摘要： 北京郊区设施蔬菜发展迅速，通过对京郊集约化设施果类蔬菜生产中土肥水管理现状的调查发现，水肥投入量过大，养分投入比例不合理是主要问题。蔬菜每年用水量为7 500～10 500 m3/hm²，番茄、黄瓜、椒类、茄子总养分(N-P₂O₅-K₂O)投入量分别为1 206-504-782，1 426-735-1 101，1 298-599-915，1 255-631-958 kg/hm²；肥料选用与施肥灌溉技术缺乏指导，50%以上农民不懂如何选择肥料，有机肥的62%来自养殖场或农民自家堆制，68%和26%的农民仍凭经验施肥和灌溉。因水肥管理不当及连作导致土壤线虫病害、土壤板结、酸化、盐渍化等问题普遍，其中，根结线虫障碍的比重最高，占29%，无障碍土壤的比例仅占11%。京郊区土肥水现存问题在于管理和技术条件的制约，水肥管理和土壤质量综合提升技术成果转化与物化有待加强，为此提出开展水肥资源高效利用和土壤质量综合提升技术研发，探讨适合分散经营的技术推广机制与模式的技术需求。

关键词: 设施果类蔬菜, 土壤管理, 施肥, 灌溉, 现状

Abstract: Vegetable planting with intensive degree developed very fast in recent years． Investigation was conducted to explore the status of soil， water and fertilizer of greenhouse fruit vegetables in Beijing suburb． The resultshowed that excessive inputs of irrigation and fertilization， the unbalanced ratio of nutrient of N， P， K． The irrigationrate of fruit vegetable are 7 500 to 10 500 m3 /ha for farmers． The fertilization rate of tomato was at 1 206 kg N， 504kg P₂O₅ ， 782 kg K₂O and 1 426 kg N， 735 kg P₂O₅ ， 1 101 kg K₂O for cucumber， 1 298 kg N， 599 kg P₂O₅ ， 915 kgK₂O for pepper and 1 255 kg N， 631 kg P₂O₅ ， 958 kg K₂O for eggplant per hectare respectively． The selection of fertilizer type could not be paid attention and fertigation technique was not widespread used． The 62% of the organicfertilizer was bought from breeding factory directly and was composted with conventional method by partly farmers．And more than 50% farmers didn't know how to select the fertilizer． The ratio of 68% and 26% farmers fertilizedand irrigated with conditional methods， for example furrow irrigation． Heavy continuous obstacles were observed byfarmers as soil compaction， soil acidification， and soil secondary salinization were common due to excessive irrigationand fertilization management and continuous single crop for fruit vegetable． The knot-nematode was the most severeobstacle with the ratio of 29% of greenhouses， but only 11 % of the greenhouse was healthy without obstacles． Thelack of effective technique was the serve reason for continuous obstacles． So the synthesize technique was urgent tooptimal fertilization， irrigation and soil quality improvement． At the same time the effective technique demonstrationand dissimilation mode and management mechanism were very important and urgent on the small scale farms in China．

Key words: Greenhouse fruit vegetable, Soil management, Fertilization, Irrigation, Status

中图分类号: 

• S626