引入豆角的轮作模式对设施土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20192458

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究引入豆角的轮作模式对设施土壤硝态氮淋失的影响及机理,2018—2020年采用田间定位试验对比番茄-甜瓜、豆角-甜瓜、番茄-豆角3种轮作模式下设施土壤硝态氮淋失量的变化特征,并探讨驱动硝态氮淋失差异的关键因子。结果表明,相对于传统番茄-甜瓜轮作,引入豆角的轮作模式显著降低硝态氮淋失,其中,番茄-豆角轮作2 a总硝态氮淋失量比番茄-甜瓜显著下降39.74%,豆角-甜瓜轮作硝态氮淋失量比番茄-甜瓜降低6.32%。3种轮作模式中,番茄-豆角环境效益最佳,为推荐种植模式。Spearman相关分析表明,设施土壤硝态氮淋失量受0~100 cm土壤储水量、硝态氮累积量和温度影响最大,呈极显著正相关;与0~100 cm有机碳储量和全氮累积量显著正相关,与0~60 cm土壤pH值显著负相关。与传统番茄-甜瓜轮作相比,推荐种植模式(番茄-豆角)主要通过显著降低0~100 cm土壤储水量、硝态氮和全氮累积量并提高土壤pH值,从而改变土壤理化性质,以及缓解氮淋失敏感季节有机氮矿化等作用引起的背景氮淋失从而改变氮循环过程等途径降低硝态氮淋失。

关键词: 豆科轮作, 氮淋失, 设施蔬菜, 土壤性质, 温度

Abstract:

To investigate the effect and mechanism of different rotation systems on nitrate leaching,field experiments were carried out from 2018 to 2020 to compare the variation characteristics of nitrate leaching in greenhouse soil under three rotation systems,i.e.tomato-melon(TM),bean-melon(BM)and tomato-bean(TB),and to explore the controlling factors for differences in nitrate leaching.Results showed that the rotation with Vigna unguiculata significantly reduced the amount of nitrate leaching compared with the traditional TM rotation.The total nitrate leaching loss of TB was significantly decreased by 39.74% compared with TM,however,the nitrate leaching loss of BM were significantly decreased by 6.32%.Collectively,TB had the best environmental benefits among three rotations,which was the recommended rotation pattern.Spearman correlation analysis showed that the NO₃^-NO₃^--N leaching was most affected by 0—100 cm soil water storage,soil NO₃^--N accumulation and temperature,with a highly significant positive correlation.A positive correlation of NO₃^--N leaching with 0—100 cm organic carbon storage and soil total nitrogen accumulation,as well as a negative correlation with 0—60 cm soil pH value were also observed.Comparing with the traditional TM,the decreasing of nitrate leaching in recommended rotation pattern(TB)was mainly attributed to significant reduction of 0—100 cm soil water storage,soil NO₃-N and total nitrogen accumulation,and significant increment of soil pH value to chang soil physical and chemical properties,together with alleviating the background nitrate leaching caused by organic nitrogen mineralization in sensitive leaching seasons.

Key words: Rotation with legumes, Nitrogen leaching, Greenhouse vegetable, Soil property, Temperature

刘蕾, 王凌, 肖广敏, 茹淑华, 孙世友, 郜静, 李玭, 赵欧亚, 张国印. 引入豆角的轮作模式对设施土壤硝态氮淋失的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(1): 129-136. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192458.

LIU Lei, WANG Ling, XIAO Guangmin, RU Shuhua, SUN Shiyou, GAO Jing, LI Pin, ZHAO Ouya, ZHANG Guoyin. Effects of Crop Rotation with Bean on the Nitrate Leaching in Greenhouse Soils[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(1): 129-136. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192458.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2022/V37/I1/129

图/表 7

表1 不同轮作模式下周年养分及水分投入量

Tab.1 Fertilizer and water input under different rotations in a year

项目 Items	西红柿-甜瓜 Tomato-Melon	豆角-甜瓜 Bean-Melon	西红柿-豆角 Tomato-Bean
N/(kg/hm²)	1 583(775+808)	1 244(437+808)	1 212(775+437)
P₂O₅/(kg/hm²)	864(420+444)	845(401+444)	821(420+401)
K₂O/(kg/hm²)	2 360(1 162+1 198)	1 759(562+1 198)	1 724(1 162+562)
灌溉量/(m³/hm²)Irrigation	19 800(10 800+9 000)	13 500(4 500+9 000)	15 300(10 800+4 500)

