Effects of Pyroligneous Acids on the Growth and Main Characteristics of Replanted Soil of Malus angustifolia

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20192879

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to clarify the mechanism of pyroligneous acids improving replantation soil,the effect of pyroligneous acids treatment on plant growth was studied by field experiment using apple rootstock-Malus micromalus as experimental material.The main physical and chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil in July and October were analyzed based on Illumina high-throughput sequencing to analyze the changes of microbial diversity in rhizosphere soil.The results showed that compared with the control,the annual increase of plant height,ground diameter and leaf area of Malus angustifolia seedlings were significantly increased after 100-fold pyroligneous acids irrigation.Pyroligneous acids root irrigation treatment significantly increased the contents of main nutrients and enzyme activities in the soil of replanting disease.The contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were 1.31,1.38,1.20,1.60 and 1.65 times of CK1,respectively in July,and 1.12,1.03,1.58,1.40 and 1.25 times of CK2 in October,respectively.Sucrase and urease activities increased significantly in July and October.Pyroligneous acids increased the microbial diversity of rhizosphere soil in summer and autumn.Under CK and pyroligneous acids treatments in July and October,the top five dominant gates of rhizosphere bacteria were Proteobacteria,Acidsobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Chloroflexi and Rokubacteria;at the genus level,they were mainly uncultured_bacterium_c_Subgroup_6, uncultured_bacterium_f_Gemmatimonadaceae, uncultured_bacterium_o_Rokubacteriales, RB41 and MND1. The top five dominant gates of rhizosphere fungi were Ascomycota,Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota,Chytridiomycota and Glomeromycota.At the genus level,they were mainly Cladosporium,Mortierella,Ilyonectria,Guehomyces and Fusarium.According to the correlation network map,the beneficial bacteria RB41 and uncultured_bacterium_f_Gemmatimonadaceae in the rhizosphere and the pathogenic fungi Fusarium and Ilyonectria were negatively correlated with other populations.Pyroligneous acids root irrigation can increase soil nutrients and enzyme activity,increase soil microbial diversity,improve soil microbial community structure,promote plant growth,enhance plant resistance and reduce the harm of replanting disease.

Key words: Pyroligneous acids, Apple replant disease, Soil microbes, Growth indicators

LU Xiaoyue, WANG Ziye, HAN Jianwei, XU Lu, ZHANG Xiaofei, HAN Jie, WANG Zhigang, LIU Yue, SUO Xiangmin, YAN Aihua. Effects of Pyroligneous Acids on the Growth and Main Characteristics of Replanted Soil of Malus angustifolia[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(3): 175-185. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192879.

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Figures/Tables 16

Tab.1 Effect of pyroligneous acids on the annual growth of seedlings

处理 Treatment	株高/cm Plant height	地径/cm Ground diameter	叶面积/cm² Leaf area
CK	72.83±3.44b	3.69±0.34b	14.71±1.33b
木醋液 Pyroligneous acids	116.47±3.84a	8.05±0.19a	20.29±1.36a

Tab.2 Changes in the content of major soil nutrients

处理 Treatment	有机质/(g/kg) SOM	全氮/(g/kg) TN	碱解氮/(mg/kg) AN	有效磷/(mg/kg) AP	速效钾/(mg/kg) AK
CK1	11.13±0.57c	0.58±0.04c	6.08±0.03b	8.13±0.61c	82.64±4.01c
MC1	14.60±0.62ab	0.80±0.05ab	7.30±0.25a	13.02±0.14a	136.34±2.65a
CK2	13.80±0.23b	0.72±0.04b	3.32±0.16d	7.74±0.16c	87.60±2.69c
MC2	15.49±0.23a	0.74±0.04a	5.24±0.16c	10.80±0.21b	109.43±2.94b

Tab.3 Changes in soil enzyme activity in different seasons

处理 Treatment	蔗糖酶/ (mg/(g·d)) Suc	脲酶/ (mg/(g·d)) Ure	过氧化氢酶/ (mL/(g·min)) Cat	碱性磷酸酶/ (mg/(g·d)) Alp
CK1	8.30±0.15b	0.19±0.01d	0.10±0.00a	3.04±0.14b
MC1	13.26±0.69a	0.29±0.01a	0.11±0.01a	4.84±0.36a
CK2	4.29±0.47c	0.22±0.01c	0.11±0.02a	4.51±0.15a
MC2	8.99±0.81b	0.26±0.01b	0.13±0.01a	3.64±0.06ab

Tab.4 Alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi in different seasons

