bZIP transcription factors are widely found in plants and play an important role in regulating plant growth and development and abiotic stress response.In order to explore the functional role of bZIP transcription factor in maize drought stress response,transcriptome sequencing technology was used to analyze the expression changes of transcription factors in maize seedlings treated with drought stress for 5 days and rehydration for 3 days,and a bZIP transcription factor(ZmbZIP26)was screened from transcriptome data in response to drought and rewatering treatment.Co-expression network analysis revealed that ZmbZIP26 was at the core node of network regulation.The gene contained a 558 bp open reading frame encoding 185 amino acids,which was a hydrophilic protein.Phylogenetic tree and conserved sequence analysis showed that ZmbZIP26 protein had high homology with homologous proteins of sorghum and Miscanthus,and also had the same conserved motifs at the same amino acid positions.Cis-element analysis showed that the upstream 2 000 bp region of the ATG site contained drought response elements,hormone response elements and light response elements.qRT-PCR analysis showed that ZmbZIP26 was a constitutively expressed gene,which was highly expressed in young stems,female panicles and roots.ZmbZIP26 positively responded to drought,high temperature,high salt and nitrogen stress and the process of restoring,which might play an important role in the process of plant resistance.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ZmbZIP26 was a nuclear protein localized in the nucleus.Protein interaction prediction showed that ZmbZIP26 might interact with zinc finger protein,serine protein,Ca-dependent protein and glutathione transfer protein to construct a regulatory network,which cooperatively regulated maize growth and development and stress response process.

Maize grain development stage is very sensitive to high temperature stress,which seriously affects the yield and quality of maize.To study the difference of gene expression in grain and analyze the gene molecular mechanism of different high-temperature tolerant maize inbred lines in response to high-temperature stress,RNA-Seq technology was used to analysis the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)of XN202(heat tolerant)and CT110(heat susceptible)in maize grains 15 days after pollination under normal and high temperature stress.Compared with the control,XN202 and CT110 detected 1 517 and 1 012 DEGs,respectively,with 142 common DEGs,including 7 transcription factors.There were significant differences in grain response to high temperature stress among different heat tolerant inbred lines.DNA replication,nucleosome,minichromosome maintenance complex,alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex,nutrient reservoir activity,alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism were involved in response to high temperature stress through gene ontology(GO)function annotation and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)signal pathway enrichment analysis.According to bioinformatics analysis,a total of 374 DEGs were located in the reported QTL interval of heat tolerance related traits in maize,and 42 DEGs were putative heat tolerance candidate genes.In summary,maize grains could form complex cellular protection and defense system under high temperature stress,and DEGs related to high temperature tolerance,such as AP2/ERF,MYB,bHLH,NAC,HSF and HSP,might play an important role in the molecular regulatory network.

GDSL is an important gene affecting the development of cuticle.This study cloned cucumber GDSL lipase gene and analyzed its expression pattern,in order to lay a foundation for the study of cuticle development and the glassiness of cucumber.The gene sequence was cloned to clarify its role in cucumbers with different glossiness by using six cultivars with different glossiness as materials.The promoter of CsGDSL lipase gene was cloned to analyze its functional elements.According to the reference sequence in cucumber genome database,we cloned the GDSL lipase gene of cucumber and analyzed by bio-informatics.The expression of the gene in different tissue parts of cucumber was confirmed by qRT-PCR technique.The CDS of CsGDSL length 1 059 bp which encoded 352 amino acids,and the secondary structure was mainly random curl(45.45%)and α-helix(33.24%).This gene was conservative in the process of evolution and was most closely related to CmGDSL.The expression level was the highest in the male flower of cucumber on the flowering day,and the expression level in the ovary at 3 days after flowering was higher than that at 0 days after flowering.The CDS sequence of CsGDSL gene was conservative in six cultivars. CsGDSL gene was responsive to stress,hormone and light.We obtained the CsGDSL lipase gene in this study,and identified its expression in different tissue parts of cucumber,the gene is relatively conserved in different cultivars,suggesting that CsGDSL may affect cucumber glossiness.

