To elucidate the mechanisms of cold response and explore superior cold-tolerance gene resources in wheat,this study employed transcriptome sequencing to uncover key regulatory networks underlying wheat cold response,and performed functional validation of the candidate gene TaGGCT18-6A.The results demonstrated that 4 ℃ cold treatments induced 10 893 and 18 784 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in wheat seedlings after 6 h and 24 h cold treatment,respectively.KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEGs in pathways including MAPK signaling transduction and glutathione metabolism.A γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase gene TaGGCT18-6A was cloned through screening key genes in glutathione metabolism.This gene had a length of 1 772 bp,encoding 218 amino acids with conserved GGCT-like superfamily and ChaC core domain.Promoter cis-acting element analysis identified stress-responsive elements such as low-temperature-responsive(LTR)and dehydration-responsive (DRE)elements; consistently,expression pattern analysis showed sustained upregulation of TaGGCT18-6A under 4 ℃ cold treatments. Functional validation in transgenic rice revealed that overexpression lines OE#1, OE#2 and OE#3 exhibited significantly enhanced survival rate,plant height,and biomass. Overexpression lines OE#1 and OE#2 exhibited significantly enhanced plant height, while overexpression lines OE#1, OE#2 and OE#3 exhibited significantly reduced relative electrolyte leakage under -4 ℃ freezing treatments.After 4 ℃ treatment,overexpression lines accumulated higher levels of osmolytes(proline and soluble sugars),decreased malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT).These findings collectively demonstrated that TaGGCT18-6A enhanced plant cold tolerance by regulating glutathione metabolism to improve antioxidant capacity.This study will provide a theoretical foundation and valuable genetic resources for molecular breeding of cold-tolerant wheat.

In order to clarify the regulatory network of oil accumulation in Brassica napus and breed oilseed rapeseed varieties with high oil content.The seed transcriptome data of four rapeseed inbred lines at 25,35,and 45 days after flowering were used to identify candidate genes affecting oil content by transcriptome analysis and correlation analysis.Consequently,a total of 1 530 genes were identified exhibiting differential expression across all three period,comprising 986 up-regulated genes and 544 down-regulated genes.GO enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes detected 83 lipid biosynthesis genes,79 lipid degradation genes,21 lipid transporter genes and 80 transcription factors.To further analysis of these differentially expressed transcription factors,genes including BnTT8,BnGL2,and BnNAC082 were identified.Combined with the oil content data of 50 semi-winter rapeseed in three different regions over two years,four SNPs were identified in the exons region of the BnNAC082-A03 significantly associated with oil content using genome-wide association studies.Two haplotypes were detected in the region of this gene and BnNAC082-A03_Hap1 corresponding accessions showed significantly higher oil content than that of Hap2.Additionally,it utilized these transcriptomic data to construct co-expression analysis network,and in the sub-network revealed that BnNAC082-A03 was directly connected with BnTT8-A09 and BnGL2-C06,forming a potential molecular regulatory network affecting seed lipid accumulation.

