河西灌区不同农作模式对玉米光合作用、叶片结构及产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194690

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究不同农作模式对玉米生长发育、光合作用、叶片结构及产量的影响,为优化河西绿洲灌区耕作栽培措施和创建玉米高效种植模式提供理论依据。试验设置免耕(NT)与传统翻耕(CT)2种耕作方式,小麦玉米间作(W/M)、麦后插播冬油菜玉米轮作(W-G→M)、小麦玉米轮作(W-M)3种种植模式,共6个处理。结果表明,与CT相比,NT玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积分别增加6.83%,4.10%,3.97%,间作玉米干物质量高于轮作但差异不显著;叶片色素随生育期呈先增后减的趋势,表现为NT叶绿素a、b与类胡萝卜素较CT分别高11.93%,22.41%,13.43%,且差异显著;NT叶片净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)较CT分别高9.17%,3.81%,CT处理气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)较NT分别高9.95%,1.48%;NT玉米叶片结构较优,叶肉细胞多且排列有序,维管束清晰可见,花环结构较大,栅栏组织与海绵组织丰富,NT叶片较CT厚2.51%,且差异显著;NT玉米较CT增产8.02%,间作产量收益大于轮作(LER>1)。研究发现,免耕玉米生长发育、叶片结构及产量均优于传统耕作,间作比轮作更有利于增产,故可将免耕小麦间作玉米作为该区主要的农作模式进行推广。

关键词: 玉米, 免耕, 间作, 光合作用, 叶片结构, 产量

Abstract:

To explore the effects of different farming modes on the growth and development,photosynthesis,leaf structure and yield of maize,and to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the cultivation measures and creating efficient planting patterns of maize in Hexi oasis irrigation area.Two tillage methods,no-tillage(NT)and conventional tillage(CT),and three planting patterns,wheat-maize intercropping(W/M),winter rapeseed-maize rotation after wheat(W-G→M),and wheat-maize rotation(W-M),were set up in the experiment,with a total of 6 treatments.The results showed that compared with CT,the plant height,stem diameter and leaf area of NT maize increased by 6.83%,4.10% and 3.97%,respectively.The dry matter quality of intercropping maize was higher than that of rotation,but the difference was not significant.The leaf pigments increased first and then decreased with the growth period,which showed that NT chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids were 11.93%,22.41% and 13.43% higher than CT,respectively,and the difference was significant.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and intercellular CO₂ concentration(Ci)of NT leaves were 9.17% and 3.81% higher than those of CT.The stomatal conductance(Gs)and transpiration rate(Tr)of CT treatment were 9.95% and 1.48% higher than those of NT.The leaf structure of NT maize was better,the mesophyll cells were more and arranged in order,the vascular bundles were clearly visible,the garland structure was larger,the palisade tissue and sponge tissue were rich,and the leaf thickness of NT was 2.51% thicker than that of CT,and the difference was significant.The yield of NT maize increased by 8.02% compared with CT,and the yield benefit of intercropping was greater than that of rotation(LER>1).This study found that the growth and development,leaf structure and yield of no-tillage maize were better than those of traditional tillage,and wheat intercropping maize could be promoted as the main farming mode in this area.

Key words: Maize, No tillage, Intercropping, Photosynthesis, Blade structure, Yield

姜晓敏, 杨彩红, 崔文强, 田琨. 河西灌区不同农作模式对玉米光合作用、叶片结构及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(3): 124-134. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194690.

JIANG Xiaomin, YANG Caihong, CUI Wenqiang, TIAN Kun. Effects of Different Cropping Patterns on Photosynthesis,Leaf Structure and Yield of Maize in Hexi Irrigation Area[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(3): 124-134. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194690.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I3/124

图/表 12

参考文献 34

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作物 Crop	品种 Breed	行距及株距/cm Row spacing and plant spacing	播种密度/(万粒/hm²) Sowing density	带宽/cm Bandwidth	施肥量/(kg/hm²) Fertilization amount
小麦	宁春3号	行距12	轮作675	80	纯氮180
Wheat			间作375		纯磷90
玉米	先玉335	行距40	轮作8.25	140	纯氮360
Maize		株距24	间作5.25		纯磷180
冬油菜	陇油6号	行距20	开沟条播		纯氮225
Winter rape		株距10

作物 Crop	品种 Breed	行距及株距/cm Row spacing and plant spacing	播种密度/(万粒/hm²) Sowing density	带宽/cm Bandwidth	施肥量/(kg/hm²) Fertilization amount
小麦	宁春3号	行距12	轮作675	80	纯氮180
Wheat			间作375		纯磷90
玉米	先玉335	行距40	轮作8.25	140	纯氮360
Maize		株距24	间作5.25		纯磷180
冬油菜	陇油6号	行距20	开沟条播		纯氮225
Winter rape		株距10