To provide references for the waterlogging-tolerance and yield-stability cultivation of wheat,the experiment was conducted to study the effects of different degrees of waterlogging on root dry weight and vigor in different soil layers,shoot growth,grain yield,and its components using Yangmai 25 and Ningmai 13 as experimental materials.The treatments included short-term mild(SL,10 cm water layer under the soil surface for 3 days),short-term severe(SS,2 cm water layer above the soil surface for 3 days),long-term mild(LL,10 cm water layer under the soil surface for 12 days),long-term severe(LS,2 cm water layer above the soil surface for 12 days)waterlogging treatments at stem-elongation stage,and control treatment(CK,maintaining the relative soil water content of 70%—75%).The results showed that Yangmai 25 showed significantly higher grain yield,1000-grain weight,root dry weight,root activity in the 0—40 cm soil layer,and ratio of root to shoot than Ningmai 13.Compared with CK,SL and SS reduced grain yield by 13.44%—22.45%,while LL and LS reduced grain yield significantly by 28.76%—37.26%.There was no significant difference in grain yield between SL and SS,LL and LS.Under the short-term waterlogging,the biomass of root and shoot were slightly reduced,the root in 0—20 cm soil layer maintained high vigor,and the vigor of root in 20—60 cm soil layer could recover.However,long-term waterlogging significantly decreased root dry weight resulting in growth imbalance of root and shoot.In addition,root activity was low and difficult to recover under long-term waterlogging,and the top-three leaves was prone to premature senescence with the top 3rd leaf showing most obvious.The results suggested that lowering water levels as soon as possible after waterlogging could help the surface roots maintain growth and physiological activity,and reduced the risk of premature leaf senescence,satisfying the photosynthetic needs for grain filling.

To reveal the mechanism of drought resistance of different resistant rice during germination period,Rice drought-sensitive materials(Calrose,Jingning 10,Shanxing 86)and drought resistance materials(Farry,Songjing 3,Ningjing 36)were studied on the effects of simulated drought stress(15% PEG-6000)on the growth index,physiological indexes and corresponding gene expression of different rice seeds.The results showed that under normal conditions,there were no significant differences in the expression levels of growth indicators and stress-related genes between drought-sensitive and drought-resistant cultivars.However,changes in physiological indicators were shown that there were no significant differences in the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD),the contents of soluble sugar(SS) and hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂) among different genotypes.The contents of malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide anion($\mathrm{O}_{2}^{\bar{.}}$) in the drought-sensitive cultivar Shanxing 86 were significantly higher than those in other materials,and the contents of catalase(CAT),proline(Pro) and soluble protein(SP) of drought resistant Ningjing 36 were significantly higher than those of other materials as well.Under drought stress,the relative germination potential(RGP),relative bud length(RSL),germination drought resistance index(GDRI)and vitality index(VI)of germinating seeds increased by 0.03—0.07 percentage,0.32—0.39 percentage,0.12—0.18 percentage and 92.41%—108.39%,respectively;MDA and reactive oxygen species($\mathrm{O}_{2}^{\bar{.}}$,H₂O₂) contents in germinating seeds of drought-resistant cultivars decreased by 2.54%—61.64%,19.60%—46.30% and 35.61%—62.02% respectively compared with drought-sensitive cultivars.The contents of osmotic regulating substances(Pro,SS,SP) increased by 5.93%—18.29%,1.08%—7.97% and 3.47%—6.03% respectively.The activities of antioxidant enzymes(SOD,POD, CAT) were increased by 17.29%—33.12%,15.24%—76.06% and 14.68%—18.61% respectively.The relative expression levels of OsP5CS,antioxidant enzyme synthesis genes (OsALM1, OsPOX1, OsCATC) were up-regulated by 2.66%—182.31% and 57.14%—513.27%,0.38%—109.06% and 63.39%—184.25% respectively.Comprehensive analysis showed that drought stress inhibited the germination of rice seeds and affected the physiological characteristics of seeds and the expression of corresponding genes during germination.Under drought stress,vigor index(VI),peroxidase(POD)and peroxidase synthesis gene(OsPOX1)are the key indicators affecting rice seed germination,whether it is drought-resistant or drought-sensitive materials.In addition to the above indicators,soluble protein(SP),proline synthesis gene(OsP5CS)and catalase gene(OsCATC)are other key indicators affecting drought-resistant materials.Relative shoot length(RSL),hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)and superoxide dismutase gene(OsALM1)are other key indicators affecting drought-sensitive materials.

