OFP is a class of plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of plant organ morphogenesis and response to abiotic stresses.In order to study the characterization of soybean OFP transcription factor family members and their roles in drought stress and salt stress,bioinformatics methods were applied to identify and analyze soybean OFP family members.The results showed that:a total of 41 GmOFPs,named GmOFP-1—GmOFP-41,were identified in soybean;these genes were unevenly distributed on 19 chromosomes of soybean,encoding 152—414 amino acids;subcellular localization predicted that soybean OFP proteins were mainly localized in nucleus,chloroplasts,and mitochondria;a total of 10 conserved motifs were identified in soybean OFP proteins,conservative Motifs 1 and 2 were present in all OFP members.Phylogenetic analysis classified soybean and Arabidopsis OFP proteins into five subfamilies ClassⅠ—Class V,of which soybean OFP family genes were mainly distributed in ClassⅠ and Class Ⅲ.The collinearity analysis revealed that 75 pairs of genes in the soybean genome had collinearity,four pairs of genes had tandem duplications,and only two genes,GmOFP-2 and GmOFP-39,did not have collinearity,which indicated that gene fragment duplication was the main reason for the increase in the number of soybean OFP family members.The expression patterns of GmOFP gene family members under drought stress and salt stress treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR,and the results showed that,compared with the control,16 members out of 41 GmOFP genes exhibited significant differences in gene expression levels after drought treatments,with significant up-regulation of the expression of GmOFP-15,GmOFP-17,and GmOFP-32,while the GmOFP-4,GmOFP-5,GmOFP-6,GmOFP-9,GmOFP-12,GmOFP-21,GmOFP-23,GmOFP-25,GmOFP-26,GmOFP-27,GmOFP-38,GmOFP-39,and GmOFP-40 were significantly down-regulated after drought treatment.Eight members of GmOFPs showed significant differences in gene expression levels after salt treatment,among which GmOFP-7,GmOFP-14,GmOFP-31,GmOFP-32,GmOFP-36,and GmOFP-40 were significantly up-regulated,and GmOFP-1 and GmOFP-15 were significantly down-regulated.The above results suggest that the soybean OFP gene family may have important functions in response to drought stress and salt stress.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peanut pod responses to water stress,this study employed pot experiments combined with transcriptomic analysis.Using well-watered conditions as the control, we systematically investigated the effects of periodic drought and waterlogging stress during the flowering-pegging stage on yield,quality,and gene expression in peanut pods. Results demonstrated that both drought and waterlogging stresses significantly reduced peanut pod yield(by 26.43% and 77.69%,respectively)and crude fat content in kernels (by 9.46, 6.71 percentage points,respectively).Transcriptomic analysis further revealed 1 525 and 1 382 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in the drought-stress and waterlogging-stress groups compared to the control, respectively, with down-regulated expression being predominant in both sets of DEGs. Specifically, drought stress suppressed six key metabolic processes related to lipid and fatty acid metabolism in peanut pods,with 88.38% of associated genes showing downregulated expression,indicating that lipid metabolic disruption may be the primary cause of yield and quality reduction under drought. Waterlogging stress predominantly interfered with pod metabolism and defense functions by downregulating genes associated with catalytic activity,transmembrane transport,redox reactions,and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.Moreover, KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were significantly affected under both water stress conditions. Key gene validation via qRT-PCR corroborated the RNA-seq data, confirming the reliability of the transcriptomic findings. In summary, this research elucidates the molecular basis of peanut pod response to water stress at the transcriptome level, demonstrating that lipid metabolic disruption is the primary factor underlying yield reduction and quality deterioration under drought stress, whereas peanut pods mitigate the adverse effects of waterlogging mainly by modulating the expression of genes associated with redox homeostasis and metabolic pathways.

