摘要： 为研究氮肥运筹对不同氮效率玉米品种物质积累特征与产量的影响，并探讨不同氮效率玉米品种干物质积累、分配、转运与产量对氮肥运筹响应的差异。以氮高效品种正红311（ZH311）和氮低效品种先玉508（XY508）为材料，于2015-2016年采用大田试验，在225 kg/hm²的施氮量下，设置5种氮肥运筹模式：不施肥、100%基肥、75%基肥+25%穗肥、50%基肥+50%穗肥、25%基肥+75%穗肥，同时设不施肥处理（B1）。结果表明，品种和氮肥运筹对玉米的干物质积累、分配、转运与产量及其构成均有重要影响；氮高效品种ZH311较强的根系吸收能力和较高的光合器官分配比例显著提高了其干物质生产能力，同时较低的花前干物质转运量和转运率有效地延缓其光合器官的衰老，保持较高的花后干物质生产能力，使得其产量显著高于氮低效品种XY508。提高追肥比例显著改善了玉米花后干物质生产能力和产量，但对XY508的促进作用明显高于ZH311。ZH311较XY508的产量优势随追肥比例升高而先增后减，在基肥61.35%+追肥38.65%时（最大达1.48 t/hm²）。综上所述，均衡的基追比使氮高效品种ZH311保持较高的花前干物质转运和花后干物质积累，充分发挥产量优势；而较高的追肥比例能显著改善氮低效品种XY508的花后干物质生产，弥补产量的不足。

关键词: 氮肥运筹, 玉米, 氮效率, 干物质, 产量

Abstract: Two maize cultivars, nitrogen (N) efficient cultivar Zhenghong 311 (ZH311) and nitrogen inefficient cultivar Xianyu 508 (XY508) were used in a two years field experiments in 2015 to 2016. One N-free treatment and four N fertilizer operations were set up under the N application rate of 225 kg/ha (100% basal fertilizer, 75% basal fertilizer+25% topdressing, 50% basal fertilizer+50% topdressing, and 25% basal fertilizer+75% topdressing) to investigate the effects of N fertilizer operation on dry matter accumulation characteristics and yield, and the differences in response to N fertilizer operation on dry matter accumulation, distribution, translocation, and yield of maize cultivars with contrasting nitrogen efficiency. There were important effects of cultivars and N fertilizer operations on dry matter accumulation, distribution, translocation, and yield and its component. The stronger root uptake ability and higher proportion of photosynthetic organs in N-efficient cultivar ZH311 significantly increased its dry matter production ability, meanwhile the lower pre-silking dry matter translocation and translocation efficiency effectively delayed the senescence of photosynthetic organs and kept higher post-silking dry matter productivity resulted in a significantly higher yield than N-inefficient cultivar XY508. Increasing topdressing ratio significantly improved post-silking dry matter productivity and yield, while the promotion for N-inefficient cultivar XY508 was obviously higher than N-efficient cultivar ZH311. The yield advantage of ZH311 over XY508 increased first and then decreased with the increasing of topdressing ratio, reaching the maximum of 1.48 t/ha at 61.35% basal fertilizer+38.65% topdressing. In summary, a balanced basal-to-topdressing N operation is conductive to N-efficient cultivar ZH311 to maintain higher pre-silking dry matter translocation and post-silking dry matter productivity to full play yield advantages, whereas higher topdressing ratio can significantly improve post-silking dry matter productivity of N-inefficient cultivar XY508 to make up for the lack of yield.

Key words: Nitrogen fertilizer operation, Maize, Nitrogen efficiency, Dry matter, Yield

中图分类号: 

• S143.1