To address issues such as shallow soil layers,upward movement of the plowpan,and soil salinization in the saline-alkali soils of the West Liaohe Plain,field trials were conducted in Huatugula Town,Horqin Zouyi Middle Banner,Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,from 2020 to 2021.Two tillage methods(traditional rotary tillage and powder ridge plowing),two irrigation quotas(2 100,2 700 m³/ha),and mulching and shallow burial measures were set up,resulting in six experimental treatments:2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+traditional rotary tillage+shallow burial(CK×NM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+traditional rotary tillage+mulching(CK×DM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+shallow burial(FA×NM),2 100 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FA×DM),2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+shallow burial(FB×NM),2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FB×DM).The effects of powder ridge plowing and mulching treatments on soil properties,structure,saline and alkaline content,and maize yield in the 0—40 cm soil layer under different irrigation quotas were analyzed. The result showed that compared to the CK×NM treatment, in the 0—40 cm soil layer, the soil bulk density decreased by 8.4%—22.9%, the total soil porosity increased by 4.9—14.8 percentage points, and the soil three-phase ratio R value decreased by 34.6%—88.2% under powder ridge plowing + mulching treatment,among them, the bulk density, total porosity, and three-phase ratio R value of the soil treated with FB×DM treatment were significantly reduced by 20.0%,-13.1 percentage points, and 88.2%, respectively;soil moisture content after sowing increased by 5.5—12.1 percentage points in the 20—40 cm soil layer, soil hardness increased by 33.4%—397.5% in the 7.5—17.5 cm soil layer,among them, the soil moisture content, hardness of the FB×DM treatment increased significantly by 12.1 percentage points, 214.3%,respectively;CO₂ flux of the FB×DM treatment increased significantly by 496.4%.Compared to the CK×NM treatment, the powder ridge plowing+mulching treatment reduced the soil pH value, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and total salt content in the 0—40 cm soil layer, with reduction rates of 0.7%—10.9%, 2.5%—67.5%, 24.3%—68.7%, and 10.3%—81.0%, respectively. Among them, the soil pH value, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, and total salt content of the FB×DM-treated soil were significantly reduced by 10.9%, 48.2%, 59.2%, and 80.0%, respectively.Maize germination rate, ear fresh weight, and yield were increased by 13.2—20.1 percentage points,52.5%—68.2%, and 22.4%—45.5%, respectively,among them, the germination rate, ear fresh weight, and yield of the FB×DM treatment were significantly increased by 20.1 percentage points,68.2%, and 45.5%, respectively, compared to the CK×NM treatment. Considering the comprehensive improvement effects and maize yield, it is concluded that the 2 700 m³/ha irrigation quota+powder ridge plowing+mulching(FB×DM) is a more suitable cultivation mode for saline and alkaline land in the West Liaohe Plain.

To investigate the effects of delayed sowing on the growth,development,grain yield and quality of wheat,Yunong 907(YN907)and Yunong 922(YN922),two new high yield and high quality wheat varieties,were selected as experimental materials.Three sowing dates were established:October 22nd(S1,the conventional sowing date),October 31st(S2,delayed sowing by 9 days),and November 9th(S3,delayed sowing by 18 days).The study investigated the effects of delayed sowing on the phenological stages,grain yield and flour quality of wheat,and analyzed the relationship between temperature characteristics and wheat yield,and quality under delayed sowing conditions.The results indicated that compared with the conventional sowing date, the full growth period of YN907 and YN922 was shortened with the delay of sowing date in both years. The accumulated temperature before winter and the average daily temperature before heading decreased with the delay of sowing date, while the average daily temperature and effective accumulated temperature after heading increased. The effective accumulated temperature of the full growth period showed a downward trend. The effective accumulated temperature of the full growth period of YN907 and YN922 in S3 treatment was 243.95,222.10 ℃·d lower than that in S1 treatment in 2022—2023, and 136.30,189.40 ℃·d lower in 2023—2024, respectively. The yield and its components decreased with the delay of sowing, with a yield reduction of 6.45% to 17.26%. Compared with the conventional sowing date, the wet gluten content and protein content increased under the delayed sowing conditions.Under the background of climate warming and the scale-up of the agricultural operation,the sowing date of wheat can be adjusted to adapt to the temperature change.YN907 and YN922 had the highest yield on October 22nd.Delaying the sowing date to October 31st could maintain the higher yield level and increase the grain protein content.When the sowing date continues to be postponed,the grain protein content will be significantly increased but the yield will be significantly decreased.