To explore the disparities in overwintering rates and yields between Brassica napus L.and Brassica rapa L.in the cold and arid regions of the north,as well as to examine the correlation between diverse agronomic traits,yield,and cold resistance-enhancing traits,it utilized 45 B.napus L.and 22 B.rapa L.varieties as subjects.It conducted a statistical analysis of their overwintering rates,average yields and agronomic traits.It also studied seeding density experiments with B.napus L.and B.rapa L.varieties that exhibited similar yield levels,compared root traits between B.napus L.and B.rapa L..The results indicated that among the 67 varieties tested,the average overwintering rate of B.rapa L.(97.59%) was significantly higher than that of B.napus L.(65.87%).The average yield potential of B.napus L.was higher than that of B.rapa L..For B.rapa L.,which was capable of stable overwintering,increasing the seeding density significantly elevated the number of effective plants but did not augment the average yield.Conversely,for B.napus L.,its lower overwintering rate constrained the increase in the number of effective plants,thereby limiting the average yield.B.napus L.with a high overwintering rate exhibited agronomic traits such as higher branching positions and angular density,fewer secondary branches,total branches,and effective siliques per plant after overwintering.Comparison of root traits between B.napus L.and B.rapa L.showed that enlarged root systems,short hypocotyls,and growth points positioned below the ground surface were advantageous traits contributing to the robust cold resistance of B.rapa L..It proposes that breeding density-tolerance B.napus L.with root traits akin to those of B.rapa L.and with growth points situated below the ground surface represents a pivotal breeding direction for enhancing the overwintering rate of B.napus L.,fostering increased rapeseed yield,and ensuring oil supply stability.

The aims were to study the effect of maize straw returning on soil fertility and productivity under wheat-maize rotation system in North China,and to explore the best way and suitable amount of maize straw returning.From 2021 to 2023,a field split-plot experiment was conducted in Quzhou County,Hebei Province to compare the effects of different maize straw returning methods and amounts on wheat growth,yield composition and soil organic matter content.There were two treatments in the main area,which were cutting and crushing.The sub-area was the amount of straw returning to the field,4 levels,which were 0,0.5,1.0,and 1.5 times of the amount of maize straw in the year.The results showed that compared with straw crushing,the yield of wheat increased by 4.3% under straw cutting treatment,the number of spikes increased by 7.6%,and the harvest index increased by 1.4%,with all significant difference in 2023.The N content of wheat straw was significantly increased by 0.04 percentage points,the N and P uptake of wheat aboveground were significantly increased by 10.8% and 14.3%,respectively(2022),but the K content of wheat straw was significantly reduced by 0.13 percentage points(2023).Cutting treatment could significantly promote the growth of wheat before and after winter,and the NDVI value at jointing stage significantly increased by 11.9%(2022).Soil pH increased by 0.22 units(2023).With the increase of maize straw returning amount,wheat yield and NDVI value at jointing stage showed parabolic model of first increased and then decreased,the N,P and K absorption of above ground wheat showed a significant downward trend,and soil organic matter showed a continuous significant increase trend.Based on the growth potential and yield of wheat,the suitable returning ratio of straw cutting treatment was 58%—62%,and the suitable returning ratio of crushing treatment was 29%—42%.Under the conditions of this experiment,maize straw cutting returning has obvious advantages in promoting wheat growth,and increasing wheat yield.It can be popularized and applied in wheat-maize rotation areas that 58%—62% maize straw is returned into the soil.