图1 不同轮作模式对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的影响
TM.番茄-甜瓜,BM.豆角-甜瓜,TB.番茄-豆角;S1、S3分别代表第1,3茬(秋冬茬);S2、S4分别代表第2,4茬(冬春茬)。不同小写字母表示同一轮作模式不同茬口间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示轮作模式间差异显著(P<0.05)。图2—3同。

Fig.1 Vertical distribution of soil NO₃-N under different rotation systems
TM.Tomato-Melon,BM.Bean-Melon,TB.Tomato-Bean;S1 and S3.Season one and three,respectively(autumn winter season);S2 and S4.Season two and four,respectively(winter spring season).Different lowercase letters indicated significant difference between different seasons under the same rotation system,and different uppercase letters indicated significant difference among rotation systems at 0.05 level.The same as Fig.2—3.

图2 不同轮作模式对土壤硝态氮淋量的影响

Fig.2 Total leaching loss of NO₃-N under different rotation systems

图3 不同轮作模式及茬口对土壤化学性质的影响

Fig.3 Soil properties under different rotation systems and seasons

表2 硝态氮淋失量与0~100 cm土壤性质及土壤温度的相关性

Tab.2 Spearman correlation coefficients of the

NO 3 -

-N leaching loss with soil properties of 0—100 cm and soil temperature

项目 Item	硝态氮累积量 Soil accumulative $NO 3 -$ -N	全氮累积量 Soil accumulative total N	土壤储水量 Soil water storage	有机碳储量 Soil accumulative SOC	C/N比 C/N ratio	0~20 cm pH	20~40 cm pH	40~60 cm pH	60~80 cm pH	80~100 cm pH	土壤温度 Soil temperature
相关系数 Spearman correlation	0.541	0.357	0.673	0.407	0.003	-0.405	-0.357	-0.310	-0.221	-0.203	0.605
P	0.000	0.013	0.000	0.004	0.984	0.004	0.013	0.032	0.131	0.171	0.000

表2 硝态氮淋失量与0~100 cm土壤性质及土壤温度的相关性

Tab.2 Spearman correlation coefficients of the

NO 3 -

-N leaching loss with soil properties of 0—100 cm and soil temperature

项目 Item	硝态氮累积量 Soil accumulative $NO 3 -$ -N	全氮累积量 Soil accumulative total N	土壤储水量 Soil water storage	有机碳储量 Soil accumulative SOC	C/N比 C/N ratio	0~20 cm pH	20~40 cm pH	40~60 cm pH	60~80 cm pH	80~100 cm pH	土壤温度 Soil temperature
相关系数 Spearman correlation	0.541	0.357	0.673	0.407	0.003	-0.405	-0.357	-0.310	-0.221	-0.203	0.605
P	0.000	0.013	0.000	0.004	0.984	0.004	0.013	0.032	0.131	0.171	0.000

图4 硝态氮淋失量与土壤储水量、土壤温度和土壤硝态氮累积量的相关性

Fig.4 Relationships between

NO 3 -

-N leaching loss and soil water storage,soil temperature and soil as cumulative NO₃-N content

图4 硝态氮淋失量与土壤储水量、土壤温度和土壤硝态氮累积量的相关性

Fig.4 Relationships between

NO 3 -

-N leaching loss and soil water storage,soil temperature and soil as cumulative NO₃-N content

表3 调整轮作模式对氮盈余和产量的影响

Tab.3 The effects of rotation system adjustment on nitrogen surplus and yield

轮作模式 Rotation system	氮素表观盈余/(kg/hm²) N surplus				产量/(×10⁴ kg/hm²) Yield
轮作模式 Rotation system	第1茬 Season 1	第2茬 Season 2	第3茬 Season 3	第4茬 Season 4	第1茬 Season 1	第2茬 Season 2	第3茬 Season 3	第4茬 Season 4
番茄-甜瓜 Tomato-Melon	525.04±19.65a	626.37±46.60a	523.23±29.54a	618.85±30.18a	10.75±0.20b	9.08±0.68a	10.28±0.58a	9.58±0.47a
豆角-甜瓜 Bean-Melon	315.44±18.33b	643.57±48.60a	317.76±25.20b	599.54±28.29a	6.11±0.16c	9.24±0.71a	5.98±0.47b	9.90±0.40a
番茄-豆角 Tomato-Bean	507.89±18.52a	286.05±21.62b	504.61±25.85a	316.69±17.51b	11.78±0.20a	7.65±0.58b	11.33±0.58a	6.89±0.38b

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