微生物种类 Microbial species	处理 Treatment	ACE指数 ACE index	Chao1指数 Chao1 index	Simpson指数 Simpson index	Shannon指数 Shannon index	Coverage指数 Coverage index
细菌 Bacteria	CK1	1 933.83±13.02a	1 944.94±8.34a	0.003 2±0.000 2a	6.56±0.09a	0.998 6±0.000 5a
	MC1	1 937.12±11.11a	1 947.81±11.35a	0.003 1±0.000 1a	6.63±0.03a	0.995 4±0.000 8b
	CK2	1 936.04±4.39a	1 949.06±5.24a	0.002 8±0.000 0ab	6.66±0.00a	0.997 5±3.527 7ab
	MC2	1 948.50±4.75a	1 957.23±2.40a	0.002 5±0.000 0b	6.72±0.02a	0.997 3±0.000 8ab
真菌 Fungi	CK1	425.70±44.66a	424.08±53.83a	0.054 8±0.035 5a	4.25±0.46a	0.999 3±0.000 0a
	MC1	456.53±49.02a	458.58±48.88a	0.036 0±0.012 7a	4.38±0.21a	0.999 4±0.000 1a
	CK2	442.89±81.98a	447.73±85.65a	0.052 6±0.017 3a	4.11±0.28a	0.999 5±0.000 2a
	MC2	516.47±57.27a	520.21±54.92a	0.034 7±0.004 6a	4.50±0.07a	0.999 6±0.000 2a

Fig.1 PCA analysis of bacteria in different seasons

Fig.2 PCA analysis of fungi in different seasons

Fig.3 Relative abundance of species at the bacteria phylum level in different seasons

Fig.4 Relative abundance of species at the bacteria genus level in different seasons

Fig.5 Relative abundance of species at the fungi phylum level in different seasons

Fig.6 Relative abundance of species at the fungi genus level in different seasons

Fig.7 Bacteria correlation network analysis 1.AKYG587; 2.Lysobacter; 3.Reyranella; 4.SM1A02; 5.uncultured_bacterium_o_NB1-j; 6.Rhodoplanes; 7.uncultured_bacterium_c_KD4-96; 8.Gaiella; 9.Phenylobacterium; 10.uncultured_bacterium_o_SBR1031; 11.uncultured_bacterium_f_Rhodanobacteraceae; 12.uncultured_bacterium_f_Desulfarculaceae; 13.Candidatus_Solibacter; 14.uncultured_bacterium_o_Gaiellales; 15.uncultured_bacterium_c_P2-11E; 16.Hirschia; 17.uncultured_bacterium_c_Subgroup_25; 18.uncultured_bacterium_f_Microscillaceae; 19.uncultured_bacterium_c_Alphaproteobacteria; 20.uncultured_bacterium_c_JG30-KF-CM66; 21.Sphingomonas; 22.Arenimonas; 23.uncultured_bacterium_f_KF-JG30-B3; 24.Massilia; 25.uncultured_bacterium_f_Chitinophagaceae; 26.Gemmatirosa; 27.uncultured_bacterium_f_Gemmatimonadaceae; 28.uncultured_bacterium_o_S085; 29.Nitrospira; 30.Arthrobacter; 31.uncultured_bacterium_c_AKAU4049; 32.RB41; 33.uncultured_bacterium_o_Subgroup_2; 34.uncultured_bacterium_f_TRA3-20; 35.uncultured_bacterium_f_A4b; 36.Pseudolabrys; 37.uncultured_bacterium_f_SC-I-84; 38.Acidibacter; 39.uncultured_bacterium_p_Armatimonadetes; 40.uncultured_bacterium_f_Anaerolineaceae; 41.IS-44; 42.Bryobacter; 43.uncultured_bacterium_c_S0134_terrestrial_group; 44.uncultured_bacterium_c_OM190; 45.uncultured_bacterium_o_Dadabacteriales; 46.uncultured_bacterium_o_Rokubacteriales; 47.Steroidobacter; 48.uncultured_bacterium_o_Acidobacteriales; 49.uncultured_bacterium_f_Solimonadaceae;50.PAUC26f; 51.uncultured_bacterium_c_Subgroup_15.

Fig.8 Fungi correlation network analysis 1.Ilyonectria;2.Hannaella;3.Fusarium;4.Calcarisporiella;5.Hydnophlebia;6.Mrakia;7.Lectera;8.Moesziomyces;9.Vishniacozyma;10.Sphaerosporella;11.Kernia;12.Paurocotylis;13.Naganishia;14.Filobasidium;15.Sampaiozyma;16.Guehomyces;17.Typhula;18.Chaetomium;19.Ochroconis;20.Rhodotorula;21.Paraphoma;22.Bipolaris;23.Gamsia;24.Volutella;25.Thelonectria;26.Sarocladium;27.Aspergillus;28.Papiliotrema;29.Rhizophagus;30.Knufia;31.Coprinellus;32.Cordyceps;33.Scedosporium;34.Podospora;35.Alternaria;36.Colletotrichum;37.Olpidium;38.Clonostachys;39.Powellomyces;40.Lophiostoma;41.Leptosphaeria;42.Plectosphaerella;43.Schizophyllum;44.Latorua;45.Thielavia;46.Mortierella;47.Malassezia;48.Aureobasidium;49.Ramicandelaber;50.Stagonosporopsis;51.Peziza.

Fig.9 Bacteria phylum level RDA analysis

Fig.10 Bacteria genus level RDA analysis

Fig.11 Fungi phylum level RDA analysis

Fig.12 Fungi genus level RDA analysis

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