To clarify the alterations of rice straw decomposition,nutrients release and chemical components in coastal saline paddy soils under different nitrogen (N) application rate,for optimizing the technology of straw returning and realizing the efficient utilization of straw resources in coastal areas.The experimental site was located in Caofeidian District,Tangshan City,Hebei Province.The decomposition characteristics of rice straw and its lignocellulose,as well as the nutrient release characteristics of N,phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were studied,using a 360-day straw-bag burying method with four different N fertilizer levels,including N0 (0 kg/ha),N1 (225 kg/ha),N2 (300 kg/ha) and N3 (375 kg/ha).Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) method was used to study the dynamic alterations of principal chemical components of the rice straw residues.The results showed that:the decomposition period of rice straw was divided into three stages,namely,rapid decomposition (0—30 d),slow decomposition (30—210 d) and slow decomposition (210—360 d),and the average decomposition rate of rice straw was 72.5% after 360 days with different N application rates.Increasing N application significantly increased the decomposition rate of rice straw.Compared with the N0 treatment,the N1,N2 and N3 treatments,increased the straw decomposition rate by 6.1, 7.4 and 9.2 percentage points,respectively.The trend of straw carbon (C) release rate was similar to that of straw decomposition rate,while the C release rate was only 43.2% at the end of the experiment.The nutrient release rates of rice straw were as follows:K>P>N.The N,P and K rapid release periods of rice straw was in the 0—30th (38.4%),0—60th (63.7%) and 0—15th (76.7%) days after straw decomposition,respectively.Both N and P of rice straw were enriched during the decomposition period.N application significantly increased the release of N from straw during the decomposition period,P in the early (0—15 d) and late (150—360 d) period,and K in the early period (0—15 d).Compared with the N0 treatment,the N1,N2,and N3 treatments,increased the straw N release by 6.6, 11.1, and 14.7 percentage points,P release by 2.2, 4.0, and 5.6 percentage points,and K release by 1.4, 2.1, and 2.8 percentage points,respectively.The lignocellulose decomposition rates of rice straw were as follows:hemicellulose>cellulose>lignin.Increasing N application significantly promoted the cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition rate of rice straw from day 0—90 and the lignin decomposition rate after day 90.Compared with the N0 treatment,the N1,N2,and N3 treatments,increased the cellulose decomposition rate of rice straw by 5.4, 7.3, and 8.4 percentage points, hemicellulose decomposition rate by 4.9, 6.4, and 7.4 percentage points,and lignin decomposition rate by 2.1, 5.1, and 5.7 percentage points, respectively.2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol,hydroxyacetone,2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,acetosyringone,eugenol,n-hexadecanoic acid,p-methylphenol,2,6-dimethoxyphenol,guaiacol,p-ethylphenol,and stigmasta-3,5-diene were the major (>1% relative) chemical components of straw residues during the decomposition period.Correlation analyses showed that straw decomposition rate,C release rate and cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin decomposition rates,were significantly positively correlated with eugenol,acetosyringone and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,while significantly negatively correlated with hydroxyacetone;straw P release rate was significantly positively correlated with hydroxyacetone and significantly negatively correlated with p-ethylphenol,eugenol and acetosyringone;straw K release rate was significantly correlated with p-ethylphenol,eugenol,acetosyringone and 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,while significantly positively correlated with hydroxyacetone.In conclusion,increasing N application could promote the decomposition rates of rice straw and its lignocellulosic cellulose,and the nutrients release of straw N,P and K in coastal saline paddy field.The recommended optimal N application rate was 300 kg/ha under straw returning 10 500 kg/ha in coastal saline soils.p-ethylphenol,eugenol,acetosyringone,2,3-dihydrobenzofuran,hydroxyacetone,and stigmasta-3,5-diene could indicate the process of straw decomposition in straw residues.Py-GC-MS technique shows a good capability to monitor the chemical components alterations of straw residues,further deepening the understanding of straw decomposition mechanism.

To investigate the effects of climate warming and combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer on soybean growth and yield,field experiments were conducted using infrared radiation warming systems to simulate temperature elevation.The experimental design included two temperature levels(T0:Ambient temperature;T1:Warming by 2.9 ℃)and two fertilization regimes(SF:Sole inorganic fertilizer;OF:Combined organic-inorganic fertilizer),aiming to examine the impacts of warming and fertilization practices on soybean dry matter accumulation,photosynthetic rate,leaf enzyme activities,and yield.Results demonstrated that compared to ambient temperature,warming shortened the pre-flowering and post-flowering growth periods by 3—4 d,5—6 d,respectively.Warming significantly reduced leaf nitrate reductase(NR)and glutamine synthetase(GS)activities during the pod-filling stage,decreased leaf area index(LAI)by 9.0%—13.7%,and suppressed net photosynthetic rate,collectively leading to 4.1%—19.3% reductions in post-flowering plant height and aboveground dry matter accumulation.In contrast,the combined organic-inorganic fertilization enhanced NR and GS activities,improved post-flowering photosynthetic efficiency,promoted plant growth,and increased the aboveground dry matter accumulation by 4.1%—15.3% compared to sole inorganic fertilization,with a significant interaction observed between NR and alanine aminotransferase activities.Yield analysis revealed that warming caused 9.7%—16.6%,13.3%—19.0% declines in pods per plant and grains per plant,respectively,resulting in 13.7%—21.1% yield reductions.Conversely,organic-inorganic fertilization increased grains per plant by 12.5% and pods per plant by 9.9%—10.5%,achieving 7.6%—10.8% yield improvements.Notably,significant positive correlations were detected among LAI,photosynthetic rate,nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities,and final yield.These findings demonstrate that climate warming inhibits post-flowering photosynthetic efficiency and aboveground growth in soybeans,while integrated organic-inorganic fertilization partially mitigates warming-induced yield losses through enhancing enzyme activities and photosynthetic performance,providing critical insights for adaptive agricultural practices under global warming scenarios.

