摘要： 为探索"理想株型"和"籼粳杂交"优势利用理论对现代粳稻育成品种的基因组构成和产量结构、生理形态特征及中国北方粳稻高产育种实践的影响，以中国北方3个不同育种时期及来源粳稻样本（现代粳稻育成品种、早期粳稻和外来粳稻）为试材，基于189个SNPs位点的变异，对中国北方粳稻 的群体遗传多样性、群体结构以及主要农艺性状的变化进行了分析。结果表明，中国北方育种家通过将籼稻血缘和国外资源引入原有粳稻，在通过回交、复交等育种方法并加之人工和自然选 择过程中，大量与不利性状相关的等位基因被淘汰，致使中国北方现代粳稻品种功能基因水平上的遗传多样性显著降低，群体遗传多样性指数由高到低分别为：外来品种、早期品种、现代品种；通过育种家人为选择与生态环境压力下，现代粳稻从传统粳稻中分离出来，形成了独立的遗传结构；中国北方现代粳稻育成品种比早期耕种农家品种和外来粳稻分别增产38.13%，11.12%，产量极显著高于早期粳稻。这主要得益于形态方面的株型改良，叶片变短、变宽、穗变短、变直立以及高光能利 用率及产量结构的调整：穗粒数显著增加（增幅20%），结实率提高6%~10%。分析育种行为对中国北方粳稻遗传多样性、群体结构和主要农艺性状变化的影响，为育种工作提供参考。

关键词: 中国北方粳稻, 功能SNPs位点, 遗传多样性, 遗传结构, 产量

Abstract: To explore the effects of the breeding theories of shaping ideotype and utilizing indica-japonica subspecies hybridization on genetic structure,yield components,physiological and morphological characteristics of modern japonica rice cultivars and high-yielding breeding in Northern China. We used three groups,which was modern breeding phase japonica, early breeding phase japonica, and exotic japonica from different breeding periods in Northern China as materials,and selected 189 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) to characterize the diversity,population structure and main agronomic traits of three breeding groups. The results showed that modern breeding phase japonica had separated from typical japonica and the genetic diversity index on functional gene level was extremely lower than early breeding phase japonica and exotic japonica group,and had formed independent genetic structure,through introgression from other gene resources with the breeding selection of backcross or composite cross and natural selection. Compared with early breeding phase japonica and exotic japonica, the yield of modern japonica increased 38.13%(difference was extremely significant) and 11.12%,respectively. The main reasons of high yield are the improvement of plant type which increased efficiency of light energy utilization and the change of yield compositions which increased number of group spikelets. The characteristics were as follows:leaves became shorter and wider,panicle became shorter and erecter,spikelets per panicles increased 20%,and seed setting rate increased 6%-10%. This study analyzed the influence of breeding behavior on genetic diversity and population structure and main agronomic characters of japonica rice in Northern China,and provided reference for breeding work.

Key words: Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica in Northern China, Functional SNPs loci, Genetic diversity, Genetic structure, Yield

中图分类号: 

• S511.03