil water content of 0-200 cm at pre-sowing and maturity, yield, water use efficiency(WUE), partial fertilizer productivity of wheat were compared. Compared with CK, FP promoted soil water storage in the fallow season, thus increased soil water storage before sowing by 5.4%-5.5%, and increased the number of tillers and dry matter accumulation significantly in the main growth period, furthermore, the yield, WUE and partial fertilizer productivity were increased by 10.1%-11.2%, 7.2%-8.6% and 10.3%-11.4%, respectively. Compared with FP, FPRF significantly increased the fertilizer partial productivity by 22.9%-34.6%, had no significant effects on the yield and WUE in the first year, and significantly decreased them in the latter two years, but the above indicators were better than conventional plain cropping. Compared with the other three treatments, the yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency of FPOF were all the best, compared with FP, although the increase of yield and WUE was not significant, but the partial fertilizer productivity, were significantly increased by 35.2%-37.8%, respectively. Therefore, in the dryland of Western Henan, FP is beneficial to improve wheat yield and WUE, reducing fertilizer by 25% will reduce the yield to a certain extent, but it is beneficial to increase fertilizer partial productivity. FPOF is a suitable cultivation measure for winter wheat in arid areas due to synergistically improving yield, WUE and fertilizer partial productivity.

Key words: Winter wheat, Furrow planting, Fertilization optimization, Yield, Water use efficiency, Fertilizer partial productivity

中图分类号: 

• S512.1