This study aims to establish a biocontrol bacteria screening system based on root exudates to screen biocontrol strains with strong rhizosphere colonization ability.Using this system,bacterial strains capable of synergistic control of cucumber Fusarium wilt in combination with spent mushroom substrate(SMS)were screened.The chemical composition of cucumber root exudates was modulated by pathogen stress and SMS induction.Chemotaxis,metabolic proliferation,and biofilm formation,which were colonization-related factors,were used as quantitative indicators for the tested strains.Efficient screening of rhizosphere-colonizing bacteria was achieved using capillary assays,96-well plate cultures,and biofilm formation tests.Among 200 bacterial strains isolated from the cucumber rhizosphere,significant differences were observed in chemotaxis,metabolic proliferation,and biofilm formation in response to root exudates.Using this screening system,Bacillus velezensis MTC-5 was screened as an outstanding strain across all screening indicators.Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that MTC-5 strain combined with SMS exhibited enhanced rhizosphere colonization ability and showed significant synergistic effects in disease suppression and plant growth promotion.Field trials revealed that the combined application of MTC-5 strain and SMS achieved a disease control efficacy of 74.5% against cucumber Fusarium wilt,which was 10.7,24.6 percent points higher than the efficacy of SMS or MTC-5 strain alone,respectively.It established a high-throughput biocontrol bacteria screening system based on root exudates,highlighting the critical role of root exudates in bacterial recruitment.The MTC-5 and SMS combination developed through this system demonstrated significant synergistic effects in controlling cucumber Fusarium wilt,providing new insights and technical support for biocontrol bacteria screening and application.

Intramuscular fat deposition,as a key factor affecting meat quality(e.g.tenderness,flavor,and juiciness),is closely related to the regulation of lipogenesis and lipid metabolism by long non-coding RNA(lncRNA).Based on the previous finding that the intramuscular fat content of Tan sheep was significantly higher than that of Dorper sheep and Small-tailed Han sheep,the dorsal longest muscle of these three sheep breeds was used as the target,and differentially expressed mRNAs(DE mRNAs)and lncRNAs(DE lncRNAs)and their related pathways were screened by transcriptome sequencing,with the aim of revealing molecular mechanism of high intramuscular fat deposition in Tan sheep.The results showed:836 DE mRNAs and 832 DE lncRNAs were identified in the Small-tailed Han sheep vs.Tan sheep group;578 DE mRNAs and 700 DE lncRNAs were screened in the Dorper sheep vs.Tan sheep group.The intersection of the two groups fielded a total of 226 DE mRNAs and 308 DE lncRNAs.Target gene prediction for the 308 DE lncRNAs identified 1 475 potential targets,including 687 co_expression(co-expressed)target genes and 788 co_localization(co-localized)target genes.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DE mRNAs revealed fat deposition-related pathways such as regulation of actin cytoskeleton and prolactin signaling pathway,with genes like FGF14 and FGF9 were reported to participate in animal fat metabolism.Enrichment analysis of co-expressed and co-localized target genes identified fat metabolism-related pathways,including the cAMP signaling pathway,prolactin signaling pathway,and insulin signaling pathway.Further functional analysis screened key genes associated with fat metabolism(CREBBP,ATP1B3,PPP1R3C, and PIK3R1),which may play crucial regulatory roles in ovine intramuscular fat deposition.The qRT-PCR results of 6 randomly selected DE mRNAs and 6 randomly selected DE lncRNAs were consistent with transcriptome sequencing data.