In order to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on rice yield,nitrogen uptake and soil fertility,the effects of different nitrogen application levels on rice yield,nitrogen use efficiency and soil tillage fertility in the Yellow River Irrigation Area were studied from 2021 to 2023 using rice variety Fuyuan 4 as the test material.Compared with other treatments,the average yield of 360 kg/ha was 9.4 t/ha,which was 182.94% higher than that of no nitrogen treatment,and 40.72% and 26.34% higher than that of 210,240 kg/ha.From the perspective of yield components,the increase in yield was mainly due to the increase of grain number per spike and the number of effective spikes,and excessive nitrogen application would cause the decrease of 1000-grain weight.The average of the 3-year results showed that the nitrogen use efficiency was up to 26.93% with 240 kg/ha of nitrogen,and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.The highest average value of organic matter was 18.60 g/kg after nitrogen application of 210 kg/ha.Compared with the non-nitrogen application treatment,the soil total nitrogen content of each nitrogen application treatment increased by 7.61%—15.67%,and the soil total nitrogen content of the 360 kg/ha nitrogen application treatment decreased with the increase of the experimental year.The total phosphorus content of soil was gradually reduced in the 360 kg/ha nitrogen application treatment,and the total phosphorus content in other nitrogen application treatments was maintained at about 0.85 g/kg.The total potassium content of nitrogen fertilization treatments gradually decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and the total potassium content of the 360 kg/ha nitrogen application treatment decreased by 23.74%,22.16% and 8.85%,respectively,compared with the nitrogen fertilization treatments of 120,210 and 240 kg/ha.Soil available phosphorus increased with the years of the experiment,and the variation range between treatments increased with time.With the increase of nitrogen application rate,soil available phosphorus increased first and then decreased,and the soil available phosphorus of the 240 kg/ha treatment increased significantly in 2023 compared with other treatments.The soil available potassium of each treatment did not change significantly with the test years.By considering crop yield,nitrogen use efficiency and soil fertility,nitrogen application of 240 kg/ha could balance the environment and production requirements.

In order to explore the effect of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer on the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in the Loess Plateau of Eastern Qinghai,a field experiment was conducted with continuous cropping of potato(Qingshu 9).This field experiment was established in 2022 with five treatments,i.e.no fertilizer(CK),100% chemical fertilizer(T1),30% organic fertilizer+70% chemical fertilizer(T2),50% organic fertilizer+50% chemical fertilizer(T3),and 70% organic fertilizer+30% chemical fertilizer(T4).Soil contents of organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and soil-microbial biomass ecological stoichiometry were determined.The results showed that compared with 2022,the contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in each fertilization treatment in 2023 showed an increasing trend,while the CK treatment showed a decreasing trend.Among different soil layers,the content of each index gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth.Among different treatments,according to the content of each index,the order was T3>T4>T2>T1>CK.In the 0—30 cm soil layer,the contents of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus under T3 treatment were 6.88%,17.65%,17.88%,84.71%,77.01%,65.67%,80.07%,54.91% higher than those of CK,respectively.The soil C∶N and C∶P in each soil layer were the highest in the CK treatment.Among the four fertilization treatments,soil C∶N,microbial biomass C∶N and C∶P were the lowest in the T3 treatment.In addition to the 0—10 cm soil layer in 2023,the soil C∶P in each soil layer was also the lowest in T3,while the microbial biomass N∶P in the T1 treatment was the lowest among all fertilization treatments.Soil C∶N and C∶P increased with soil depth.Correlation analysis showed that organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly positively correlated with each other.In summary,the substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer can not only change the soil nutrient and soil microbial biomass content,but also change the soil ecological stoichiometry characteristics,and the treatment with 50% organic fertilizer+50% chemical fertilizer has the best effect.

To explore the expression pattern of potato gene StEXLB1a and provide a theoretical basis for the resistance to potato disease,based on the previous research of the Laboratory of Plant Resources and Molecular Biology at Northeast Agricultural University,the study using the Atlantic variety of potato as material, cloned the StEXLB1a gene, and preliminarily analyzed its bioinformatics, expression pattern, and disease resistance. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of StEXLB1a gene was 768 bp,encoding 255 amino acids.The annotation indicated that it belonged to the extend protein family genes.Subcellular localization showed that the protein was localized to the cell wall.Among different tissues of potato,StEXLB1a gene expression was highest in leaves,followed by roots and stems,and lowest in flowers and tubers.The expression level of StEXLB1a gene changed significantly under various stress treatments,such as hormone(indoleacetic acid,gibberellin,abscisic acid),stress(high temperature,low temperature,salt,drought),fungal disease dry rot(Fusarium avenaceum),bacterial disease soft rot(Erwinia carotovora subsp,Ecc)and bacterial wilt(Ralstonia solanacearum,RS).The overexpressed transgenic potato plants were inoculated with the dry rot pathogen Fusarium avenaceum,and the transgenic plants were more seriously infected than the wild-type plants.The enzyme activities of active oxygen scavenging system in overexpressed plants were significantly changed,POD and SOD activities were inhibited,MDA content was higher than that of wild-type plants,and the damage degree of plants was aggravated.The results showed that transgenic potato plants with overexpression of StEXLB1a had lower resistance to dry rot than those with wild type.

