旱作及限水灌溉条件下密度对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194879

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了明确旱作及限水灌溉条件下密度对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响,以济麦22为试验材料,于2022-2023年度在石家庄市藁城试验站开展试验,设置4个密度水平,分别为基本苗180万(D180),300万(D300),420万(D420),540万/hm²(D540),每个密度下设置2个灌溉水平,分别为全生育期不灌水(W0)和拔节期灌溉1水(W1),比较分析了各处理叶(旗叶、倒二叶、倒三叶、倒四叶)和非叶绿色器官(穗、芒、茎鞘)面积及面积指数、干物质积累与运转、光合有效辐射截获率、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的差异。结果表明,随着密度增加,各叶层叶面积和非叶绿色器官面积均呈下降趋势。叶和非叶绿色器官面积指数均以D300处理最高,且均显著高于D540处理。各处理花后干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率均达70%以上,与D540处理相比,降低密度减少了花前干物质转运量,但增加了花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率。随着密度增加,WUE呈先升高后降低趋势,以D300处理最高,在W0和W1处理下较其余密度处理增幅分别为1.2%~14.4%和2.5%~12.7%。与W0处理相比,W1处理增加了各密度叶和非叶绿色器官面积,延缓了叶片衰退,提高了冠层光合有效辐射截获率,产量增幅为28.1%~39.7%。本试验条件下,D300处理提高了叶和非叶绿色器官面积及面积指数,增加了冠层光合有效辐射截获率和花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,该密度在W0和W1处理下的产量分别较其余密度高2.4%~6.6%和0.3%~9.7%,是此次试验的最优密度处理。

关键词: 小麦, 密度, 群体结构, 个体结构, 产量

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of density on individual and population structure characteristics and yield of winter wheat under rainfed and limited water supply conditions,a field experiment was carried out at Gaocheng Experimental Station,Shijiazhuang City during 2022-2023 season using JM22 wheat cultivar under four densities:which were 1.8×10⁶ (D180),3.0×10⁶ (D300),4.2×10⁶ (D420) and 5.4×10⁶ (D540) plants/ha.Two irrigation treatments for each density,which were no irrigation during the whole growth period (W0) and irrigated once at the jointing stage (W1).The influence of planting density and irrigation treatments on leaf area (flag leaf,top 2 nd leaf,top 3 nd leaf,top 4 th leaf),non-leaf green organs (ear,awns,stem sheath) area,leaf area index,non-leaf green organ area index,dry matter accumulation,photosynthetic active radiation interception rate,water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat were studied.The results showed that the leaf area of each leaf layer and non-leaf green organs decreased with the increase of density.D300 treatment got the highest leaf area index and non-leaf green organs index,and significantly higher than that in D540.The contribution of post-anthesis dry matter to grain yield was more than 70%.Compared with D540 treatment,reducing plant density decreased the transfer of dry matter before anthesis,but increased the accumulation of dry matter after anthesis and its contribution to grain yield.With the increase of density,WUE increased first and then decreased,D300 treatment achieved the highest WUE.Specifically,the WUE of D300 was 1.2%-14.4% and 2.5%-12.7% higher than that of other densities under W0 and W1,respectively.Compared with W0,W1 treatment increased the area of leaf and non-leaf green organs of different densities,delayed leaf senescence,and improved the photosynthetic active radiation interception rate of canopy.Ultimately,the grain yield increased by 28.1%-39.7%.Under the conditions of this experiment,D300 treatment increased the leaf and non-leaf green organ area,leaf and non-leaf green organ area index,canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception rate,post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and its contribution to final grain yield.The yield of D300 was 2.4%-6.6% and 0.3%-9.7% higher than that of the other densities under W0 and W1,respectively,which was the optimal density in this study.

Key words: Wheat, Density, Population structure, Individual structure, Yield

李艳东, 常黎明, 黄琴, 王雅群, 王鹏月, 房琴, 李瑞奇. 旱作及限水灌溉条件下密度对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(5): 149-160. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194879.