To explore the effects of long-term different fertilization on soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity of double cropping maize in Southern China.Based on a 35 a long-term located experiment in dryland red soil in Jinxian,Jiangxi Province,four treatments including no fertilizer(CK),chemical fertilizer(NPK),chemical fertilizer and fresh pig manure(NPKM),and fresh pig manure(OM).The soil nutrients,microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activities were measured in the 0—20 cm,20—40 cm soil layers at the maturity of double cropping maize and the correlations between them were analyzed.Results showed that long-term fertilization(NPK,NPKM and OM)significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity.During the spring maize period,the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content of fertilization treatment compared with CK increased by 67.05%—159.15% and 3.33%—62.37% in the 0—40 cm soil layer.And the activities of catalase,phosphomonoesterase,urease and sucrase increased by 0.22%—79.71%,9.82%—59.51%,8.73%—82.37%,66.67%—538.89%,respectively.During the autumn maize period,the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content of fertilization treatment compared with CK increased by 36.30%—136.72% and 17.09%—47.29% in the 0—40 cm soil layer.And the activities of catalase,phosphomonoesterase,urease and sucrase increased by 7.41%—74.55%,22.69%—57.39%,18.85%—58.98% and 51.70%—216.67%,respectively.Among them,the NPKM treatment had the best improvement effect.In general,soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity in 0—20 cm soil layer were higher than in 20—40 cm soil layer,and the soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity in autumn maize period were higher than those in spring maize period.NPKM and OM treatments also significantly increased soil pH,organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium.After long-term application of organic fertilizer,soil phosphorus accumulation was obvious,while NPK treatment accelerated soil acidification.All treatments could significantly increase maize yield(P<0.05). Compared with CK, it increased by 1.04—15.07 times. In conclusion,organic-inorganic application(NPKM)is the best fertilization measure to enhance soil nutrients,microbial biomass,enzyme activity and yield.

Based on the long-term improvement experiment of organic fertilizer of soda saline-alkali soil in Songnen Plain,the effects of different improvement years(4,11,15,20 a)on soil colloid components,soil organic carbon components and soil organic-mineral compound degree were studied with no improvement as the control(CK).The results showed that with the increase of improvement years,the colloidal content of soil water dispersive group(G₀)decreased significantly(P<0.05),while that of soil calcium-binding complex(G₁)increased significantly(P<0.05);there were no significant changes in colloid content of soil iron and aluminum oxide binding complex(G₂)and(G₀+G₁+G₂)content of different treatments;the organic carbon content in G₀ group,G₁ group and G₂ group showed an increasing trend.Organic carbon content and heavy fraction organic carbon content of all organic fertilizer treatments were significantly increased compared with CK(P<0.05).In all treatments,organic carbon content in 4 a treatment was the highest,and heavy fraction organic carbon content in 11 a treatment was the highest.The total contribution rate of soil carbon sequestration of the treatments complexes with improved years of 11 a or more was 35.51%—54.64%.Compared with CK,organic-mineral compound degree of soda saline-alkali soil treated with organic fertilizer increased to varying degrees,and the increase was obvious in the treatment of 11 a and above.In conclusion,the long-term application of organic fertilizer promoted the transformation of water dispersive colloid of soda saline-alkali soil to water stable complex,significantly increased the contribution rate of the complex to soil carbon fixation,and significantly improved the degree of organic-mineral composition of the soil.