Catalase(CAT)plays a critical role in plant resistance against biotic stresses.To investigate the functions of StCAT1 and StCAT3 in potato defense against Alternaria solani infection,this study cloned the cDNA sequences of StCAT1 and StCAT3 via RT-PCR.Sequencing results demonstrated that both genes were 1 479 bp in length,encoding 493 amino acids.Phylogenetic tree construction revealed that StCAT1 shared high homology with SlCAT1 from tomato,while StCAT3 exhibited high homology with both SlCAT3(tomato)and SpCAT3 from wild tomato.Following A.solani infection for 6 days,the expression of StCAT1 and StCAT3 was significantly upregulated by approximately 3.9-fold and 8.7-fold,respectively.A co-silencing vector targeting both StCAT1 and StCAT3 was constructed,and transient co-silencing was achieved using virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).qRT-PCR screening identified an effective co-silenced potato line(VIGS-3)with suppressed StCAT1 and StCAT3 expression.Upon A.solani inoculation,the silenced line exhibited 42% larger lesion areas compared to the control,indicating that co-silencing StCAT1/StCAT3 compromised potato resistance to early blight.DAB(3,3'-diaminobenzidine)staining further demonstrated that H₂O₂ accumulation in co-silenced leaves was significantly elevated,with staining intensity being 3.8-fold higher than that in the control.These results demonstrate that StCAT1 and StCAT3 regulate H₂O₂ homeostasis to mediate potato resistance against A.solani,providing a theoretical foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of CAT genes in potato-pathogen interactions.

To explore the association between STAT3 single nucleotide polymorphism and lactation traits of sheep,414 lactating sheep were selected as test subjects,the expression of STAT3 in seven tissues including mammary gland was detected by RT-qPCR,the single nucleotide polymorphism of STAT3 was detected by sanger sequencing,STAT3 was typed by Penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system PARMS,and the effect of the nucleotide sequence variation of the gene on milk performance traits was analysed.RT-qPCR results revealed that STAT3 expression was highest in lungs,followed by liver and mammary tissues,and lowest in spleen.A total of five novel SNPs,c.22+537 C/T,c.22+658 C/T,c.318+126 C/G,c.417+360 G/A and c.417+395 T/C,were identified in the sheep STAT3,and three genotypes were detected at each SNP locus.Association analysis revealed that ewes with the genotype CC at the c.318+126 C/G locus had a higher milk fat rate than those with GG,and CC-type at the c.22+537 C/T locus,CC-type at the c.22+658 C/T locus,GG-type at the c.417+360 G/A locus,and TT-type at the c.417+395 T/C locus all had higher milk fat percentage and dry matter content.The haplotype combination H1H7 exhibited significant positive effects on milk fat percentage,dry matter content,and ash content.Additionally,the average daily milk yield of individuals carrying the haplotype combination H1H2 was increased by 0.266 kg compared to those carrying H1H7.In conclusion,the five nucleotide variation sites of STAT3 screened in this study may provide a theoretical basis for molecular selection of milk performance traits in milk sheep.

IQM(IQ-motif containing protein),a plant-specific calmodulin-binding protein,plays crucial roles in plant growth,development,and responses to various stresses.In order to study the characteristics and potential functions of the maize IQM gene family,bioinformatics approaches were used to identify IQM genes in the maize whole genome,and protein properties,phylogenetic relationship,gene structure,chromosome location,gene replication,cis-acting element,tissue-specific expression and expression patterns under various stresses were investigated.A total of 11 ZmIQMs genes were identified in the whole genome of maize,named ZmIQM1 to ZmIQM11 based on their chromosomal locations.ZmIQMs genes could be classified into three subfamilies,with genes within different subfamilies exhibiting similar structures.Segment duplication was found to play a major role in the amplification and evolution of the ZmIQMs gene family.Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of ZmIQMs gene contained multiple hormone and stress response elements.The expression pattern of ZmIQMs genes was investigated,and it was found that ZmIQMs genes had different expression patterns in different tissues,and the expression levels of several ZmIQMs genes were changed under different abiotic and biotic stresses.qRT-PCR results showed that under drought stress,the expression of ZmIQM3,ZmIQM4 and ZmIQM10 was up-regulated, and ZmIQM3,ZmIQM4,ZmIQM5,ZmIQM10 and ZmIQM11 responded to Cochliobolus heterostrophus infection.The results showed that ZmIQMs genes played an important role in stress response.