生育期 Growth period	处理 Treatment	叶绿素a Chla	叶绿素b Chlb	类胡萝卜素 Cs
拔节期	NTW/M	1.75±0.23a	0.39±0.36a	0.02±0.03c
Jointing stage	CTW/M	1.27±0.02a	0.25±0.10a	0.02±0.32b
	NTW-G→M	1.64±0.27a	0.23±0.12a	0.03±0.39a
	CTW-G→M	1.61±0.49a	0.10±0.02a	0.02±0.84c
	NTW-M	1.49±0.15a	0.17±0.06a	0.02±0.22d
	CTW-M	1.58±0.13a	0.19±0.08a	0.02±0.21b
大喇叭口期	NTW/M	2.25±0.17ab	0.85±0.13ab	0.03±0.02b
Flare opening stage	CTW/M	1.62±0.18b	0.48±0.07b	0.03±0.01c
	NTW-G→M	2.12±0.43ab	0.81±0.27ab	0.03±0.02d
	CTW-G→M	2.51±0.09a	1.09±0.15a	0.03±0.01a
	NTW-M	2.17±0.08ab	0.82±0.01ab	0.03±0.02bc
	CTW-M	1.95±0.42ab	0.68±0.25ab	0.03±0.02c
抽雄期	NTW/M	2.42±0.06a	0.95±0.06a	0.03±0.02c
Tasseling stage	CTW/M	1.64±0.33b	0.48±0.11b	0.03±0.00d
	NTW-G→M	2.47±0.16a	1.01±0.19a	0.03±0.01d
	CTW-G→M	2.23±0.34a	0.90±0.25a	0.03±0.01b
	NTW-M	2.40±0.12a	0.91±0.09a	0.04±0.02a
	CTW-M	2.24±0.19a	0.96±0.09a	0.03±0.03b
灌浆期	NTW/M	2.44±0.32a	0.73±0.18ab	0.03±0.02b
Filling stage	CTW/M	2.28±0.12ab	0.60±0.08bc	0.03±0.01c
	NTW-G→M	2.73±0.03a	0.98±0.11a	0.04±0.03a
	CTW-G→M	1.93±0.13b	0.38±0.06c	0.03±0.03c
	NTW-M	2.57±0.20ab	0.69±0.12b	0.04±0.01a
	CTW-M	2.35±0.20a	0.86±0.14ab	0.03±0.00c
成熟期	NTW/M	0.06±0.01bc	0.02±0.00ab	0.02±0.01d
Maturity stage	CTW/M	0.03±0.01d	0.01±0.00cd	0.01±0.00f
	NTW-G→M	0.07±0.00ab	0.02±0.00a	0.03±0.03a
	CTW-G→M	0.06±0.01bc	0.01±0.01bc	0.02±0.00e
	NTW-M	0.05±0.01cd	0.01±0.00d	0.03±0.01b
	CTW-M	0.09±0.01a	0.02±0.00ab	0.02±0.01c

生育期 Growth period	处理 Treatment	叶绿素a Chla	叶绿素b Chlb	类胡萝卜素 Cs
拔节期	NTW/M	1.75±0.23a	0.39±0.36a	0.02±0.03c
Jointing stage	CTW/M	1.27±0.02a	0.25±0.10a	0.02±0.32b
	NTW-G→M	1.64±0.27a	0.23±0.12a	0.03±0.39a
	CTW-G→M	1.61±0.49a	0.10±0.02a	0.02±0.84c
	NTW-M	1.49±0.15a	0.17±0.06a	0.02±0.22d
	CTW-M	1.58±0.13a	0.19±0.08a	0.02±0.21b
大喇叭口期	NTW/M	2.25±0.17ab	0.85±0.13ab	0.03±0.02b
Flare opening stage	CTW/M	1.62±0.18b	0.48±0.07b	0.03±0.01c
	NTW-G→M	2.12±0.43ab	0.81±0.27ab	0.03±0.02d
	CTW-G→M	2.51±0.09a	1.09±0.15a	0.03±0.01a
	NTW-M	2.17±0.08ab	0.82±0.01ab	0.03±0.02bc
	CTW-M	1.95±0.42ab	0.68±0.25ab	0.03±0.02c
抽雄期	NTW/M	2.42±0.06a	0.95±0.06a	0.03±0.02c
Tasseling stage	CTW/M	1.64±0.33b	0.48±0.11b	0.03±0.00d
	NTW-G→M	2.47±0.16a	1.01±0.19a	0.03±0.01d
	CTW-G→M	2.23±0.34a	0.90±0.25a	0.03±0.01b
	NTW-M	2.40±0.12a	0.91±0.09a	0.04±0.02a
	CTW-M	2.24±0.19a	0.96±0.09a	0.03±0.03b
灌浆期	NTW/M	2.44±0.32a	0.73±0.18ab	0.03±0.02b
Filling stage	CTW/M	2.28±0.12ab	0.60±0.08bc	0.03±0.01c
	NTW-G→M	2.73±0.03a	0.98±0.11a	0.04±0.03a
	CTW-G→M	1.93±0.13b	0.38±0.06c	0.03±0.03c
	NTW-M	2.57±0.20ab	0.69±0.12b	0.04±0.01a
	CTW-M	2.35±0.20a	0.86±0.14ab	0.03±0.00c
成熟期	NTW/M	0.06±0.01bc	0.02±0.00ab	0.02±0.01d
Maturity stage	CTW/M	0.03±0.01d	0.01±0.00cd	0.01±0.00f
	NTW-G→M	0.07±0.00ab	0.02±0.00a	0.03±0.03a
	CTW-G→M	0.06±0.01bc	0.01±0.01bc	0.02±0.00e
	NTW-M	0.05±0.01cd	0.01±0.00d	0.03±0.01b
	CTW-M	0.09±0.01a	0.02±0.00ab	0.02±0.01c