LI Yandong, CHANG Liming, HUANG Qin, WANG Yaqun, WANG Pengyue, FANG Qin, LI Ruiqi. Effects of Planting Density on Individual and Population Structure Characteristics and Yield of Winter Wheat under Rainfed and Limited Water Supply Conditions[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(5): 149-160. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194879.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I5/149

图/表 10

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灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	面积 Area
灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	叶片 Leaf	芒 Awn	穗 Spike	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	非叶绿色器官 Non-leaf organ	全部绿色器官 Total green organ area
W0	0 DAA	D180	50.47±2.03a	15.95±0.60a	22.56±0.23a	58.48±0.39a	96.99±0.84a	147.47±1.19a
		D300	49.76±0.78a	15.82±0.93a	22.18±0.20a	58.16±0.39a	96.16±1.20a	145.92±0.81a
		D420	44.01±0.39b	12.94±0.16b	20.56±0.31b	54.57±1.74b	88.07±1.88b	132.08±2.03b
		D540	40.56±1.36c	11.40±0.32c	19.17±0.15c	51.16±0.24c	81.74±0.36c	122.29±1.70c
	10 DAA	D180	39.80±2.14a	12.19±0.09a	23.82±0.24a	54.21±0.68a	90.21±0.73a	130.01±2.06a
		D300	39.12±1.18a	12.03±0.50a	23.59±1.13a	53.80±0.46a	89.42±1.26a	128.54±2.31a
		D420	33.13±0.08b	11.02±0.33b	21.77±0.64b	48.56±0.53b	81.35±0.95b	114.48±0.92b
		D540	30.07±1.63c	10.73±0.77b	21.53±0.31b	47.36±0.38c	79.62±0.86b	109.69±0.82c
	20 DAA	D180	27.04±0.99a	2.82±0.10a	24.78±0.27a	48.34±0.17a	75.94±0.12a	102.98±0.90a
		D300	26.79±0.93a	2.61±0.44a	24.64±0.14a	47.61±0.36a	74.86±0.58a	101.66±0.95a
		D420	22.30±0.26b	1.53±0.32b	23.32±0.07b	41.30±0.58b	66.15±0.63b	88.46±0.39b
		D540	21.47±0.39b	1.37±0.09b	22.36±0.48c	38.00±0.63c	61.73±0.97c	83.20±1.09c
W1	0 DAA	D180	61.17±1.66a	16.34±0.24a	23.94±0.22a	65.04±0.70a	105.33±0.48a	166.50±1.45a
		D300	57.37±1.27b	15.97±0.33a	23.76±0.53a	64.91±0.27a	104.63±0.98a	162.00±0.45b
		D420	52.64±1.60c	13.37±0.54b	22.47±1.07b	61.14±1.38b	96.97±0.45b	149.61±1.16c
		D540	50.19±0.81c	12.58±0.38c	21.13±0.24c	58.48±1.12c	92.19±1.65c	142.38±2.31d
	10 DAA	D180	49.68±2.01a	14.71±0.18a	26.16±0.17a	61.59±0.36a	102.46±0.47a	152.14±1.66a
		D300	48.03±1.29a	14.53±0.43a	25.90±0.95a	61.43±0.21a	101.86±0.95a	149.89±2.05a
		D420	38.78±1.17b	12.97±0.30b	23.61±0.32b	57.19±0.08b	93.77±0.57b	132.55±1.58b
		D540	36.74±0.47b	12.46±0.75b	22.94±0.53b	56.40±0.39c	91.81±1.42c	128.55±0.98c
	20 DAA	D180	43.43±2.26a	4.17±0.04a	26.67±0.18a	56.45±0.41a	87.30±0.27a	130.73±1.99a
		D300	40.09±0.52b	4.06±0.38a	26.55±0.42a	56.09±0.24a	86.70±0.32a	126.79±0.57b
		D420	32.33±0.39c	2.91±0.10b	25.20±0.34b	51.21±0.13b	79.32±0.32b	111.65±0.62c
		D540	30.58±1.00c	2.75±0.33b	24.28±0.55c	49.38±0.38c	76.41±1.03c	106.99±0.29d

灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	面积 Area
灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	叶片 Leaf	芒 Awn	穗 Spike	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	非叶绿色器官 Non-leaf organ	全部绿色器官 Total green organ area
W0	0 DAA	D180	50.47±2.03a	15.95±0.60a	22.56±0.23a	58.48±0.39a	96.99±0.84a	147.47±1.19a
		D300	49.76±0.78a	15.82±0.93a	22.18±0.20a	58.16±0.39a	96.16±1.20a	145.92±0.81a
		D420	44.01±0.39b	12.94±0.16b	20.56±0.31b	54.57±1.74b	88.07±1.88b	132.08±2.03b
		D540	40.56±1.36c	11.40±0.32c	19.17±0.15c	51.16±0.24c	81.74±0.36c	122.29±1.70c
	10 DAA	D180	39.80±2.14a	12.19±0.09a	23.82±0.24a	54.21±0.68a	90.21±0.73a	130.01±2.06a
		D300	39.12±1.18a	12.03±0.50a	23.59±1.13a	53.80±0.46a	89.42±1.26a	128.54±2.31a
		D420	33.13±0.08b	11.02±0.33b	21.77±0.64b	48.56±0.53b	81.35±0.95b	114.48±0.92b
		D540	30.07±1.63c	10.73±0.77b	21.53±0.31b	47.36±0.38c	79.62±0.86b	109.69±0.82c
	20 DAA	D180	27.04±0.99a	2.82±0.10a	24.78±0.27a	48.34±0.17a	75.94±0.12a	102.98±0.90a
		D300	26.79±0.93a	2.61±0.44a	24.64±0.14a	47.61±0.36a	74.86±0.58a	101.66±0.95a
		D420	22.30±0.26b	1.53±0.32b	23.32±0.07b	41.30±0.58b	66.15±0.63b	88.46±0.39b
		D540	21.47±0.39b	1.37±0.09b	22.36±0.48c	38.00±0.63c	61.73±0.97c	83.20±1.09c
W1	0 DAA	D180	61.17±1.66a	16.34±0.24a	23.94±0.22a	65.04±0.70a	105.33±0.48a	166.50±1.45a
		D300	57.37±1.27b	15.97±0.33a	23.76±0.53a	64.91±0.27a	104.63±0.98a	162.00±0.45b
		D420	52.64±1.60c	13.37±0.54b	22.47±1.07b	61.14±1.38b	96.97±0.45b	149.61±1.16c
		D540	50.19±0.81c	12.58±0.38c	21.13±0.24c	58.48±1.12c	92.19±1.65c	142.38±2.31d
	10 DAA	D180	49.68±2.01a	14.71±0.18a	26.16±0.17a	61.59±0.36a	102.46±0.47a	152.14±1.66a
		D300	48.03±1.29a	14.53±0.43a	25.90±0.95a	61.43±0.21a	101.86±0.95a	149.89±2.05a
		D420	38.78±1.17b	12.97±0.30b	23.61±0.32b	57.19±0.08b	93.77±0.57b	132.55±1.58b
		D540	36.74±0.47b	12.46±0.75b	22.94±0.53b	56.40±0.39c	91.81±1.42c	128.55±0.98c
	20 DAA	D180	43.43±2.26a	4.17±0.04a	26.67±0.18a	56.45±0.41a	87.30±0.27a	130.73±1.99a
		D300	40.09±0.52b	4.06±0.38a	26.55±0.42a	56.09±0.24a	86.70±0.32a	126.79±0.57b
		D420	32.33±0.39c	2.91±0.10b	25.20±0.34b	51.21±0.13b	79.32±0.32b	111.65±0.62c
		D540	30.58±1.00c	2.75±0.33b	24.28±0.55c	49.38±0.38c	76.41±1.03c	106.99±0.29d

灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	叶面积指数 Leaf area index
灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	叶片 Leaf	芒 Awn	穗 Spike	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	非叶绿色器官 Non-leaf organ	全部绿色器官 Total green organ area
W0	0 DAA	D180	2.60±0.105ab	0.42±0.016a	0.59±0.006b	1.53±0.010b	2.54±0.022b	5.14±0.083b
		D300	2.71±0.043a	0.44±0.026a	0.61±0.006a	1.61±0.011a	2.67±0.033a	5.38±0.029a
		D420	2.54±0.022b	0.38±0.005b	0.60±0.013ab	1.61±0.051a	2.59±0.060b	5.13±0.071b
		D540	2.36±0.079c	0.36±0.010b	0.60±0.005ab	1.61±0.008a	2.57±0.011b	4.92±0.090c
	10 DAA	D180	2.05±0.110ab	0.31±0.002a	0.61±0.006a	1.40±0.017b	2.33±0.019b	4.38±0.107b
		D300	2.13±0.064a	0.33±0.014a	0.64±0.031a	1.46±0.013a	2.43±0.034a	4.56±0.094a
		D420	1.91±0.005b	0.32±0.009a	0.63±0.018a	1.40±0.015b	2.35±0.027b	4.26±0.026b
		D540	1.75±0.095c	0.31±0.022a	0.63±0.009a	1.38±0.011b	2.31±0.025b	4.06±0.071c
	20 DAA	D180	1.39±0.051a	0.07±0.003a	0.64±0.007b	1.25±0.004b	1.96±0.003b	3.35±0.049b
		D300	1.46±0.051a	0.07±0.012a	0.67±0.004a	1.30±0.010a	2.04±0.016a	3.50±0.049a
		D420	1.29±0.015b	0.04±0.009b	0.67±0.002a	1.19±0.017c	1.91±0.018c	3.19±0.006c
		D540	1.25±0.023b	0.04±0.003b	0.65±0.014b	1.10±0.018d	1.79±0.028d	3.04±0.038d
W1	0 DAA	D180	3.66±0.099ab	0.50±0.007b	0.74±0.007b	2.00±0.022c	3.24±0.016b	6.90±0.103bc
		D300	3.77±0.083a	0.54±0.011a	0.80±0.018a	2.18±0.009a	3.51±0.030a	7.28±0.055a
		D420	3.59±0.109bc	0.47±0.019c	0.80±0.038a	2.17±0.049ab	3.43±0.074a	7.03±0.135b
		D540	3.46±0.056c	0.45±0.014c	0.76±0.009ab	2.11±0.040b	3.33±0.060b	6.79±0.108c
	10 DAA	D180	2.97±0.120b	0.44±0.005b	0.78±0.005b	1.84±0.011c	3.06±0.014c	6.03±0.109b
		D300	3.15±0.084a	0.48±0.014a	0.85±0.031a	2.02±0.007a	3.34±0.031a	6.50±0.108a
		D420	2.65±0.079c	0.44±0.010b	0.81±0.011b	1.95±0.003b	3.20±0.019b	5.84±0.093c
		D540	2.54±0.033c	0.43±0.026b	0.79±0.018b	1.95±0.014b	3.17±0.049b	5.70±0.020c
	20 DAA	D180	2.60±0.135a	0.12±0.001a	0.80±0.005c	1.69±0.012c	2.61±0.008c	5.21±0.127b
		D300	2.63±0.034a	0.13±0.012a	0.87±0.014a	1.84±0.008a	2.85±0.011a	5.48±0.034a
		D420	2.21±0.026b	0.10±0.003b	0.86±0.011ab	1.75±0.004b	2.71±0.011b	4.91±0.033c
		D540	2.11±0.069b	0.09±0.011b	0.84±0.019b	1.70±0.013c	2.64±0.035c	4.75±0.037d

灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	叶面积指数 Leaf area index
灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	时期 Stages	密度处理 Density treatments	叶片 Leaf	芒 Awn	穗 Spike	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	非叶绿色器官 Non-leaf organ	全部绿色器官 Total green organ area
W0	0 DAA	D180	2.60±0.105ab	0.42±0.016a	0.59±0.006b	1.53±0.010b	2.54±0.022b	5.14±0.083b
		D300	2.71±0.043a	0.44±0.026a	0.61±0.006a	1.61±0.011a	2.67±0.033a	5.38±0.029a
		D420	2.54±0.022b	0.38±0.005b	0.60±0.013ab	1.61±0.051a	2.59±0.060b	5.13±0.071b
		D540	2.36±0.079c	0.36±0.010b	0.60±0.005ab	1.61±0.008a	2.57±0.011b	4.92±0.090c
	10 DAA	D180	2.05±0.110ab	0.31±0.002a	0.61±0.006a	1.40±0.017b	2.33±0.019b	4.38±0.107b
		D300	2.13±0.064a	0.33±0.014a	0.64±0.031a	1.46±0.013a	2.43±0.034a	4.56±0.094a
		D420	1.91±0.005b	0.32±0.009a	0.63±0.018a	1.40±0.015b	2.35±0.027b	4.26±0.026b
		D540	1.75±0.095c	0.31±0.022a	0.63±0.009a	1.38±0.011b	2.31±0.025b	4.06±0.071c
	20 DAA	D180	1.39±0.051a	0.07±0.003a	0.64±0.007b	1.25±0.004b	1.96±0.003b	3.35±0.049b
		D300	1.46±0.051a	0.07±0.012a	0.67±0.004a	1.30±0.010a	2.04±0.016a	3.50±0.049a
		D420	1.29±0.015b	0.04±0.009b	0.67±0.002a	1.19±0.017c	1.91±0.018c	3.19±0.006c
		D540	1.25±0.023b	0.04±0.003b	0.65±0.014b	1.10±0.018d	1.79±0.028d	3.04±0.038d
W1	0 DAA	D180	3.66±0.099ab	0.50±0.007b	0.74±0.007b	2.00±0.022c	3.24±0.016b	6.90±0.103bc
		D300	3.77±0.083a	0.54±0.011a	0.80±0.018a	2.18±0.009a	3.51±0.030a	7.28±0.055a
		D420	3.59±0.109bc	0.47±0.019c	0.80±0.038a	2.17±0.049ab	3.43±0.074a	7.03±0.135b
		D540	3.46±0.056c	0.45±0.014c	0.76±0.009ab	2.11±0.040b	3.33±0.060b	6.79±0.108c
	10 DAA	D180	2.97±0.120b	0.44±0.005b	0.78±0.005b	1.84±0.011c	3.06±0.014c	6.03±0.109b
		D300	3.15±0.084a	0.48±0.014a	0.85±0.031a	2.02±0.007a	3.34±0.031a	6.50±0.108a
		D420	2.65±0.079c	0.44±0.010b	0.81±0.011b	1.95±0.003b	3.20±0.019b	5.84±0.093c
		D540	2.54±0.033c	0.43±0.026b	0.79±0.018b	1.95±0.014b	3.17±0.049b	5.70±0.020c
	20 DAA	D180	2.60±0.135a	0.12±0.001a	0.80±0.005c	1.69±0.012c	2.61±0.008c	5.21±0.127b
		D300	2.63±0.034a	0.13±0.012a	0.87±0.014a	1.84±0.008a	2.85±0.011a	5.48±0.034a
		D420	2.21±0.026b	0.10±0.003b	0.86±0.011ab	1.75±0.004b	2.71±0.011b	4.91±0.033c
		D540	2.11±0.069b	0.09±0.011b	0.84±0.019b	1.70±0.013c	2.64±0.035c	4.75±0.037d

灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	密度处理 Density treatments	开花前Pre-anthesis				开花后Post-anthesis
灌水处理 Irrigation treatments	密度处理 Density treatments	积累量/(kg/hm²) Accumulation	转运量/ (kg/hm²) Dry matter mobilization	转运率/% Dry matter mobilization efficiency	对籽粒产量的贡献率/% Contribution to grain yield	积累量/ (kg/hm²) Accumulation	对籽粒产量的贡献率/% Contribution to grain yield
W0	D180	9 447.5±71.0d	971.2±71.0de	10.3	15.9	5 128.1±327.5cd	84.1
	D300	9 869.6±149.2cd	897.9±68.0e	5.0	14.4	5 348.4±95.6bcd	85.6
	D420	9 951.6±71.6cd	1 253.7±198.2cd	5.8	21.1	4 686.8±320.2de	78.9
	D540	10 126.9±325.3c	1 502.4±139.5bc	11.7	25.6	4 356.0±139.5e	74.4
W1	D180	10 664.9±626.9b	1 419.6±216.8bc	9.6	18.2	6 392.9±520.7a	81.8
	D300	10 984.6±193.7ab	1 693.6±166.1b	9.6	20.3	6 631.4±407.1a	79.7
	D420	11 204.0±207.3a	2 247.2±207.3a	15.2	27.1	6 051.4±381.7ab	72.9
	D540	11 498.8±228.1a	2 114.9±228.1a	14.2	27.9	5 474.9±696.8bc	72.1

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