摘要： 针对日光温室土壤中过度施肥且氮素利用率低导致氮素积累阻碍土壤可持续利用，以及冬季生产中土壤低温、寡CO₂环境因素限制作物产量及品质等问题，以玉米秸秆与不同有机物的混合物为生物堆材料，研究发酵过程中产生的热量、CO₂逸散量以及氮素矿化速率。结果表明：残畜有机物+玉米秸秆（R）和羊粪+玉米秸秆（S）中NO₃^--N含量和NH₄⁺-N含量均显著高于CK（土壤+玉米秸秆，对照），且随着发酵时间延长，NO₃^--N含量呈现上升趋势，NH₄⁺-N含量呈现下降趋势；在发酵15 d内，牛粪+玉米秸秆（D）中NO₃^--N含量显著高于CK，NH₄⁺-N含量则在发酵15~20 d时显著高于CK；鸡粪+玉米秸秆（C）中NO₃^--N含量则在发酵后期（20 d）显著低于CK，NH₄⁺-N含量在整个发酵期与CK相比均无显著性变化，且总氮素矿化速率依次为R > S > D > CK > C。不同类型有机肥的添加使玉米秸秆发酵后累积温度和CO₂逸散总量均显著高于CK。因此，残畜有机物+玉米秸秆（R）被视为最佳有机物组合。通过改变反应堆中有机物的配比，添加含氮量高的有机物来提高发酵体系的氮源浓度，可加速反应物中氮素矿化的进程、提高积累温度和CO₂逸散总量，有利于日光温室冬季生产。

关键词: 玉米秸秆, 有机肥, 生物反应堆, 氮素矿化速率, 温度, CO₂

Abstract: In view of the problems of excessive fertilization and low nitrogen utilization rate in the soil of solar greenhouse, which hindering the sustainable utilization of the soil, as well as the low temperature of soil and low CO₂ in winter production, which limiting crop yield and quality. The mixture of corn straw and different organic compounds was used as bioreactor material to study the heat, CO₂ emission and nitrogen mineralization rate during fermentation. The experimental results showed that the contents of NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N in R (residual livestock organic matter+corn straw) and S (sheep manure+corn straw) were significantly high than those in CK (soil+corn straw, control), and with the extension of fermentation time, the contents of NO₃^--N showed an increasing trend, while the contents of NH₄⁺-N revealed a decreasing trend. Within 15 d of fermentation, the content of NO₃^--N in D (cow+manure+corn straw) was significantly higher than that in CK, while the content of NH₄⁺-N was significantly higher than that of CK during 15-20 d of fermentation. The content of NO₃^--N in C (chicken manure+corn straw) was significantly lower than that of CK in the late fermentation period (20 d), and the content of NH₄⁺-N had no significant change compared with CK in the whole fermentation period. The total nitrogen mineralization rate was R > S > D > CK > C. The addition of different types of organic fertilizers in corn straw made the accumulated temperature and the amount of CO₂ emissions were significantly higher than CK after fermentation. Therefore, residual livestock organic matter+corn straw was regarded as the best combination of organic matter. By changing the ratio of organic matter in the reactor and adding organic matter with high nitrogen content to increase the nitrogen source concentration of the fermentation system, the process of nitrogen mineralization in the reactants could be accelerated, the temperature accumulation and the cumulative CO₂ emissions could be increased, which was of great significance for the production of solar greenhouse in winter.

Key words: Corn straw, Organic matter, Biological reactor, Nitrogen mineralization rate, Temperature, CO₂

中图分类号: 

• S141.4

• S143.1