生育期 Growth period	处理 Treatment	净光合速率/ (μmol/(m²·s)) Pn	气孔导度/ (mmol/(m²·s)) Gs	胞间CO₂浓度/ (μmol/L) Ci	蒸腾速率/ (μmol/(m²·s)) Tr
拔节期	NTW/M	24.37±1.94ef	0.06±0.01c	908.39±6.10b	1.73±0.15cd
Jointing stage	CTW/M	21.15±3.33f	0.07±0.04c	921.03±6.44b	0.99±0.89cd
	NTW-G→M	26.35±1.15de	0.04±0.01d	803.29±3.08b	1.18±0.21cd
	CTW-G→M	26.62±2.21de	0.05±0.01d	916.97±11.52b	1.62±0.40cd
	NTW-M	24.82±1.71ef	0.09±0.01b	962.93±1.81b	2.54±0.23c
	CTW-M	21.36±4.33f	0.11±0.07a	889.09±5.20b	1.18±0.85cd
大喇叭口期	NTW/M	35.14±2.32ab	0.10±0.01ab	195.57±2.14cd	4.46±0.07ab
Flare opening stage	CTW/M	31.57±3.90b	0.10±0.04ab	246.43±10.50cd	4.70±1.37ab
	NTW-G→M	29.14±1.68cd	0.09±0.03b	293.03±2.08cd	3.83±0.99b
	CTW-G→M	24.25±2.61ef	0.10±0.02ab	256.42±0.52cd	4.33±0.63ab
	NTW-M	31.91±6.17b	0.09±0.03b	262.07±3.07cd	3.96±1.00b
	CTW-M	29.28±3.96bc	0.10±0.01ab	154.37±2.20d	4.40±0.18ab
抽雄期	NTW/M	36.97±0.77a	0.08±0.01bc	132.02±0.48d	3.95±0.52b
Tasseling stage	CTW/M	36.09±0.82a	0.10±0.02ab	300.05±20.07cd	4.75±0.63ab
	NTW-G→M	35.85±2.21ab	0.13±0.02a	293.26±15.82cd	5.68±0.60a
	CTW-G→M	37.14±2.59a	0.11±0.02a	228.72±10.06cd	5.13±0.56ab
	NTW-M	33.52±2.96ab	0.09±0.01b	888.58±8.69b	4.42±0.68ab
	CTW-M	34.41±2.95ab	0.09±0.03b	679.32±9.50b	4.22±1.14ab
灌浆期	NTW/M	35.56±2.91a	0.04±0.02d	1 680.67±8.93b	1.84±0.81cd
Filling stage	CTW/M	34.09±2.04ab	0.04±0.01d	1 547.00±5.31b	1.73±0.53cd
	NTW-G→M	36.50±2.68a	0.05±0.01d	1 242.51±9.60b	2.28±0.32c
	CTW-G→M	31.17±6.88b	0.05±0.01d	1 306.51±3.68b	2.21±0.54c
	NTW-M	35.46±2.95a	0.02±0.01e	3 077.18±8.57a	0.96±0.21cd
	CTW-M	31.09±5.85b	0.06±0.01c	1 253.30±3.57b	2.52±0.27c
成熟期	NTW/M	7.83±1.35g	0.01±0.01e	677.41±4.49b	0.36±0.20d
Maturity stage	CTW/M	4.48±2.13g	0.01±0.01e	1 447.33±2.52b	0.17±0.14d
	NTW-G→M	6.60±2.20g	0.01±0.01e	841.51±3.61b	0.43±0.18d
	CTW-G→M	4.03±0.45g	0.01±0.01e	1 134.30±4.74b	0.30±0.18d
	NTW-M	5.51±1.31g	0.01±0.01e	519.81±3.38b	0.35±0.14d
	CTW-M	4.73±0.47g	0.01±0.01e	1 028.55±4.08b	0.32±0.16d

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