To investigate the effect of polymorphisms in the glycogen branching enzyme 1(GBE1)gene on meat quality and flavor traits of Bashang long-tailed chickens.Target fragments were amplified using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and sequenced directly to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in the GBE1 gene.Correlation analysis was performed between the SNPs and meat quality traits.In this study,analysis of 60 individuals revealed four SNP loci in the GBE1 gene(g.96619229T>C,g.96619243T>G,g.96619350C>T,and g.96619544C>T),each exhibiting three genotypes with dominant genotypes identified as TT,TT,CC,and CT,respectively.Chi-square tests confirmed that all loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,with polymorphism information content(PIC)values of 0.262,0.262,0.332,and 0.373,indicating moderate polymorphism(0.25<PIC<0.50).Association analysis demonstrated significant correlations between GBE1 genotypes and meat quality traits.At g.96619229T>C,the TC genotype had higher leg muscle myristic acid content,and CC genotype showed significantly higher mean values of L^* in leg muscle compared to other genotypes.At g.96619243T>G,the TG genotype was associated with higher leg muscle myristic acid content,and the GG genotype displayed significantly higher mean values of L^* than others.At g.96619350C>T,the CT genotype had increased myristic acid content and abdominal fat rate but reduced mean values of L^* in leg muscle At g.96619544C>T,the CT genotype showed higher levels of various fatty acids in the leg muscle and superior slaughter performance traits,including carcass weight,eviscerated weight,abdominal fat weight,and leg muscle weight,while the TT genotype exhibited higher postmortem 24-hour pH in leg muscle compared to other genotypes.Linkage disequilibrium analysis identified strong correlations among the first three SNP loci,resulting in six major haplotypes,with TTC being the predominant haplotype(0.708).These findings indicate that SNPs in the GBE1 gene are significantly associated with meat quality traits of Bashang long-tailed chickens.The strong linkage disequilibrium among intronic SNPs and the identification of TTC as a favorable haplotype provide valuable insights for breeding programs aiming to enhance meat quality in this chicken population.

To elucidate the mechanisms of cold response and explore superior cold-tolerance gene resources in wheat,this study employed transcriptome sequencing to uncover key regulatory networks underlying wheat cold response,and performed functional validation of the candidate gene TaGGCT18-6A.The results demonstrated that 4 ℃ cold treatments induced 10 893 and 18 784 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in wheat seedlings after 6 h and 24 h cold treatment,respectively.KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEGs in pathways including MAPK signaling transduction and glutathione metabolism.A γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase gene TaGGCT18-6A was cloned through screening key genes in glutathione metabolism.This gene had a length of 1 772 bp,encoding 218 amino acids with conserved GGCT-like superfamily and ChaC core domain.Promoter cis-acting element analysis identified stress-responsive elements such as low-temperature-responsive(LTR)and dehydration-responsive (DRE)elements; consistently,expression pattern analysis showed sustained upregulation of TaGGCT18-6A under 4 ℃ cold treatments. Functional validation in transgenic rice revealed that overexpression lines OE#1, OE#2 and OE#3 exhibited significantly enhanced survival rate,plant height,and biomass. Overexpression lines OE#1 and OE#2 exhibited significantly enhanced plant height, while overexpression lines OE#1, OE#2 and OE#3 exhibited significantly reduced relative electrolyte leakage under -4 ℃ freezing treatments.After 4 ℃ treatment,overexpression lines accumulated higher levels of osmolytes(proline and soluble sugars),decreased malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT).These findings collectively demonstrated that TaGGCT18-6A enhanced plant cold tolerance by regulating glutathione metabolism to improve antioxidant capacity.This study will provide a theoretical foundation and valuable genetic resources for molecular breeding of cold-tolerant wheat.

