摘要：

为探明间作、轮作对连作花生生长、产量及品质的影响,为花生高产栽培提供理论依据,于2022—2023年在河南科技大学试验农场,分别在连作2 a花生和连作11 a花生的基础上,以继续连作花生为对照(分别记为CCP1、CCP2),研究甘薯-花生轮作体系(PSP)和玉米-花生间作、轮作体系(PMP)对花生光合特性、根系特点、干物质积累与分配和产量的影响。结果表明,在花生的结荚期(PSS)和饱果成熟期(PMS),PSP中轮作花生(SRP)较CCP1分别显著提高叶面积指数(LAI)35.08%~53.68%和24.32%~33.52%;PSS和荚果膨大期(PBS),SPAD值增幅为11.93%~18.55%和5.95%~9.63%。PMP中轮作花生(MRP)较CCP2,LAI在PSS和PMS分别提高了46.81%~57.96%和27.00%~61.78%;MRP和间作花生(MIP)较CCP2,SPAD值在PSS、PBS分别提高了3.32%~3.69%,7.50%~8.64%和5.47%~18.37%,15.73%~31.11%。在PSS和PBS,SRP与CCP1相比,净光合速率增幅分别达23.68%~41.31%和26.52%~32.55%,MRP与CCP2相比分别提高了12.77%~17.81%和16.88%~62.07%,均显著增加根长与根尖数,促进PMS花生单株干物质积累及向荚果的分配,产量分别提高了31.42%~47.36%和54.12%~75.09%;MIP与CCP2相比,受玉米遮阴影响,降低花生的LAI、净光合速率、根长、根尖数,并降低了干物质积累量及产量。同时,轮作后提高了花生果仁的油酸含量和油亚比,其中SRP较CCP1的增幅分别为1.63~1.65百分点和6.59%~10.52%,MRP较CCP2的增幅分别为1.95~2.82百分点和9.75%~14.16%。综上,甘薯-花生轮作和玉米-花生轮作较连作花生均能提高花生产量,原因在于其能促进花生根系生长,延缓叶片衰老,提高光合速率,尤其是生育后期的光合速率,从而促进干物质的积累及向荚果的分配,此外还能在一定程度上改善花生品质。

关键词: 花生, 连作, 间作, 轮作, 光合, 植株生长, 产量

Abstract:

This study explored the effects of intercropping and rotation on the growth,yield and quality of continuous cropping peanut,to provide theoretical basis for achieving high yield in peanut production.From 2022 to 2023,sweet potato-peanut rotation system(PSP)and maize-peanut intercropping and rotation system(PMP)were set up in the experimental farm of Henan University of Science and Technology on the basis of continuous cropping peanut for 2 years and 11 years respectively,with continuous cropping peanut as control(CCP1 and CCP2,respectively).The effects of PSP and PMP on photosynthetic characteristics,root characteristics,dry matter accumulation and distribution and yield of peanut were studied.The results showed that compared with CCP1,the leaf area index(LAI)of rotating peanut in PSP system(SRP)was significantly increased by 35.08%—53.68% and 24.32%—33.52% at pod-setting stage(PSS)and full pod maturity stage(PMS),respectively.The SPAD value at PSS and pod bulking stage(PBS)increased by 11.93%—18.55% and 5.95%—9.63%,respectively.Compared with CCP2,the LAI of rotating peanut in PMP system(MRP)increased by 46.81%—57.96% and 27.00%—61.78% at PSS and PMS,respectively.At PSS and PBS,compared with CCP2,the SPAD value of MRP and intercropping peanut(MIP)increased by 3.32%—3.69%,7.50%—8.64% and 5.47%—18.37%,15.73%—31.11%,respectively.At PSS and PBS,compared with CCP1,the net photosynthetic rate of SRP increased by 23.68%—41.31% and 26.52%—32.55%,and compared with CCP2,MRP increased by 12.77%—17.81% and 16.88%—62.07%,respectively.They both significantly improved the root length and root tip number,and promoted the dry matter accumulation and the distribution to pods during PMS,and the yields increased by 31.42%—47.36% and 54.12%—75.09%,respectively.Compared with CCP2,MIP reduced the LAI,net photosynthetic rate,root length,root tip number,as well as dry matter accumulation and yield of peanut under the influence of maize shading.At the same time,the content of peanut oleic acid and oleic acid-linoleic acid ratio was significantly increased after rotation.Among them,SRP increased by 1.63—1.65 percentage point and 6.59%—10.52%,respectively,compared with CCP1,and MRP increased by 1.95—2.82 percentage point and 9.75%—14.16% compared with CCP2,respectively.In summary,sweet potato-peanut rotation and maize-peanut rotation increased the peanut yield compared with continuous cropping peanut,the reason was that sweet potato-peanut and maize-peanut rotation promoted peanut root growth,delayed the leaf senescence,and increased photosynthetic rate,especially the photosynthetic rate during late growth period,which promoted the dry matter accumulation and distribution to seeds.Besides that,they could improve the quality of peanut to a certain extent.

Key words: Peanut, Continuous cropping, Intercropping, Rotation, Photosynthesis, Plant growth, Yield