The ubiquitination pathway is one of the key signaling pathways in response to drought stress.In order to clarify the biological function of E3 ubiquitin ligase TaSINA101 gene in response to drought stress,the TaSINA61,TaSINA101 and TaSINA105 genes were cloned from JM47,an excellent drought-resistant wheat cultivar,and their sequence characteristics were analyzed by bioinformatics methods,and the expression levels of the three genes in wheat roots and leaves were detected by qRT-PCR under PEG-6000,NaCl,low temperature and ABA treatments.The heterologous expression of TaSINA101 in transgenic rice was used to analyze the biological function of TaSINA101 in response to drought stress.The results showed that the TaSINA61,TaSINA101 and TaSINA105 genes contained one intron and two exons,and the encoded proteins were composed of 282 amino acids.The qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that the expression of these three genes was induced by various abiotic stresses such as drought stress in roots and leaves.Phenotypic analysis of TaSINA101 transgenic rice under drought stress showed that the leaf fresh weight and dry weight, maximum root length, average root diameter and leaf relative water content of transgenic rice lines OE-1, OE-2 and OE-3 were significantly lower than those of wild type,while the relative conductivity of leaves of transgenic rice lines OE-1 and OE-2 was significantly higher than that of wild type.Therefore,TaSINA101 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in rice.This study provides a basis for in-depth analysis of the biological function of TaSINA101 gene in wheat.

To improve the growth,yield,and quality of cantaloupe under extreme high temperature weather in Turpan,Xinjiang,the effects of spraying prohexadione-calcium(PCa)on the physiological growth of cantaloupe under high temperature stress were investigated,distilled water(CK)and PCa with concentrations of 20(PCa1),50(PCa2),100(PCa3),150 mg/L(PCa4)were sprayed on cantaloupe leaves.Through comprehensive analysis of indicators such as photosynthesis,reactive oxygen species content,antioxidant enzymes,antioxidant substances,vine length,stem thickness,yield,and quality of cantaloupe under high temperature stress,the optimal concentration of PCa suitable for foliar spraying of cantaloupe in the region was found.The results showed that as the concentration of PCa increased,the chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b, $\mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}$,H₂O₂,and stem diameter of cantaloupe gradually increased at different stages,with increases of 9.25%-36.29%,4.25%-49.92%,21.45%-334.55%,5.36%-109.41%,and 2.33%-20.69% compared to CK,respectively;and MDA gradually decreased,with a decrease of 7.37%-48.83% compared to CK,respectively.Spraying PCa increased photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species in cantaloupe under high temperature stress,reducing the damage of high temperature to cantaloupe biofilm.PCa1,PCa2,and PCa3 treatments increased the levels of soluble protein,soluble sugar,PRO,SOD,POD,AsA,GSH,yield,soluble solids content,and soluble sugar content of the fruit in cantaloupe under high temperature stress compared to CK.Among the three treatments,PCa2 treatment showed better performance in terms of various indicators.Spraying PCa at an appropriate concentration significantly improved the osmotic regulation substances,antioxidant enzymes,antioxidant substances,and yield and quality of cantaloupe under high temperature stress,enhanced its heat resistance,and achieved increased yield and quality of cantaloupe.Although PCa4 treatment increased the yield of cantaloupe,it reduced the content of soluble solids and soluble sugars in the fruit.High concentrations of PCa delayed the growth of cantaloupe and affected its quality at harvest.Therefore,PCa2 treatment in production is the best treatment to achieve heat resistance,yield increase,and quality improvement of cantaloupe under high temperature stress.It is recommended that the optimal concentration for spraying PCa in this area is 50 mg/L.