The purpose of this paper was to clone the CDS region of StAR gene,perform bioinformatics and detect StAR gene expression level among different tissues using RT-qPCR in order to revel its function.The results showed that the CDS region of Hezuo pig StAR gene was 858 bp in length,encoding 285 amino acids.Compared to the reference sequence of pig,the A at the 572nd point mutation to G(leading to lysine mutation to arginine at the 191st point)was missense mutation and insertion of a base C at the 791st point(causing 20 amino acids mutation)was frame shift mutation,respectively.Molecular mass was about 90.95 ku and theoretical isoelectric point was 8.87;extinction coefficient was 33 835 and unstable coefficient was 41.49.Additionally,it contained one N-sugar-based site and secondary structure was mainly composed of α spiral and irregular curling.The secondary structure was similar to the tertiary structure.Lastly,the similarity of StAR nucleic acid sequences among Hezuo pig and Sus scrofa, Ovis aries, Bos taurus was 99.77%, 90.45% and 91.78%,respectively.The phylogenetic tree result showed that Hezuo pig was closed to pig.StAR gene expressed in these tissues,such as spleen,kidney,lung.Among these tissues,testis have higher expression,indicating that it may be related to the development testis in Hezuo pig.

The aim of this study was to identify bovine circMYH8 and to explore its regulation effect on the proliferation of primary bovine muscle cells.Two sets of primers,namely divergent primer and convergent primer,were designed and synthesized from circMYH8.The cDNA of bovine longissimus dorsi,the cDNA of bovine longissimus dorsi treated with RNase R and the gDNA of bovine longissimus dorsi were amplified by PCR,respectively,and circMYH8 was identified by sequencing and agarose gel electrophoresis;RT-qPCR analysis of skeletal muscle at different developmental stages,nucleo-plasmic separation,and RNase R tolerance tests were performed on circMYH8;the overexpression vector and interference fragment of circMYH8 were constructed and synthesized,which were then transfected into primary bovine muscle cells,respectively,and RT-qPCR,Western Blot,EdU and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the effects of circMYH8 on the proliferative phenotype of primary bovine muscle cells.The results of sequencing and agarose gel electrophoresis showed that circMYH8 was real circRNA,and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that circMYH8 was overexpressed in early skeletal muscle development;the results of nucleo-plasmic separation showed that circMYH8 was expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm,and RNase R tolerance test verified that circMYH8 was more stable than its linear transcript;overexpression of circMYH8 inhibited the expression of proliferation marker genes and activity of EdU,and inhibition of circMYH8 promoted the expression of proliferating marker genes,with the increased activity of EdU and the proportion of S phase cells.These results indicated that bovine circMYH8 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of primary bovine muscle cells.

Phytosulfokine receptor(PSKR)plays an important role in promoting plant cell proliferation and is involved in plant response to abiotic stresses.To explore the sequence characteristics and the function of wheat PSKR genes,the cDNA sequences of three homologous genes of TaPSKR1 were cloned from wheat variety Jinmai 47 by homologous cloning technology,named TaPSKR1-6A,TaPSKR1-6B and TaPSKR1-6D because of their locations on chromosome 6A,6B and 6D,respectively.The gene structure,protein physical and chemical properties,cis acting elements,functional domains and evolutionary relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis.The expression patterns of TaPSKR1 genes in different tissues and under different stresses were detected by qRT-PCR.The results showed that TaPSKR1-6A,TaPSKR1-6B and TaPSKR1-6D all contained one exon.The open reading frame(ORF)of the three TaPSKR1 genes were 3 153,3 132,3 156 bp,respectively,which encoded 1 050,1 043 and 1 051 amino acid residues.Bioinformatics analysis showed that TaPSKR1 proteins were located on the cell membrane,containing signal peptide,transmembrane domains,eight LRRs type domains and intracellular kinase domain,which belonged to PSKR gene family.Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaPSKR1 proteins had closely relationship with its related species and rice,which were clustered into the same subgroup.The results of expression analysis showed that TaPSKR1 genes were expressed in roots,stems,leaves and seeds,and the expression levels in roots were the highest.Under drought and salt stress treatments,the expressions of three homologous copies of TaPSKR1 genes were sharply upregulated in leaves,suggesting that TaPSKR1 might play an important regulatory role in wheat defense to abiotic stresses.