In order to clarify the regulatory network of oil accumulation in Brassica napus and breed oilseed rapeseed varieties with high oil content.The seed transcriptome data of four rapeseed inbred lines at 25,35,and 45 days after flowering were used to identify candidate genes affecting oil content by transcriptome analysis and correlation analysis.Consequently,a total of 1 530 genes were identified exhibiting differential expression across all three period,comprising 986 up-regulated genes and 544 down-regulated genes.GO enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes detected 83 lipid biosynthesis genes,79 lipid degradation genes,21 lipid transporter genes and 80 transcription factors.To further analysis of these differentially expressed transcription factors,genes including BnTT8,BnGL2,and BnNAC082 were identified.Combined with the oil content data of 50 semi-winter rapeseed in three different regions over two years,four SNPs were identified in the exons region of the BnNAC082-A03 significantly associated with oil content using genome-wide association studies.Two haplotypes were detected in the region of this gene and BnNAC082-A03_Hap1 corresponding accessions showed significantly higher oil content than that of Hap2.Additionally,it utilized these transcriptomic data to construct co-expression analysis network,and in the sub-network revealed that BnNAC082-A03 was directly connected with BnTT8-A09 and BnGL2-C06,forming a potential molecular regulatory network affecting seed lipid accumulation.

To address issues such as shallow soil layers,upward movement of the plowpan,and soil salinization in the saline-alkali soils of the West Liaohe Plain,field trials were conducted in Huatugula Town,Horqin Zouyi Middle Banner,Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,from 2020 to 2021.Two tillage methods(traditional rotary tillage and powder ridge plowing),two irrigation quotas(2 100,2 700 m³/ha),and mulching and shallow burial measures were set up,resulting in six experimental treatments:2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+traditional rotary tillage+shallow burial(CK×NM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+traditional rotary tillage+mulching(CK×DM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+shallow burial(FA×NM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FA×DM),2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+shallow burial(FB×NM),2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FB×DM).The effects of powder ridge plowing and mulching treatments on soil properties,structure,saline and alkaline content,and maize yield in the 0—40 cm soil layer under different irrigation quotas were analyzed. The result showed that compared to the CK×NM treatment, in the 0—40 cm soil layer, the soil bulk density decreased by 8.4%—22.9%, the total soil porosity increased by 4.9—14.8 percentage points, and the soil three-phase ratio R value decreased by 34.6%—88.2% under powder ridge plowing + mulching treatment,among them, the bulk density, total porosity, and three-phase ratio R value of the soil treated with FB×DM treatment were significantly reduced by 20.0%,-13.1 percentage points, and 88.2%, respectively;soil moisture content after sowing increased by 5.5—12.1 percentage points in the 20—40 cm soil layer, soil hardness increased by 33.4%—397.5% in the 7.5—17.5 cm soil layer,among them, the soil moisture content, hardness of the FB×DM treatment increased significantly by 12.1 percentage points, 214.3%,respectively;CO₂ flux of the FB×DM treatment increased significantly by 496.4%.Compared to the CK×NM treatment, the powder ridge plowing+mulching treatment reduced the soil pH value, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and total salt content in the 0—40 cm soil layer, with reduction rates of 0.7%—10.9%, 2.5%—67.5%, 24.3%—68.7%, and 10.3%—81.0%, respectively. Among them, the soil pH value, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and total salt content of the FB×DM-treated soil were significantly reduced by 10.9%, 48.2%, 59.2%, and 80.0%, respectively.Maize germination rate, ear fresh weight, and yield were increased by 13.2—20.1 percentage points,52.5%—68.2%, and 22.4%—45.5%, respectively,among them, the germination rate, ear fresh weight, and yield of the FB×DM treatment were significantly increased by 20.1 percentage points,68.2%, and 45.5%, respectively, compared to the CK×NM treatment. Considering the comprehensive improvement effects and maize yield, it is concluded that the 2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FB×DM) is a more suitable cultivation mode for saline and alkaline land in the West Liaohe Plain.