To investigate the function and possible molecular mechanisms of soybean GmGRAS69 gene,which belongs to the GRAS transcription factor family,in plant drought stress.Sequence conservation and evolutionary relationship between soybean GmGRAS69 and GRAS members of other species were analyzed by amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree construction.Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of GmPP2C69 in soybean roots and leaves treated with PEG.Then,GmPP2C69 overexpression vector was constructed,and then wild-type Arabidopsis was transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip method.The growth phenotypes of wild-type and transgenic Arabidopsis were observed under normal culture and drought treatment.The fresh weight per plant,relative water content of leaf,soluble sugar content of shoot,antioxidant enzymes(SOD,POD and CAT)activities and corresponding antioxidant enzyme gene expression levels were measured.The results showed that GmGRAS69 was significantly up-regulated in both roots and leaves of PEG-treated soybean plants,and the response was more significant in roots.In addition,GmGRAS69-overexpressed Arabidopsis was successfully obtained,and the drought tolerance of the GmGRAS69-overexpressed plants was significantly enhanced compared with WT.Under drought treatment,the fresh weight,leaf relative water content and soluble sugar content of GmGRAS69-overexpressed plants were significantly higher than those of WT.The activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD,POD and CAT and the expression levels of corresponding genes SOD,POD and CAT were also significantly higher than those of WT.The results showed that the expression of GmGRAS69 was up-regulated under drought stress,and the transgenic plants were enhanced drought tolerance by activating SOD,POD and CAT antioxidant enzyme encoding genes,enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and increasing soluble sugar accumulation.

In view of the contradiction between the temperature required for winter wheat growth and the actual ambient temperature in the northern North China Plain, field experiments were conducted in two consecutive growing seasons from 2019 to 2021 to study the effect of increasing temperature in late winter and early spring on regulating wheat source-sink performance. In the first growing season, four warming treatments were set warming on January 20 (CT1), January 26 (CT2), February 1 (CT3), February 7 (CT4), and ending on March 20. In the second growing season, three warming treatments were set warming on January 25 (CT1), February 1 (CT2), February 8 (CT3), and ending on March 15, and conventional production was used as control (CK) in both growing seasons. The results showed that the accumulated temperature of CT1 increased by 138.1-405.1 ℃, the average daily temperature of CT1 from jointing to anthesis decreased by 2.50 ℃ in second growing season, and the average daily temperature of CT1 from anthesis to maturity decreased by 2.31 ℃ in first growing season, and the regreening of wheat was advanced by 25 days in first growing season, and the total number of days from regreening to maturity was extended by 21 days in first growing season. Leaf area index and flag leaf area of the CT1 treatment at anthesis were significantly increased by 17.6% and 33.7% in second growing season. The net photosynthetic rate increased by 11.7% in 2020-2021 growing season, and MDA content of CT1 flag leaf decreased by 28.0% after anthesis in first growing season. In second growing season, CT1 spike length and grain length were significantly increased by 15.7% and 2.3%, and at 15 days after anthesis the grain filling rate was significantly increased by 41.0%, the kernel number was significantly increased by 8.8, the 1000-grain weight was significantly increased by 2.0 g, and the yield was significantly increased by 35.8%. Suggesting that, the warming treatment advanced the regreening of wheat and the beginning time of wheat source-sink matter accumulation, relatively lower temperature after the end of intermitten warming measures, it extended the total time of material accumulation in the source-sink and prepared conditions for improving the activity of the source-sink, and the earlier the warming treatment was implemented, the more the performance of the wheat source-sink would be improved.